Differences in development levels of urban gminas in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship in view of the main components of sustainable development

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1 Bulleti of Geography. Socio ecoomic Series / No. 29 (2015): ISSN quarterly BULLETIN OF GEOGRAPHY. SOCIO ECONOMIC SERIES joural homepages: DE G Differeces i developmet levels of urba gmias i the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship i view of the mai compoets of sustaiable developmet Katarzya Pawlewicz CDFMR Uiversity of Warmia ad Mazury i Olszty Faculty of Geodesy Geospatial ad Civil Egieerig Departmet of Plaig ad Spatial Egieerig Prawocheńskiego Olszty Polad; katarzya.pawlewicz@uwm.edu.pl How to cite: Pawlewicz K. 2015: Differeces i developmet levels of urba gmias i the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship i view of the mai compoets of sustaiable developmet. I: Szymańska D. ad Środa-Murawska S. editors Bulleti of Geography. Socioecoomic Series No. 29 Toruń: Nicolaus Copericus Uiversity Press pp DOI: Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate various compoets of sustaiable developmet (social spatial-evirometal ecoomic) i urba gmias (admiistrative regio of the 3 rd order i Polad) of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship (admiistrative regio of the 1 st order i Polad). The results were used to rak the aalyzed gmias i terms of their sustaiable developmet levels. The aalysis was performed with the use of Hellwig s composite measure of developmet. The results were used to determie the overall value of the composite measure calculated as the media of composite measures for each of the three compoets of sustaiable developmet. The above approach was used to rak gmias i view of their sustaiable developmet levels. Data for the aalysis was supplied by the Local Data Bak of the Cetral Statistical Office ad the Local Govermet Aalysis System for 2010 coverig 16 gmias i the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship. The results of the aalysis poit to variatios i the value of the mai compoets of sustaiable developmet i the evaluated urba gmias i the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship. Article details: Received: 07 February 2014 Revised: 09 September 2014 Accepted: 17 May 2015 Key words: sustaiable developmet developmet idicators sythetic measure urba gmias Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship. Cotets: 1. Itroductio Materials ad methods Aalyzed area Results Coclusios Refereces Nicolaus Copericus Uiversity. All rights reserved De Gruyter Ope (o-lie).

2 94 Katarzya Pawlewicz / Bulleti of Geography. Socio-ecoomic Series / 29 (2015): Itroductio The mai goal of sustaiable developmet is to stimulate ecoomic ad social growth while miimizig its adverse impacts o the atural eviromet. Sustaiable developmet promotes the ratioal use of atural resources without compromisig the ability of future geeratios to satisfy their eeds (Hopwood et al. 2005; Pawlewicz Pawlewicz 2011). The term sustaiability as used here refers to a particular relatioship betwee huma ad evirometal systems oe that esures meetig huma eeds i the log term (Alberti 1996). Sustaiability first defied over 30 years ago is widely accepted as a valid coceptual framework withi which to positio urba policy ad developmet providig the cotext for a cosiderable literature o plaig architecture ad urba desig (Williams et al cited i Dempsey et al. 2011) Sustaiable developmet is gradually emergig as the mai cocept i developmet strategies of all territorial uits (Sharachchadra 1991). A review of the literature that has sprug up aroud the cocept of sustaiable developmet idicates however a lack of cosistecy i its iterpretatio. Based o a review of the literature (Borys 2005; Adamowicz Dresler 2006; Adamowicz Smarzewska 2009; Mierzejewska 2010; Dempsey et al. 2011; Matuszczak 2011) ad deductive reasoig we assumed that sustaiable developmet ca be characterized by its three mai compoets: social spatial-evirometal ad ecoomic which were defied as follows: (a) social developmet ma s ability to improve quality of life promote developmet ad self-actualizatio; (b) spatial-evirometal developmet implemetatio of ecological ifrastructure for usig evirometal goods ad services without compromisig their cotributio to huma welfare; (c) ecoomic developmet achievemet of ecoomic progress through geeratio of higher icomes from huma activity ad eterprise. Effective implemetatio of sustaiable developmet policies requires specific tools for aalyzig preset levels of developmet ad predictig future chages. Sustaiable developmet is moitored with the applicatio of aalytical idicators that geerate comprehesive iformatio about the levels of developmet i a territorial uit ad describe its relatios with other territorial uits (Korol 2007). The aim of this study was to evaluate various compoets of sustaiable developmet i urba gmias of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship (admiistrative regio of the 1 st order i Polad). This approach was used to rak the aalyzed gmias (admiistrative regio of the 3 rd order i Polad) i terms of their sustaiable developmet levels. 2. Materials ad methods Sustaiable developmet is a complex cocept that caot be measured or expressed by a sigle trait. It combies three major compoets social spatial-evirometal ad ecoomic that are also complex pheomea. I evaluatios of sustaiable developmet levels the aalyzed objects such as gmias are classified i view of the examied structural aspect a complex pheomeo that caot be quatified or expressed by a sigle trait (Wysocki 2010). Complex pheomea are described with the use of sythetic variables where a set of multiple idicators is replaced by a sigle composite variable (Cieślak 2001). Hellwig s composite measure of developmet is oe of the oldest ad the most popular methods of determiig sythetic variables (Hellwig 1968; Strahl 1984; Malia Zeliaś 1997; Sojka 2008; Pomiaek 2010; Wysocki 2010). Diagostic variables are selected from a set of potetial variables characterizig the ivestigated pheomeo. The followig idicators were idetified based o a review of the available literature (Bossel 1999; Bell Morse 2003; Kistowski 2003; Audyt 2004; Borys ; Korol 2007). Fiftee idicators were selected for every compoet to produce a total of 45 compoets describig sustaiable developmet levels. Variables were chose subject to their availability ad completeess. I. Social compoets: x 1 migratio balace per 1000 people ( ); x 2 ifat deaths per 1000 live births ( ); x 3 umber of kidergarte pupils aged 3-6 per 100 childre aged 3-6; x 4 gross scholarizatio idex for primary schools (%); x 5 total expediture o educatio o per capita (PLN);

3 Katarzya Pawlewicz / Bulleti of Geography. Socio-ecoomic Series / 29 (2015): x 6 total expediture o social security per capita (PLN); x 7 expediture o health care per capita (PLN); x 8 expediture o public roads per capita (PLN); x 9 expediture o street lightig per capita (PLN); x 10 total expediture o housig per capita (PLN); x 11 percetage of households with bathrooms (bathtubs ad showers with a water outlet) i the total umber of households (%); x 12 expediture o sport ad physical educatio per capita (PLN); x 13 expediture o culture ad atioal heritage protectio per capita (PLN); x 14 percetage of wome i muicipal coucils (%); x 15 uemploymet per 100 residets of workig age. II. Spatial ad evirometal compoets: x 16 area of muicipal parks street grees ad residetial gree spaces per people (ha/perso); x 17 expediture o muicipal services ad evirometal protectio per residet (PLN); x 18 share of expediture o muicipal services ad evirometal protectio i total expediture (%); x 19 expediture o public gree spaces per residet (PLN); x 20 umber of atural moumets per 100 km 2 of muicipal territory; x 21 percetage of lad area covered by forests i muicipal territory; x 22 percetage of lad area covered by muicipal ad private forests i total forest area (%); x 23 aual productio of muicipal waste per residet (kg); x 24 water cosumptio by idustry ad households per 1000 residets; x 25 water cosumptio per residet (m 3 /year); x 26 percetage of residets served by muicipal wastewater treatmet plats i the total umber of residets (%); x 27 volume of wastewater geerated by residets who are served by muicipal wastewater treatmet plats (dm 3 /year/residet); x 28 percetage of residets with access to the muicipal water supply system i the total umber of residets (%); x 29 percetage of residets with access to the muicipal sewage system i the total umber of residets (%); x 30 electricity cosumptio per residet (MWh). III. Ecoomic compoets: x 31 total reveues of the local govermet per residet (PLN); x 32 self-geerated reveues of the local govermet per residet (PLN); x 33 local govermet expeditures per residet (PLN); x 34 muicipal ivestmets per residet (PLN); x 35 umber of busiess etities per 1000 residets; x 36 umber of self-employed persos per 1000 residets; x 37 total umber of privately-owed busiesses per 1000 residets; x 38 professioal activity rate percetage of professioally active residets i the total umber of residets aged 15+ (%); x 39 demographic depedecy ratio share of residets of o-workig age i the total umber of residets (%); x 40 average umber of persos per household; x 41 average livig space per perso; x 42 umber of guests per hotel or tourist facility; x 43 legth of operable water supply etwork (km) per 100 km 2 ; x 44 legth of operable sewage etwork (km) per 100 km 2 ; x 45 legth of operable gas supply etwork (km) per 100 km 2. Sythetic variables were developed based o the observatio matrix that ca be expressed as follows: x11 x12 x1 m x21 x22 x 2m X = x 1 x2 xm where: x ij (i = 12 ; j = 12 m) value of the j th attribute (ecoomic social ad spatial-evirometal compoets of sustaiable developmet) for the i th object (urba gmia).

4 96 Katarzya Pawlewicz / Bulleti of Geography. Socio-ecoomic Series / 29 (2015): Diagostic variables ca have differet physical dimesios ad they caot be directly compared. To eable such a compariso the examied attributes have to be ormalized by elimiatig the effect of uits of measuremet. The aalyzed parameters were stadardized i lie with the below formula: where: ( xij xj ) ( ) zij = ; j= 12 m S j ( ) x = x s = x x j ij j ij j i= 1 i= 1 The above trasformatios produced a matrix of stadardized parameter values Z. z11 z12 z1 m z21 z22 z 2m Z = z 1 z2 zm The resultig matrix was used to determie a patter of developmet a abstract object P 0 (urba gmia) with coordiates P 0 = z 01 z 02 z oj where: z 0j = max{z ij } whe Z j is a stimulat ad z 0j = mi{z ij } whe Z j is a destimulat. The above idicates that the patter of developmet is represeted by a hypothetical urba gmia with the most desirable values of the aalyzed variables. The Euclidea distace betwee every evaluated object P i (urba gmia) ad the idetified patter of developmet was calculated usig the below formula: m j= 1 ( ) 2 ij oj qi = z z The resultig values of q i were used to calculate the value of Hellwig s sythetic measure of developmet which was applied to evaluate the examied urba gmias. The above idicator ca be expressed with the use of the below formula: qi Si = 1 ( i= 12 ) q where: o 1 1 q = q + 2 s q = q s = ( qi = q ) i 0 0 i= 1 i= 1 I most cases Hellwig s sythetic measure of developmet S i takes o values i the rage of (01). The closer the value of the idicator is to oe the higher the value of social spatial-evirometal ad ecoomic compoets of sustaiable developmet i the studied object. The ivestigated gmias were classified based o the value of social spatial-evirometal ad ecoomic compoets of sustaiable developmet usig stadard deviatio ad the arithmetic mea of Hellwig s sythetic measure of developmet. Four classes (four values of social spatial-evirometal ad ecoomic compoets of sustaiable developmet) have bee idetified (Wysocki 2010): class I (high values of social spatial-evirometal ad ecoomic compoets of sustaiable developmet) Si Si + ss i class II (moderately high values of social spatial-evirometal ad ecoomic compoets of sustaiable developmet) Si Si < Si + ss i class III (moderately low values of social spatial-evirometal ad ecoomic compoets of sustaiable developmet) Si ss S i i < Si class IV (low values of social spatial-evirometal ad ecoomic compoets of sustaiable developmet) Si < Si ss i where: S i value of the sythetic measure calculated based o Hellwig s patter of developmet S i arithmetic mea of sythetic measure S i s s i stadard deviatio of sythetic measure S i. A compoud measure illustratig variatios i sustaiable developmet levels of urba gmias i the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship was determied. It was calculated based o the values of sythetic variables (S i ) as the media of composite measures represetig differet compoets of sustaiable developmet. 3. Aalyzed area The Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship is situated i orth-easter Polad. It borders the Kaliigrad Oblast i the orth the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodship i the west the Podlaskie voivodship

5 Katarzya Pawlewicz / Bulleti of Geography. Socio-ecoomic Series / 29 (2015): i the east ad the Mazowieckie voivodship i the west. I Polad ad i Europe the evaluated regio is reowed for the diversity ad abudace of its atural resources icludig varied lad relief umerous lakes dese forests rich faua ad flora ad clea air (Brodzińska 2012). Nearly all of Warmia ad Mazury is situated i a area kow as the Gree Lugs of Polad. For this reaso sustaiable developmet is a particularly importat goal i the regio where social ad ecoomic developmet should be closely liked with evirometal protectio. The aalyzed regio has the area of km 2 ad occupies 7.7% of Polad s territory. The Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship is the fourth largest Polish regio. It is ihabited by 1.43 millio people who represet 3.7% of the atioal populatio. The average populatio desity i Polad is 122 persos/km 2 ad Warmia ad Mazury is the least desely populated Polish regio with populatio desity of approximately 60 persos/km 2. The aalyzed regio comprises 19 rural couties 2 urba couties ad 116 territorial uits (16 urba gmias 33 urba-rural gmias ad 67 rural gmias) (Borawska et al. 2012). The desity ad distributio of urba areas play a importat role i a regio s sustaiable developmet. I Warmia ad Mazury the settlemet etwork comprises the cetrally located capital city of Olszty two relatively large cities of Elbląg i the wester part ad Ełk i the easter part of the regio as well as uiformly distributed couty capitals ad smaller tows. The existig settlemet etwork supports effective maagemet of the regio (Brodziński 2011). 4. Results I lie with the adopted procedure Hellwig s composite measure of developmet was used to rak urba gmias i the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship ito four classes based o the respective values of sustaiable developmet compoets. The results are preseted i Tables Table 1. Social compoet i urba gmias of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship evaluated based o Hellwig s composite measure of developmet I II III IV Class Rage Gmia high value of the social compoet moderately high value of the social compoet moderately low value of the social compoet low value of the social compoet Source: Ow study <0.066 Place i rakig Value of composite measure (S i ) Elbląg Lidzbark Warmiński Olszty Iława Górowo Iławeckie Giżycko Mrągowo Bartoszyce Lubawa Działdowo Szczyto Ostróda Kętrzy Braiewo Ełk Nowe Miasto Lubawskie

6 98 Katarzya Pawlewicz / Bulleti of Geography. Socio-ecoomic Series / 29 (2015): Social compoet values varied sigificatly across the aalyzed urba gmias i the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship. Hellwig s composite measure of developmet was determied i the rage of for Nowe Miasto Lubawskie to for Elbląg. Three cities Olszty Elbląg (the largest urba ceters that costitute urba couties) ad Lidzbark Warmiński were allocated to the group characterized by the highest value of the social compoet (class I). I compariso with the regioal average those cities were characterized by relatively high spedig o social security public roads culture ad atioal heritage protectio as well as a high umber of kidergarte pupils. Class II of territorial uits with moderately high values of the social compoet covered 3 gmias of Iława Górowo Iławeckie ad Giżycko. The highest umber of 7 gmias with moderately low values of the social compoet were allocated to class III. Class IV characterized by low values of the social compoet comprised 3 gmias of Braiewo Ełk ad Nowe Miasto Lubawskie. The mai problems idetified i class IV gmias were high uemploymet ad relatively low spedig o health care public roads ad housig that was below the regioal average. Table 2. Spatial-evirometal compoet i urba gmias of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship evaluated based o Hellwig s composite measure of developmet I II III IV Class Rage Gmia high value of the spatial-evirometal compoet moderately high value of the spatial-evirometal compoet moderately low value of the spatial-evirometal compoet low value of the spatial-evirometal compoet Source: Ow study <0.100 Place i rakig Value of composite measure (S i ) Górowo Iławeckie Giżycko Olszty Mrągowo Bartoszyce Braiewo Działdowo Szczyto Elbląg Iława Ełk Lubawa Kętrzy Ostróda Lidzbark Warmiński Nowe Miasto Lubawskie The value of the spatial-evirometal compoet of sustaiable developmet raged from to i the group of 16 aalyzed urba gmias. Similar to the evaluatio of the social criterio the lowest value of the spatial-evirometal compoet was oted i Nowe Miasto Lubawskie ad the highest i Górowo Iławeckie. Górowo Iławeckie Olszty ad Giżycko (a popular tourist destiatio i the regio) were allocated to class I of gmias with high values of the spatial-evirometal compoet. Those cities are characterized by high forest cover ad a high percetage of residets who have access to muicipal water supply ad sewage etworks. Four gmias of Mrągowo Bartoszyce Braiewo ad Działdowo were raked i class II of cities with moderately high values of the spatial-evirometal compoet. Class III of cities characterized by moderately low values of the

7 Katarzya Pawlewicz / Bulleti of Geography. Socio-ecoomic Series / 29 (2015): spatial-evirometal compoet covered 7 gmias ad class IV of the lowest-rakig cities two gmias. The key challeges faced by the gmias with the lowest values of the spatial-evirometal compoet were: sewage maagemet problems small area of muicipal parks street grees ad residetial gree spaces ad low forest cover that were sigificatly below the regioal average. Table 3. Ecoomic compoet i urba gmias of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship evaluated based o Hellwig s composite measure of developmet I II III IV Class Rage Gmia high value of the ecoomic compoet moderately high value of the ecoomic compoet moderately low value of the ecoomic compoet low value of the ecoomic compoet Source: Ow study <0.105 Place i rakig Value of composite measure (S i ) Olszty Mrągowo Giżycko Elbląg Iława Ostróda Lidzbark Warmiński Szczyto Działdowo Bartoszyce Kętrzy Lubawa Ełk Nowe Miasto Lubawskie Górowo Iławeckie Braiewo The composite measure of the ecoomic compoet of sustaiable developmet i urba gmias of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship was determied i the rage of for Braiewo to for Olszty. Class I comprised the gmias of Mrągowo ad Olszty. It should be oted that the regio s capital city was allocated to class I i the evaluatios of all three sustaiable developmet compoets. Mrągowo ad Olszty were characterized by higher tha average professioal activity rates a high umber of busiess etities ad self-employed residets high levels of self-geerated reveues ad low demographic depedecy ratios. Class II covered 5 gmias class III 6 gmias ad class IV 3 gmias of Nowe Miasto Lubawskie (the lowest-rakig gmia i all evaluatios) Braiewo ad Górowo Iławeckie. The mai problems of the gmias characterized by low values of the ecoomic compoet were: low levels of self-geerated reveue low umber of busiess etities high demographic depedecy ratios ad low availability of water supply sewage ad gas supply etworks. The values of social spatial-evirometal ad ecoomic compoets were used to rak urba gmias of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship based o their levels of sustaiable developmet. Figure 1 presets the rakig of the aalyzed gmias ad the overall value of the composite measure of developmet calculated as the media of composite measures for every compoet of sustaiable developmet i urba gmias of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship.

8 100 Katarzya Pawlewicz / Bulleti of Geography. Socio-ecoomic Series / 29 (2015): Fig. 1. Rakig of urba gmias of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship based o the values of the composite measure of sustaiable developmet Source: Ow study The leader i the sustaiable developmet rakig of urba gmias was Olszty followed by Giżycko Mrągowo Elbląg ad Lidzbark Warmiński. Nowe Miasto Lubawskie was characterized by the lowest level of sustaiable developmet ad it was allocated to class IV i all evaluated categories. 5. Coclusios Urba gmias i the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship were characterized by sigificat variatios i the values of social spatial-evirometal ad ecoomic compoets of sustaiable developmet. Olszty the capital city of the aalyzed regio was the most highly developed urba gmia that was allocated to class I represetig the highest values of sustaiable developmet compoets i all three rakigs. The reported results ca be attributed to: (a) fiacial status of the aalyzed gmia which reported high reveues icludig self-geerated reveues high capital expeditures high spedig o educatio social welfare healthcare public roads grees muicipal services ad evirometal protectio; (b) local residets eterprisig ad proactive attitudes expressed by high rates of professioal activity low uemploymet a high umber of busiess etities ad self-employed residets; (c) a high percetage of urba grees icludig parks street grees residetial grees ad forests i muicipal area; (d) availability of products ad services that improve local quality of life expressed by a high percetage of local residets with access to wastewater treatmet plats sewer etworks ad water supply etworks as well as a high share of dwelligs with bathrooms ad a low average umber of teats per dwellig; (e) level of evirometal awareess expressed by low per capita cosumptio of electricity ad water; (f) demographic factors icludig low demographic depedecy ratio low emigratio rate ad high kidergarte erollmet i compariso with other cities i the regio. The lowest values of the aalyzed compoets were reported i the gmia of Nowe Miasto Lubawskie that was characterized by the lowest level of sustaiable developmet ad was allocated to class IV i all three classificatios. The mai problems faced by the gmia of Nowe Miasto Lubawskie are: (a) low reveues icludig self-geerated reveues low capital expeditures ad low spedig o healthcare public roads ad grees; (b) high uemploymet a low um-

9 Katarzya Pawlewicz / Bulleti of Geography. Socio-ecoomic Series / 29 (2015): ber of busiess etities ad self-employed residets; (c) small area of muicipal grees parks street grees residetial grees ad forests; (d) low access to water supply ad sewer etworks a low percetage of the local populatio disposig their effluets to a wastewater treatmet plat; (e) demographic problems icludig high demographic depedecy ratio ad low kidergarte erollmet. I geeral urba gmias i the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship were characterized by average values of sustaiable developmet compoets. I most cases most problems could be attributed to low availability of fuds from the muicipal budget due to low levels of muicipal reveue icludig self-geerated reveue which decreases spedig i may strategic areas for sustaiable developmet icludig healthcare culture physical educatio educatio protectio of atioal heritage muicipal services ad evirometal protectio. Other muicipal issues iclude low levels of professioal activity a low umber of self-employed residets ad a ageig society. Refereces Adamowicz M. ad Dresler E. 2006: Zrówoważoy rozwój obszarów wiejskich a przykładzie wybraych gmi województwa lubelskiego (Sustaiable developmet of rural areas the case of selected commues of Lubli voivodeship i Polish). I: Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Roliczej we Wrocławiu No. 540 Rolictwo LXXXVII Wrocław: Wydawictwo Akademii Roliczej we Wrocławiu pp Adamowicz M. ad Smarzewska A. 2009: Model oraz mieriki trwałego i zrówoważoego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w ujęciu lokalym (Model ad idicators of sustaiable developmet i rural areas from the local perspective i Polish). I: Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie Polityki Europejskie Fiase i Marketig No. 1(50) Warszawa: Wydawictwo SGGW pp Alberti M. 1996: Measurig urba sustaiability. I: Evirometal Impact Assessmet Review Volume 16 Issues 4-6 Elsevier Ltd pp DOI: doi.org/ /s (96) Audyt Zrówoważoego Rozwoju Gmiy Miejskiej Ostrów Wielkopolski (Audit of Sustaiability Developmet of Gmia Ostrów Wielkopolski i Polish) 2004: Uited Natios Developmet Programme Warszawa. Bell S. ad Morse S. 2003: Measurig sustaiability: Learig from doig Lodo: Routledge. Borawska M. Brodziński Z. ad Pawlewicz A. 2012: Obszary wiejskie województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego struktura przestrzea i ludość (Rural areas i the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship spatial structure ad populatio i Polish). I: Brodziński Z. editor Sta obecy i perspektywy rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim do 2020 roku Olszty: Samorząd Województwa Warmińsko-Mazurskiego pp Borys T. 2008: Zaprojektowaie i przetestowaie ram metodologiczych oraz procedury samoocey gmi a podstawie wskaźików zrówoważoego rozwoju w Systemie Aaliz Samorządowych (Desig ad test of the methodological framework ad the procedures for self-assessmet of gmias o the basis of idicators of sustaiable developmet i the Local Govermet Aalysis System (SAS) i Polish) Raport z realizacji pracy Jeleia Góra Pozań. Borys T. editor 2005: Wskaźiki zrówoważoego rozwoju (Idicators of Sustaiable Developmet i Polish) Warszawa-Białystok: Ekoomia i Środowisko. Bossel H. 1999: Idicators for Sustaiable Developmet: Theory Method Applicatios. Report to the Balato Group IISD Caada: Wiipeg. Brodzińska K. 2012: Przyrodicze uwarukowaia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich (Natural Coditios of Rural Developmet i Polish). I: Brodziński Z. editor Sta obecy i perspektywy rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim do 2020 roku Olszty: Samorząd Województwa Warmińsko-Mazurskiego pp Brodziński Z. 2011: Stymulowaie rozwoju obszarów wiejskich a poziomie lokalym a przykładzie województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego (Stimulatig of Rural Developmet at the local level o the example the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship i Polish) Warszawa: Wydawictwo SGGW. Cieślak M. editor 2001: Progozowaie gospodarcze. Metody i zastosowaie (Ecoomic forecastig. Methods ad Applicatio i Polish) Warszawa: Wydawictwo Naukowe PWN.

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