A PRAXIOLOGICAL MODEL OF A MACHINE MODERNISATION PROCESS

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1 Maksymlan SMOLNIK AGH Unversty of Scence and Technology, Faculty of Mechancal Engneerng and Robotcs, Cracow, Poland Journal of Machne Constructon and Mantenance PROBLEMY EKSPLOATACJI QUARTERLY ISSN /2017 (106) p A PRAXIOLOGICAL MODEL OF A MACHINE MODERNISAON PROCESS Key words: machne modernsaton process, desgnng process, praxologcal models, praxology. Abstract: The am of the paper s to present the developed praxologcal models of machne modernsaton processes. The reasons for conductng machne modernsaton processes and the ams of such processes were charactersed n the paper. The structure of probably the smplest praxologcal model that s a praxologcal chan was descrbed. The developed praxologcal models of actons connected wth the modernsaton of machnes were presented n ther graphcal forms as well as wth the use of proper formulas. The acton of a techncal obect modernsaton was defned, and two types of modernsaton processes were selected and descrbed usng the developed models. The models may be used durng the analyss (e.g., beng the bass for an evaluaton) or synthess (desgnng) of machne modernsaton processes n order to acheve a better effcency of the performed actons. Prakseologczny model procesu modernzac maszyn Słowa kluczowe: proces modernzac maszyn, proces proektowana, modele prakseologczne, prakseologa. Streszczene: W artykule przedstawono przyczyny cele prowadzena procesów modernzac maszyn. Po omówenu wybranych zagadneń zwązanych z modelowanem prakseologcznym konstrukcą wykorzystanem łańcuchów dzałań relac zabezpeczena, wyróżnono typowe procesy odnoszące sę do technosfery, które mogą być rozpatrywane ako dzałana. W ch obrębe zlokalzowano procesy modernzac maszyn; zdefnowano dzałane, akm est modernzaca obektu techncznego, a także wyodrębnono dwa rodzae procesów modernzac. Przyęte kryterum rozróżnena stanow fakt, czy modernzaca zwązana est z lkwdacą obektów poprzedne generac, obok których wprowadzane zostaą nowe, czy dotyczy ona wyłączne fzyczne modyfkac stneących (eksploatowanych) maszyn. Procesy modernzac obu rodzaów, ako zespoły dzałań, zostały opsane za pomocą opracowanych model prakseologcznych. Modele te mogą być wykorzystywane w czase analzy (zwłaszcza stanowące podstawę oceny) albo syntezy (proektowana) procesów modernzac maszyn oraz podczas opracowywana metod proektowana takch procesów w celu poprawy skutecznośc prowadzonych dzałań. Introducton Machne modernsaton processes are conducted n dfferent crcumstances, but the man reason for such actons are the changes of the needs whch cannot be (further) satsfed wth the use of the techncal obects developed n the past. These needs (often ndcated due to the market requrements) could be satsfed wthn the process of the operaton of the modernsed machnes. Therefore, the am of a modernsaton process s to acheve better satsfacton of the ndcated needs due to the proper operaton of a modernsed techncal obect, prevously redesgned (Polsh: przeproektowany; at least partly newly developed) and newly manufactured or rebult (Polsh: przebudowany) and beng mantaned accordng to a new mantenance technology (developed especally for ths obect). The descrbed processes nclude a number of actons conducted by humans; therefore, they may be analysed and synthessed usng praxologcal models (and especally the praxologcal chans).

2 104 Journal of Machne Constructon and Mantenance PROBLEMY EKSPLOATACJI 3/ Praxologcal model of an acton Praxology could be consdered as the scence of the effcacy of actons (cf. [3]). It was wdely charactersed n current papers, e.g. [3, 4]. There are praxologcal models developed for the formal representaton of actons. Probably the smplest praxologcal model s a praxologcal chan. It represents one sngle acton and conssts of three elements, whch are essental to perform the modelled acton. These are the subect performng the acton, the tool used durng the acton, and the obect of the acton. The chan may be descrbed wth the use of Formula 1 [8]. C1 = x1, y1, z (1) 1 where C 1 represents the chan, x 1 represents the subect, y 1 represents the tool (the ntermedum of the acton) and z 1 represents the obect of the acton [8]. Praxologcal chans are especally useful whle modellng the relatons of support that occur between dfferent actons and are represented by the connectons between the chans. The dentfed relaton of support may allow one to more effcently perform the supported acton or to perform the acton at all. An exemplary model ncludng two chans C 1 and C 2, where the C 2 chan represents the acton supportng the acton modelled usng the C 1 chan, s presented n the Fg. 1 [8]. It may be a part of a more complcated praxologcal network [8]. Fg. 1. A graphcal representaton of the acton modelled usng the C 2 praxologcal chan supportng the acton presented by the C 1 chan [8] In general, the relaton of the drect support between two actons may be descrbed wth the use of the set of the followng formulas (2) and (3) [8]. C = x, y, z C = x, y, z (2) C C x x y x y x y y (3) z z z z where e refers to the relaton of the drect support between the chans representng the actons, e presents the relaton of the e element z of the -chan supportng the e element of the -chan relatve to the subect z of the -chan; therefore { } { }. e = x y e = x, y 2. Actons appled to techncal obects Accordng to the selected typcal approaches to the problems of a machne s lfe-cycle and satsfacton of human needs [7, 11], the changes beng done wthn the technosphere (descrbed as the system consstng of the artefacts whch become an artfcal envronment for human bengs [1]) are the results of the followng processes: desgnng (and constructng), manufacturng, usng and mantanng, and wthdrawng the machnes from use (cf. [1, 6, 11]), shown n Fg. 2 (but often classfed n more complex ways). These processes may be modelled as actons (or sets of actons); therefore, t becomes possble to model them wth the use of praxologcal models [8]. Such a set of actons s performed each tme a new seres of machnes occurs. Because of t, an mportant relaton between the sets of actons takng ther place n tme may be ndcated relatng to the fact that the experence of all of the people nvolved n these actons (and especally the ones performng these actons) s developed due to the collected data and ts exchange [5, 6]. A number of these relatons may properly functon thanks to the research conducted durng the regular operaton and mantenance of machnes (Polsh: badana eksploatacyne; cf. [10]). The selected relatons are presented n Fg. 2 (cf. [5]). The ones drawn wth the regular lnes represent the data exchange processes, and the ones marked wth the bold lnes refer to the sequence of actons relatng to a sngle obect (or a sngle seres of obects). The followng letters represent: D desgnng as well as desgnng methodology, M manufacturng and manufacturng technology, U usng and mantanng as well as operatonal and mantenance technologes, W wthdrawng from use and ts technology. Addtonally, B refers to database and P refers to process. Consequently, each par of the letters, always followed by a tme ndex, represents the

3 Journal of Machne Constructon and Mantenance PROBLEMY EKSPLOATACJI 3/ Fg. 2. Typcal relatons between the sets of processes appled to the technosphere (cf. [5]) proper database or process as well as the tme perod t operates at (cf. Fg. 2). Another problem wthn the presented feld s the modernsaton of machnes that, dependng on ts crcumstances, occurs occasonally or constantly. The constant processes of technology and techncal obects development may be charactersed wth the use of, e.g. S-curves model and was wdely descrbed n [7]. Eventually, the machne modernsaton process may be consdered as a set of actons selected from the ones presented n the frst paragraph of the current secton of the paper. 3. Machne modernsaton process modellng Generally, t could be assumed that the machne modernsaton processes may be conducted n two dfferent crcumstances; therefore, two dfferent types of such processes may be ndcated. In the frst case, the prevously developed soluton s modernsed durng desgnng a new seres of machnes (obvously accordng to the new, current, or forecasted needs but on the bass of the solutons ncorporated n the prevous seres) that are to be manufactured later. The costs of such a modernsaton are ncurred by the desgner and the manufacturer of the machne. The exemplary reasons for such a modernsaton may nclude the followng: Amng at the development of a better product due to the market requrements (generally speakng); Amng at the better performance of the machne (beng the result of a hgher effcency, relablty, durablty, better envronmental protecton as well as a lower operatonal rsk, mass, fuel consumpton, etc.); Amng at the reducton of the manufacturng costs (or smplfyng the manufacturng technology) of the machne beng currently desgned; and, Amng at the reducton of the mantenance costs of the machne beng now desgned (cf. the lfe-cycle costs [13]). A smplfed praxologcal model of the descrbed modernsaton process s presented n Fg. 3. The meanngs of the symbols used n the fgure are as follows: D desgner, M manufacturer, U user, S mantenance staff, techncal obect (machne), operatonal obect, D MI desgnng methods and nstruments, M manufacturng technology and nstruments, S mantenance technology and nstruments, D MIS data management nstruments used by the mantenance staff, and D MIU data management nstruments used by the user of the techncal obect ().

4 106 Journal of Machne Constructon and Mantenance PROBLEMY EKSPLOATACJI 3/2017 charge of the modernsaton process physcal realsaton (e.g., dsassemblng and assemblng the machne as well as manufacturng new parts that wll be ncluded n t and wthdrawng from use the ones whch wll not be needed any more), and R modernsaton technology and nstruments. The remanng symbols should be nterpreted accordng to the descrpton of Fg. 3. Fg. 3. A praxologcal model of the frst type of machne modernsaton process (developng and ntroducng new, modernsed generatons of machnes) The presented actons are performed n a contnuous, fxed sequence (cycle), ncludng desgnng, manufacturng, usng and mantanng, reportng and so on. The relatons of support between them may be presented usng Formula (4). D M M S U D S D (4) M M In the second case, the already exstng machne s modernsed (adapted) durng the process of ts physcal modfcaton (rebuldng), whch ncludes ts dsassembly and assembly operatons. The costs of such a modernsaton are ncurred by the user of the machne. The exemplary reasons for such a modernsaton may nclude the followng: Amng at the reducton of the mantenance costs (as well as tme or work) of the machne; Enablng the possblty of usng cheaper replacement parts; An nadequate performance of the machne (e.g., as a result of a mstake at the moment of ts purchase or desgnng and/or manufacturng); and, An ncrease of requrements for the operatonal safety of the machne or the protecton of the envronment (especally as a result of the cvlsaton progress). A smplfed praxologcal model of such a modernsaton process s presented n Fg. 4. The meanngs of the symbols used n the fgure are as follows: D 1 desgner desgnng the techncal obect () as a new one, D MI1 desgnng methods and nstruments used by the desgner (D 1 ), D 2 desgner redesgnng the techncal obect (), D MI2 desgnng methods and nstruments used by the desgner (D 2 ), R staff n Fg. 4. A praxologcal model of the second type of the machne modernsaton process (rebuldng an exstng machne) In the presented case, the actons are performed once but stll n a fxed sequence, ncludng redesgnng, manufacturng new /addtonal/ parts, dsassemblng, removng selected parts and often scrappng them, target rebuldng operatons (modfyng some of the remanng parts of the machne), and assemblng. The praxologcal network presented n the Fg. 4 may be descrbed usng the followng set of formulas (5). D M M S D 1 2 R R U D S D R R 2 2 Takng nto consderaton both types of modernsaton processes presented n ths secton of the paper, the machne modernsaton process may generally be descrbed as a set of actons, where an approved techncal soluton s takng place, amng at ts adaptaton (Polsh: dostosowane) to the requrements resultng from the current (new) needs wthout changng ts man functon. The frst stpulaton an approved techncal soluton allows one to dffer the modernsaton process from a regular desgnng process, whch normally ncludes teratons connected wth the mprovements of the techncal obect beng developed before ts fnal approval. (5)

5 Journal of Machne Constructon and Mantenance PROBLEMY EKSPLOATACJI 3/ The second stpulaton wthout changng ts man functon allows one to dffer the descrbed process from any acton connected wth the change of an exstng machne s constructon. For example, a passenger tramcar may be rebult n order to obtan a snowplough, but then ts man functon s completely changed. Ths s the reason why the snowplough should not be consdered as a modernsed passenger tramcar (but only as a rebult one). Conclusons Modernsaton may be effcently performed only accordng to the hgh qualty data obtaned from the regular operaton and mantenance of exstng machnes. Ths s one of the most mportant reasons for collectng, storng, and analysng such data. The frst type modernsaton process s the regular way of the development of techncal obects (and the technosphere). Its proper functonng may often determne the company s compettveness on the market. The second type modernsaton process seems especally mportant to the practcal ssues of machnes operaton and mantenance. Obvously, t cannot be classfed as a part or a knd of a mantenance process, but t may be conducted n practce by the regular servcng staff and n the crcumstances offered by a regular mantenance workshop. Modernsaton processes of both types may be conducted at the same tme, as s often observed. Every modernsaton process should be carefully planned (desgned, cf. [2]) before t s conducted. That s one of the reasons for modellng such a process, and n partcular, usng the praxologcal models. Another mportant ssue s the analyss of the results of the modernsaton process, whch allows one to evaluate the decsons made durng ts desgnng. The results of the evaluaton should allow one to develop better modernsaton technologes. The proposed models could and should be further developed n order to obtan more sophstcated models for machne modernsaton processes desgnng. They also may be constructed n more complex ways (cf. [12]) n order to take nto consderaton more aspects of the modernsaton processes. Such an actvty may lead to the formulaton of new methods and/or standards. Consderng some dffcultes that occur durng modellng a number of actons performed n a partcular sequence n tme, the praxologcal chan model should be developed n order to ntroduce the passage of tme nto such a model. References 1. Detrych J.: System konstrukca. Wydawnctwa Naukowo-Technczne. Warszawa Gasparsk W.W.: Desgnology: Toward a Unfed Scence on Desgn Revsted [n] Gasparsk W.W., Orel T. [ed.]: Desgnology Studes on Plannng for Acton. Transacton Publshers. New Brunswck Gasparsk W.W.: On the Concept of Practcalty [n] Ryan L.V., Nahser F.B., Gasparsk W.W. [ed.]: Praxology and Pragmatsm. Transacton Publshers. New Brunswck Gasparsk W.W.: Praxology, or the Study of the Prose of Human Acton Revsted [n] Makowsk P., Boneck M., Nowak-Posadzy K. [ed.]: Praxology and the Reasons for Acton. Transacton Publshers. New Brunswck Henrch M., Smolnk M., Szybka J.: Zagadnena akośc procesów obektów w kształcenu z nżyner nezawodnośc [n] Zeszyty Naukowe, Nr 3 (30). Wyższa Szkoła Ofcerska Sł Powetrznych. Dębln Ireson W.G., Coombs C.F., Moss R.Y.: Handbook of Relablty Engneerng and Management. McGraw-Hll, Koltze K., Souchkov V.: Systematsche Innovaton. TRIZ-Anwendung n der Produkt- und Prozessentwcklung. Carl Hanser Verlag. München Wen Koneczny J.: Praxologcal Models. Praxologcal Modellng of Systems of Acton [n] Gasparsk W., Pszczołowsk T. [ed.]: Praxologcal Studes. PWN Polsh Scentfc Publshers. Warszawa Kotarbńsk T.: The ABC of Practcalty [n] Ryan L.V., Nahser F.B., Gasparsk W.W. [red.]: Praxology and Pragmatsm. Transacton Publshers. New Brunswck Lenkewcz W., Szybka J.F. [ed.]: Problemy badawcze w eksploatac wybranych obektów techncznych. Polske Naukowo-Technczne Towarzystwo Eksploatacyne. Warszawa Pahl G., Betz W., Feldhusen J., Grote K.H.: Engneerng Desgn: A Systematc Approach. Sprnger-Verlag London Lmted. London Smolnk M.: A Praxeologcal Model of Creatve Actons n the Feld of Mechancal Engneergng [revewed paper presented durng TRIZ Future Conference 2016]. 13. Stamats D.H.: The OEE Prmer: Understandng Overall Equpment Effectveness, Relablty, and Mantanablty. CRC Press Taylor and Francs Group. New York 2010.