59 Czas Present Perfect - zdanie twierdzące

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1 59 Czas Present Perfect - zdanie twierdzące Czas Present Perfect nie ma swojego odpowiednika w języku polskim. Opisuje on czynność wykonaną lub wciąż wykonywaną w trwającym jeszcze okresie czasu. Cechą charakterystyczną czasu Present Perfect jest operator w postaci teraźniejszej odmiany czasownika have. Zajmuje on miejsce za podmiotem i w tym użyciu nie należy tłumaczyć go na język polski. Główny czasownik zdania przybiera formę imiesłowu biernego i zajmuje miejsce za operatorem. Imiesłów bierny czasowników regularnych tworzy się przez dodanie końcówki -ed lub -d do czasownika. watch - watched paint - painted care - cared wait - waited Imiesłów bierny czasowników nieregularnych znajduje się w trzeciej części tabeli czasowników nieregularnych (str. 188). Form nieregularnych należy nauczyć się na pamięć np. make - made buy - bought see - seen take - taken pełna forma zdania twierdzącego I have painted a picture. You have eaten your lunch. He has forgotten my name. She has visited me. It has begun to rain. We have watched the film. You have opened your books. They have bought a car. forma skrócona zdania twierdzącego I ve painted a picture. You ve eaten your lunch. He s forgotten my name. She s visited me. It s begun to rain. We ve watched the film. You ve opened your books. They ve bought a car. Czas Present Perfect opisuje czynność dokonaną - zakończoną niedawno, której czas zakończenia nie jest istotny. Najistotniejszy jest sam teraźniejszy skutek wykonanej czynności, który trwa lub jest widoczny. Stąd, w zdaniu takim nigdy nie stosuje się określeń czasu przeszłego. Present Perfect często występuje z przysłówkami just właśnie oraz already - już. Zajmują one miejsce za operatorem. I have just eaten my breakfast. - Właśnie zjadłem śniadanie (skutek: nie jestem już głodny) Tom has already seen the film. - Tom już widział ten film (skutek: pamięta jego treść) He has just repaired his bike. - On właśnie naprawił swój rower (skutek: może na nim jeździć) Lisa has already read the book. - Lisa już przeczytała tę książkę (skutek: zna jej treść) 124

2 I. Uzupełnij zdania poprawną formą operatora. 1. I... already talked to Mike. 2. Robert... just finished his lessons. 3. We... already visited aunt Sally. 4. The Browns... gone to the seaside. 5. My best friend... just moved abroad. 6. Monica... cut her finger. 7. It... just stopped raining. 8. You... already made two mistakes. 9. Mr Howard s children... just returned from holiday. 10. My mother... already cooked dinner. II. Wpisz imiesłów bierny podanych czasowników. watch... open... get... clean... forget... buy... see... read... steal... take... repair... eat... paint... wash... catch... move... give... begin... send... sail... meet... close... run... wait... make... win... pay... bring... miss... break... III. Napisz zdania twierdzące w czasie Present Perfect. 1. George / just / clean / his room You / already / eat / your lunch We / miss / our bus I / just / take / a photo Mr Grey / already / open his shop My parents / buy / a new house The thief / steal / our money She / forget / my phone number Ann and Sue / watch / the game He / just / read / the long story Nick / break / his leg I / already / see / the comedy They / bring / some food Mr Jones / repair / my car The children / already / get up

3 60 Czas Present Perfect - pytanie i przeczenie. Czas Present Perfect opisuje czynność dokonaną, której skutki trwają lub są widoczne. Nieistotny jest tutaj czas wykonania czynności, lecz jej skutek. Present Perfect może opisywać czynność pojedynczą dokonaną lub też czynność trwającą - wykonywaną od od określonego momentu w przeszłości do chwili obecnej. Aby utworzyć pytanie, należy zastosować inwersję. zdanie twierdzące I have missed my train. You have talked to Mr Green. He has just made a mistake. She has already paid the bill. It has started to rain. We have taken our umbrellas. You have forgotten your raincoats. They have already come back. pytanie Have I missed my train? Have you talked to Mr Green? Has he just made a mistake? Has she already paid the bill? Has it started to rain? Have we taken our umbrellas? Have you forgotten your raincoats? Have they already come back? W pytaniach w czasie Present Perfect może wystąpić przysłówek ever - kiedykolwiek. Przy jego pomocy można zapytać czy dana osoba kiedykolwiek - do tej pory, wykonała określoną czynność. Have you ever eaten beef? Has Tom ever seen a ghost? W odpowiedzi na powyższe pytanie można zastosować przysłówek already lub powiedzieć ile razy dana czynność została wykonana do tej pory np. I have already eaten beef. Tom has seen a ghost three times. Aby utworzyć zaprzeczenie zdania w czasie Present Perfect, należy dodać słowo not do operatora. W mowie często stosuje się skróconą postać zaprzeczenia. pełna forma przecząca I have not missed my train. You have not talked to Mr Green. He has not made a mistake. She has not paid the bill. It has not started to rain. We have not taken our umbrellas. You have not forgotten your raincoats. They have not come back. skrócona forma przecząca I haven t missed my train. You haven t talked to Mr Green. He hasn t made a mistake. She hasn t paid the bill. It hasn t started to rain. We haven t taken our umbrellas. You haven t forgotten your raincoats. They haven t come back. 126

4 I. Uzupełnij pytania poprawną formą operatora you ever been to California? Mike ever eaten sushi? they ever travelled to Spain? Alice ever talked to Mrs Parker? I ever tried to learn French? Mr Caldwell ever written a book? we ever used a dishwasher? your children ever played this game? II. Napisz pytania w czasie Present Perfect. 1. Alice / ever / eat snails...? 2. you / ever / watch the comedy...? 3. Rob / ever / miss his school bus...? 4. the team / ever / lose a game...? 5. the people / ever / be to Poland...? 6. the dog / ever / bite you...? 7. Adam / ever / make a bonfire...? 8. you / ever / work in a factory...? 9. I / ever / meet Ms Jones...? 10. they / ever / stay / alone...? III. Napisz pełne odpowiedzi przeczące. 1. Has Brian taken any photos? No, Have you been to Las Vegas? No, Has Jessica cooked dinner? No, Have the Browns moved out? No, Have we forgotten our keys? No, Has the child broken his arm? No, Have they written any letters? No, Has it stopped snowing? No,... IV. Napisz odpowiedzi według przykładu. 1. Have you ever travelled to the moon? No, I have never travelled to the moon. 2. Has Jim ever met Mr Clinton? No, Has Lisa ever gone sailing? No, Have they ever been to Thailand? No, Have you ever seen a ghost? No,

5 58 Past Simple - Past Continuous I. 1. came 2. met, was going 3. was working 4. was having, arrived 5. were you doing 6. was raining, were driving 7. didn t write 8. ate 9. told 10. saw, was smoking II. 1. was waiting 2. were you watching 3. lent 4. were singing 5. Did Adam want 6. rang/was ringing, answered 7. were having 8. did not tell 9. read 10. did not understand, said/was saying III. 1. woke, looked, saw, was shining, were playing, were building, was carrying, were building 2. went, travelled, were flying, started, went, were shaking, were trying, calmed, landed 3. met, was jogging, told, wanted, invited 59 Czas Present Perfect - zdanie twierdzące I. 1. have 2. has 3. have 4. have 5. has 6. has 7. has 8. have 9. have 10. has II. watch - watched open - opened get - got clean - cleaned forget - forgotten buy - bought see - seen read - read steal - stolen take - taken repair - repaired eat - eaten paint - painted wash - washed catch - caught move - moved give - given begin - begun send - sent sail - sailed meet - met close - closed run - run wait - waited make - made win - won pay - paid bring - brought miss - missed break - broken III. 1. George has just cleaned his room. 2. You have already eaten your lunch. 3. We have missed our bus. 4. I have just taken a photo. 5. Mr Grey has already opened his shop. 6. My parents have bought a new house. 7. The thief has stolen our money. 8. She has forgotten my phone number. 9. Ann and Sue have watched the game. 10. He has just read the long story. 11. Nick has broken his leg. 12. I have already seen the comedy. 13. They have brought some food. 14. Mr Jones has repaired my car. 15. The children have already got up. 214

6 60 Czas Present Perfect - pytanie i przeczenie I. 1. Have 2. Has 3. Have 4. Has 5. Have 6. Has 7. Have 8. Have II. 1. Has Alice ever eaten snails? 2. Have you ever watched the comedy? 3. Has Rob ever missed his school bus? 4. Have/Has the team ever lost a game? 5. Have the people ever been to Poland? 6. Has the dog ever bitten you? 7. Has Adam ever made a bonfire? 8. Have you ever worked in a factory? 9. Have I ever met Ms Jones? 10. Have they ever stayed alone? III. 1. No, he has not taken any photos. 2. No, I have not been to Las Vegas. 3. No, she has not cooked dinner. 4. No, they have not moved out. 5. No, we have not forgotten our keys. 6. No, the child has not broken his arm. 7. No, they have not written any letters. 8. No, it has not stopped snowing. IV. 1. Przykład 2. No, Jim has never met Mr Clinton. 3. No, Lisa has never gone sailing. 4. No, they have never been to Thailand. 5. No, I have never seen a ghost. 61 Past Simple - Present Perfect I. 1. gave 2. have forgotten 3. moved 4. have visited 5. left 6. has known 7. learnt 8. met 9. have built 10. started II. 1. went 2. have lived 3. sold 4. visited 5. worked 6. has known 7. borrowed 8. has just met 9. lived 10. have gone 11. discovered 12. has broken 13. have been 14. started 15. has caught III. 1. Mike has lived abroad since He travelled to Greece last summer. 3. You have learned/learnt German for four years. 4. We have been friends since Ann passed her exams a month ago. 6. Kevin has painted pictures for six years. 7. I have been ill since yesterday. 8. My friend has just lost his passport. 62 Czas Present Perfect Continuous - zdanie twierdzące I. 1. Adam has been telling jokes. 2. We have been cooking lunch. 3. They have been playing basketball. 4. I have been cleaning the cellar. 5. You have been watching television. 6. Mary has been getting ready. 7. Our parents have been travelling. 8. The dog has been swimming. 9. The children have been making noise. 10. It has been snowing. 215