ENGLISH GRAMMAR. reported speech stylistic inversion both, either, neither have & have got

Transkrypt

1 ENGLISH GRAMMAR reported speech stylistic inversion both, either, neither have & have got

2 REPORTED SPEECH, mowa zależna stosujemy, kiedy przekazujemy czyjąś wypowiedź, nie cytując jej wprost. KONSTRUKCJA: w mowie zależnej występuje następstwo czasów cofamy się o jeden czas do tyłu w stosunku do użytego czasu w mowie niezależnej. Zmienia się nie tylko czas, ale również jego określenia, poza tym również zaimki wskazujące, oraz odpowiednie zaimki osobowe.

3 DIRECT SPEEECH PRESENT SIMPLE I want to go to Spain, she said. PRESENT CONTINOUS He said, Mum s sleeping. PRESENT PERFECT I have bought an amazing dress!, I said. PAST SIMPLE I finished my homework, Tom said. WILL I ll do this now, she said. CAN I can speak English fluently, Anna said. MAY It may rain, you said. MUST You must be quiet here, the librarian said. REPORTED SPEECH PAST SIMPLE She said, she wanted to go to Spain. PAST CONTINOUS He said, mum was sleeping. PAST PERFECT I said, I had bought an amazing dress. PAST PERFECT He said, he had finished his homework. WOULD She said, she would do that then. COULD Anna said, she could speak English fluently. MIGHT You said, you might rain. HAD TO The librarian said, we had to be quiet there.

4 DIRECT SPEECH now ago next today tonight this week tommorrow yesterday next month two days ago last week REPORTED SPEECH then before the following that day that night that week the following day the day before the month after two days before the previous week this that these those here there

5 STYLISTIC INVERSION, inwersja szyk przestawny w zdaniu. Tworzymy ją, aby podkreślić stylistyczna nacisk na coś, oddać dramaturgię danej sytuacji. Na ogół występuje w języku pisanym i oficjalnym. KONSTRUKCJA: Zamiana orzeczenia z podmiotem w zdaniu. ZWYKŁE ZDANIE: INWERSJA: Only after her going out, I realised I loved her. Only after her going out, did I realise I loved her.

6 ZASTOSOWANIE: Po wyrażeniach przysłówkowych. Najczęstsze wyrażenia, po których można zastosować inwersję: po negatywnych wyrażeniach przysłówkowych - in no way, no sooner, not until, not only, at no time, on no condition, not even once, under no circumstances, on no account (occasion); po wyrażeniach przysłówkowych zaczynających się od only : only later, only then, only after, only by; w porównaniach: seldom, never, rarely, little; przy wyrażeniach z hardly, scarcely, barely; do tworzenia zdań z: so, neither, nor; po słówkach: such, here, there.

7 Hardly had she got up, her mother made her go shopping. On no condition will he go to his father. Such was the rain yesterday, I was all wet. Seldom was I so tired and exhausted. Neither did I.

8 BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER BOTH- oba, obie both + rzeczownik w liczbie mnogiej I like both books. both + of + rzeczownik/zaimek w liczbie mnogiej Both of the guys are nice. both and Both girls and boys are in this class both Which of these do you want more? Both

9 EITHER- jeden z dwóch, obojętnie który either + rzeczownik w liczbie pojedynczej Either time is ok for me. either or I ll take either white or black one. either + of + rzeczownik w liczbie mnogiej You can stay in either of the hotels. either Which one do you want? Either! inne znaczenie either- też I hate Biology! I don t like it either!

10 NEITHER- żaden neither + rzeczownik w liczbie pojedynczej Neither hotel is cheap. netiher + of + rzeczownik w liczbie mnogiej Neither of the hotels is cheap. neither nor Neither me nor Tom can speak Polish very well. neither Which of these two do you prefer? Neither.

11 HAVE HAVE GOT w sytuacjach formalnych, ale również odziennych można używać w czasie przeszłym had jedynie w mowie potocznej nie ma czasu przeszłego Nie można powiedzieć had got - "have" występuje również w zwrotach typu "to have a bath", have a seat itp., w których to have zastępuje pewne słówka. W takich zwrotach nie wolno zastąpić "have" zwrotem "have got";

12 NOW, TIME FOR SOME EXERCISES

13 REPORTED SPEECH 1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked. She asked. 2. He asked, "Do I have to do it?" He asked. 3. "What are they doing?" she asked. She wanted to know. 4. The teacher asked, "Who can speak English?" The teacher wanted to know. 5. "Has Calvin talked to Klein?" my friend asked me. My friend asked me.

14 STYLISTIC INVERSION Not only a) he is handsome but is he also rich. b) is he handsome but he is also rich. c) is he handsome but is he also rich. Never in my life a) will I talk to her again b) will I talked to her again. c) would I talk to her again. Nowhere else a) won t you find such nice people. b) you will see such nice people. c) will you see such nice people.

15 BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER Dopasuj i wstaw: both, neither lub either. 1. were ill so they stayed at home instead of going to school. 2. I didn't like of the choices. 3. I couldn't decide between them - I liked them. 4. Justin nor/of Dylan turned up today. 5. You can take the 38 bus or the 341 to get to town. 6. I don't think much of of the candidates.

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