The possibilities of underground CO 2 storage in the Zaosie Anticline

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1 GOSPODARKA SUROWCAMI MINERALNYMI Tm Zeszyt 4 SYLWESTER MAREK*, LIDIA DZIEWIÑSKA**, RADOS AW TARKOWSKI*** The pssibilities f undergrund CO 2 strage in the Zasie Anticline Intrductin The pssibility f string CO 2 in deep Meszic (saline) aquifers f the Plish Lwland have been described in many papers published by specialists f the MEERI PAS (e.g. Tarkwski (ed.) 2005, 2008; Tarkwski, Uliasz-Misiak 2005, 2006; Tarkwski et al. 2009). Sme f the papers mentin the Zasie structure that is lcated in the Kujawy and Pmeranian Swell, alng its SW edge. It is lcated near ódÿ and Be³chatów and therefre is ne f the mst suitable gelgical structures fr CO 2 strage in Pland. During discussins held within the Cnsrtium implementing the prgram entitled Assessment f frmatins and structures fr safe CO 2 strage, including their mnitring prgram and crdinated by the PGI-NRI, the Zasie structure, in additin t the Tuszyn and Wjszyce structures, was placed in the list f structures intended fr undergrund CO 2 strage fr the Be³chatów Pwer Statin, fr which detailed wrk was cmmissined. The mngraphic study entitled: Ptential gelgical structures fr CO 2 strage in Meszic depsits f the Plish Lwlands (their characteristics and ranking) (Tarkwski (ed.) 2010) presented an initial gelgical characterisatin f the Zasie Anticline in terms f undergrund strage f carbn dixide (Marek, Tarkwski, Dziewiñska 2010). Three aquifers fr CO 2 strage have been cnsidered (Lwer Jurassic: Brucice Frmatin and Kmrw Frmatin; Lwer Triassic: Baltic Frmatin f the Lwer Buntsandstein and basal part f the Middle Buntsandstein). Specialists frm the MEERI PAS undertk its mre detailed study. The wrk has been dne based n available, mst up-t-date gelgical and gephysical data. The results f the * Prf., ** Ph.D., *** D.Sc., Mineral and Energy Ecnmy Research Institute f the Plish Academy f Sciences, Kraków, Pland; tarkwski@min-pan.krakw.pl

2 90 wrk are presented in this article discussing the fllwing issues: gelgical characteristics f the Zasie Anticline n the backgrund f reginal gelgy f the area, characteristics f ptential frmatins and their usefulness fr undergrund strage f carbn dixide. 1. Gelgical setting A chain f the RgŸn-Justynów-Zasie salt-cred structures stretches alng the suth- -western edge f the Kujawy Swell (Rawa Mazwiecka structural unit) between Zgierz in the nrth and Tmaszów Mazwiecki in the suth (Dadlez ed. 1988; Marek ed. 1977; Marek, Znsk 1972a, b) (Figs. 1, 2). These gelgical structures are represented by the RgŸn salt stck and the Zasie and Justynów salt pillws, separated by the Tmaszów Mazwiecki-Buków faults. In the gelgical map withut Cenzic depsits (Fig. 1), the RgŸn salt stck is manifested by Zechstein subcrps, the Justynów salt pillw by Middle Jurassic subcrps, and the Zasie salt pillw by Oxfrdian subcrps, which cnstitute the cre f the Kujawy Swell. The subsurface gelgical structure f the Zasie regin has been imaged by reginal and semi-detailed seismic reflectin surveys (Bia³ek, Grzesik, Ha³ñ 1992; baziewicz, Misiewicz, Majewska 1976) and several deep brehles that penetrated the Zechstein-Meszic successin: Budziszewice IG-1; Buków 1; Buków 2; Zasie 1 (Enclsure1); Zasie 2 (Enclsure 2); Zasie 3 (Enclsure 3) (Blch 1979; Dadlez 2001; Deczkwski, Franczyk 1988; Dziewiñska, Marek, JóŸwiak 2001; Leszczyñski ed. 2008; Maliszewska ed. 1999, Marek 1959; Marek ed. 1971; Ncñ ed. 1990; Pieñkwski 2004; Wyscka-Kudla 1989). Infrmatin n the subsurface gelgical structure f the study area als cmes frm bth hydrgelgical tests perfrmed in the brehles (Bjarski 1996) and gethermal studies (Majrwicz 1983). 2. The internal structure f the Zasie Anticline The Zasie Anticline is lcated in the suth-western end f the Rawa structural unit f the Kujawy Swell. The relief f the Lwer/Middle Buntsandstein structural surface indicates that the Zasie salt pillw is an val-ellipsidal structure, 15 km in length and 8 km in width. Its area is abut 120 km 2 (Table 1). The height f the salt pillw in relatin t the neighburing synclines is apprximately 300 m (frm the nrtheast) and abut m (frm the suthwest) (Figs. 3 7). In the lngitudinal axis (NW-SE), its amplitude (truncated t the nrthwest by the Tmaszów Mazwiecki-Buków faults) is much smaller and is abut 200 m. In the images f yunger structural surfaces, the Zasie Anticline is flattened in appearance. The anticline amplitude at the structural surface f the tp f the Lwer Jurassic, as measured in relatin t the syncline extending t the nrtheast, is abut 150 m, and in

3 ' 51 50' 51 40' 19 30' 19 40' 19 50' ' ' 20 20' G³wn Rawka Skierniewice Zgierz Bia³a Rawska Brzeziny Rawa Mazwiecka ódÿ Kluszki Pabianice Tuszyn Tmaszów Maz ' 19 40' 19 50' ' ' 20 20' Fig. 1. Lcatin f seismic prfiles and brehles in the ódÿ-justynów-zasie-je ów-rawa Mazwiecka regin Fig. 1. Lkalizacja prfili sejsmicznych i twrów wiertniczych w rejnie: ódÿ-justynów-zasie-je ów-rawa Mazwiecka 52 00' 51 50' 51 40'

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5 relatin t the syncline extending t the suthwest it is abut 200 m. The anticline is nt clearly marked in the intersectin image f sub-cenzic subcrps f Meszic depsits because it lies in the field f Oxfrdian depsits. Deep-rted faults (f a small displacement amplitude f tens f metres), bunding the Zasie salt pillw, cut part f the successin and die ut mstly in the Upper Triassic and lwermst Jurassic (Figs. 3 7) Aquifers As a result f lithstratigraphic, physic-chemical and hydrgelgical studies t assess the pssibilities f CO 2 strage, the fllwing aquifers have been selected in Meszic depsits f the Zasie Anticline (Table 1): Baltic Frmatin (Scythian), Kmrw Frmatin (Upper Pliensbachian, Dmerian), Brucice Frmatin (Upper Tarcian). The primary aquifer is the Baltic Frmatin (sandstnes) fully tested in the Zasie 1 brehle at a depth f (509.0 m) and in the Budziszewice IG-1 brehle at a depth f (374.5 m). In the Zasie 3, it was fund at a depth f (> m). The Baltic Frmatin cnsists f fine- and medium-grained sandstnes, in places crss bedded, lcally slightly calcareus and cntaining lenses and infrequent clay-silt laminae (Szyperk-Teller, Mryc 1988; Szyperk-Teller 1997). An increase in clay cntent is bserved in the lwer part f the sectin. In the upper prtin, referred t the Middle Buntsandstein, there is an increase in calcium carbnate cntent expressed in the frm f limestne and dlmite intercalatins. The prprtin f sandstnes Fig. 2. Gelgical map f the ódÿ-justynów-zasie-je ów-rawa Mazwiecka regin (withut Cenzic depsits) K2 Upper Cretaceus, K2m Maastrichtian, K2cp Campanian, K2cn-s Cniacian-Santnian, K2t Turnian, K2a3-c Upper Albian-Cenmanian, K1 Lwer Cretaceus, K1b-a2 Berriasian-Middle Albian, K1w-a2 Valanginian-Middle Albian, K1b Berriasian, K1br upper Berriasian (Ryazanian), K1bw lwer Berriasian (Upper Vlgian = Purbeck), J3 Upper Jurassic, J3t Tithnian (Lwer and Middle Vlgian), J3km Kimmeridgian, J3 Oxfrdian, J2 Middle Jurassic, J2cl Callvian, J2bt2-3-cl Upper and Middle Bathnian, J2bt1 Lwer Bathnian, J2bj2-bt1 Upper Bajcian and Middle Bathnian, J2aa-bj1 Aalenian and Lwer Bajcian, PZ Zechstein Fig. 2. Mapa gelgiczna bszaru ódÿ-justynów-zasie-je ów-rawa Mazwiecka (bez utwrów kenziku) K2 kreda górna, K2m mastrycht, K2cp kampan, K2cn-s kniak santn, K2t turn, K2a3-c alb górny cenman, K1 kreda dlna, K1b-a2 berias alb œrdkwy, K1w-a2 walan yn alb œrdkwy, K1b berias, K1br berias górny (riazañ), K1bw berias dlny (w³g górny = purbek), J3 jura górna, J3t tytn (w³g dlny i œrdkwy), J3km kimeryd, J3 ksfrd, J2 jura œrdkwa, J2cl kelwej, J2bt2-3-cl batn górny i œrdkwy, J2bt1 batn dlny, J2bj2-bt1 bajs górny i batn dlny, J2aa-bj1 aalen i bajs dlny, PZ cechsztyn

6 94 TABLE 1 Data n the Zasie Anticline Aquifers: 1. Brucice Frmatin (Upper Tarcian); 2. Kmrw Frmatin, Upper S³awêcin Beds (Pliensbachian, Dmerian); 3. Baltic Frmatin (Scythian, Induan); Lwer Buntsandstein and lwermst Middle Buntsandstein TABELA 1 Dane dtycz¹ce antykliny Zasia Pzim zbirnikwy: 1. Frmacja brucicka (tars górny); 2. Frmacja kmrwska, warstwy s³awêciñskie górne (pliensbach, dmer); 3. Frmacja ba³tycka (scytyk, ind); pstry piaskwiec dlny i sp¹gwa czêœæ pstreg piaskwca œrdkweg Name Zasie Anticline Area (f anticline) 15 km 8 km = 120 km 2 Thickness (aquifer) CO 2 strage (vlumetric) capacity f the aquifer Depth t the aquifers Permeability (aquifer rcks) Prsity (aquifer rcks) Frmatin pressure Maximum pressure Frmatin temperature in the aquifer Percentage f sandstnes in the aquifer m; average 160 m m; average 85 m m; average 450 m millin tns millin tns millin tns 1. Zasie 1: ( 303.0) ( m) Zasie 2: ( 313.0) ( m) Zasie 3: ( 352.0) ( m) Budziszewice IG-1: ( 449.0) ( m) 2. Zasie 1: ( 558.0) ( m) Zasie 2: ( 570.0) ( m) Zasie 3: ( 585.0) ( m) Budziszewice IG-1: ( 702.0) ( m) 3. Zasie 1: ( ) ( m) Zasie 3: ( ) > Budziszewice IG-1: ( ) ( m) 1 2. <1000 md md % 3. <10% Pressure gradient Gc = hpa/10 m Gcmax = hpa/10 m Gethermal gradient Gt = 2.2 C/100 m 1. 80% % 3. 60%

7 95 TABLE 1. cnt. TABELA 1. cd. Name Pre water (in the aquifer) Ttal Disslved Slids Stratigraphy (f the aquifer) Lithlgy (f the aquifer) Lithlgical investigatins Gegraphical crdinates: X, Y Zasie Anticline 1 2. Cl-Ca-type brines f Class I 1 2. Na + :Cl = Cl-Ca-type brines f Class IV V Na + :Cl = g/dcm g/dcm 3 1. Upper Tarcian: Brucice Frmatin 2. Upper Pliensbachian. Dmerian: Kmrw Frmatin 3. Scythian Lwer Buntsandstein and lwermst Middle Buntsandstein (Baltic Frmatin. sandstnes) 1 2. Sandstnes (80%) with claystne and siltstne interbeds 3. Sandstnes (60%) with claystne and siltstne interbeds Micrscpic and physic-chemical studies Zasie 1: Zasie 3: Budziszewice IG-1: Gegraphic crdinate system Cartesian crdinate system 1942 Overburden stratigraphy Overburden lithlgy Faults Number f brehles Ttal depth 1. Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajcian) 2. Ciechcinek Frmatin, Lwer Tarcian 3. Scythian Middle Buntsandstein (Claystne Frmatin) + + Upper Buntsandstein (Röt) 1. Middle Jurassic: alterbating sandstnes, siltstnes and claystnes, ttal thickness abut 400 m 2. Ciechcinek Frmatin: claystnes and siltstnes with ferruginus sandstne interbeds, abut 80 m thick 3. Claystnes and siltstnes with sandstne, limestne and evaprite interbeds Faults in the Triassic and Lwer Jurassic 4 brehles Zasie 1: m (Zechstein) Zasie 2: m (Middle Triassic, Muschelkalk) Zasie 3: m (Lwer Buntsandstein) Budziszewice IG-1: m (Carbniferus) Brehles lcated near the anticlinal crest Zasie 1

8 96 Fig. 3. Time seismic-gelgical sectin alng the line K/3-8-76K (Buków-Zasie-Budziszewice); symbls f seismic bundaries: Jsp base f Jurassic; Tk Keuper; Tm Triassic, Muschelkalk; Tp3 Upper Triassic, Buntsandstein; P2str tp f Zechstein; Z3 Leine cyclthem; Z2 Stassfurt cyclthem; Z1/P1 Lwer Zechstein/Upper Retligend bundary; C Carbniferus Fig. 3. Czaswy przekrój sejsmiczn-gelgiczny wzd³u linii K/3-8-76K (Buków-Zasie-Budziszewice); symble granic sejsmicznych: Jsp sp¹gjury; Tk kajper; Tm trias, wapieñ muszlwy; Tp3 trias górny, pstry piaskwiec; P2str strp cechsztynu; Z3 cykltem Leine; Z2 cykltem Stassfurt; Z1/P1 sp¹g cechsztynu/strp czerwneg sp¹gwca; C karbn

9 97 Fig. 4. Gelgical crss-sectin thrugh the Zasie Anticline (Buków 1-Budziszewice IG-1) Fig. 4. Przekrój gelgiczny pprzeczny przez antyklinê Zasie (Buków 1-Budziszewice IG-1)

10 98 Fig. 5. Lngitudinal gelgical crss-sectin thrugh the Zasie Anticline (Budziszewice IG-1, Zasie 2, Zasie 1) Fig. 5. Przekrój gelgiczny pd³u ny przez antyklinê Zasia (Budziszewice IG-1, Zasie 2, Zasie 1)

11 99 Fig. 6. Gelgical crss-sectin thrugh the Zasie Anticline (Zasie 3, Zasie 1, Zasie 2) (after Wyscka-Kud³a 1989, mdified by the authrs) Fig. 6. Przekrój gelgiczny pprzeczny przez antyklinê Zasie (Zasie 3, Zasie 1, Zasie 2) (na pdstawie Wyscka-Kud³a 1989 ze zmianami autrów) in the Baltic Frmatin exceeds 60%. The prsity f the sandstnes is up t 10%, and the permeability is md. Vlumetric CO 2 strage capacity (at the CO 2 strage efficiency cefficient f 0.1) is apprximately 340 millin tns. The amunt f Ttal Disslved Slids in the frmatin water is high 250g/dcm 3. This is a Cl-Ca-type brine f Class IV V, and the degree f metamrphism Na + :Cl is Frmatin pressure Gc = hpa/dcm 3. The Baltic Frmatin is sealed by a cmplex f rcks representing the Pmeranian and P³czyn frmatins f the Middle Buntsandstein, and the Barwice Frmatins (Röt) f the Upper Buntsandstein. These are mainly clay-silt and clay-carbnate- -evaprite sediments, respectively. The ttal thickness f the verburden ranges frm apprximately (Zasie 1) t m (Budziszewice IG1), and the average thickness is abut 770 m. Anther prmising level in terms f undergrund CO 2 strage is the Upper Pliensbachian (Dmerian) Kmrw Frmatin. This aquifer was investigated with the brehles f Zasie 1, depth m (95.0 m), Zasie 2, depth m (85.0 m), Zasie 3, depth m (85.0 m) and Budziszewice IG-1, depth m (98.0 m). It is represented by fine- and medium-grained sandstnes interbedded with sandy mudstnes and

12 100 Fig. 7. Structural map f the tp f the Baltic Frmatin sandstne aquifer (Lwer Buntsandstein and lwermst Middle Buntsandstein) (after Wyscka-Kud³a 1989, mdified by the authrs) Fig. 7. Mapa strukturalna strpu pzimu zbirnikweg frmacji ba³tyckiej piaskwcwej pstreg piaskwca dlneg i sp¹gwej czêœci pstreg piaskwca œrdkweg (na pdstawie Wyscka-Kud³a 1989 ze zmianami autrów)

13 101 claystnes. The prprtin f sandstne ranges frm 60 t 80%, the prsity is abut 15% and the permeability is up t 1000 md. Vlumetric CO 2 strage capacity (with the CO 2 strage efficiency cefficient f 0.1) is apprximately 115 millin tns. This frmatin cntains weakly mineralized chlride-calcium brines f class I, cntaining flammable gas. The brine cntains up t 9 g/dcm 3 f TDS and the hydrchemical index Na + :Cl = = This rati indicates a pssible cntact f the water with meteric waters. The Upper Pliensbachian aquifer f the Kmrw Frmatin is directly sealed by clay-silt rcks f the Lwer Tarcian Ciechcinek Frmatin, abut m thick. The quality f sealing is insufficiently determined. The uppermst ptential aquifer f the Upper Tarcian Brucice Frmatin was tested in the brehles f Zasie 1, depth m (165.0 m), Zasie 2, depth m (168.0 m), Zasie 3, depth m (143.0 m) and Budziszewice IG-1, depth m (201.0 m). This aquifer shws gd reservir prperties (in terms f gelgical structure, thickness, lithlgy and physic-chemical characteristics) (Table 1) and is prbably infiltrated by surface waters. Vlumetric CO 2 strage capacity (at the CO 2 strage efficiency cefficient f 0.1) is apprximately 222 millin tns. Due t the small depth t the aquifer, the Brucice Frmatin des nt fully meet the requirements fr CO 2 strage in the Zasie Anticline. Discussin The Zasie Anticline is ne f the structures selected fr CO 2 strage in the Kujawy Swell. It was examined by seismic prfiles and fur deep brehles. The present paper prvides an analysis f the fllwing aquifers suitable fr undergrund CO 2 strage: Lwer Jurassic (Brucice and Kmrw frmatins) and Lwer Triassic (Baltic Frmatin). The fllwing parameters have been cnsidered: capacity f the structure, prperties f the aquifer (depth t the tp, effective thickness, prsity, permeability, ttal disslved slids) and prperties f the verburden (presence f faults and their extent, thickness) (see Best pratice 2006; Tarkwski, Marek, Uliasz-Misiak 2009). The sine qua nn f suitability fr CO 2 strage is adequate strage capacity (assumed t be at the level f 60 Mt, that crrespnds t 30-year emissin frm an electric generatr emitting annually 2 Mt f CO 2 ). All the three aquifers meet the criterin; the Baltic Frmatin shws the greatest vlumetric capacity (340 Mt). The depths t the tp f the aquifers are variable: mre than 800 m fr the Brucice Frmatin, and belw 800 m fr the tw remaining aquifers. In the frmer case, the depth is cnsidered a negative factr, limiting the pssibility f CO 2 strage in the Brucice Frmatin. It shuld be stressed that the frmatin lies at cnsiderably large depths (2800 m and mre), which significantly affects the CO 2 strage csts. The thickness f the frmatin is the greatest (abut 450 m), but the Lwer Jurassic frmatins shw better values f prsity and permeability f rcks. It shuld als be nted that the Lwer Jurassic grundwater has unfavurably lw values f ttal

14 102 disslved slids (< 10 g/dcm 3 ), indicating the pssibility f cntact with meteric waters, while the TDS values f the Lwer Triassic grundwater is high. The Brucice Frmatin is well sealed by the rcks f the Pmeranian, P³czyn and Barwice frmatins f the upper Lwer Triassic and by a thick cmplex f Triassic and Jurassic depsits. The degree f sealing f the Lwer Jurassic aquifers is determined insufficiently, and the faults in the eastern part f the structure extend up t the lwermst Upper Jurassic. The primary aquifer, suggested fr CO 2 strage in the Zasie Anticline, is the Baltic Frmatin f Scythian age. The secndary aquifer is the Upper Pliensbachian (Dmerian) Kmrw Frmatin. The Brucice Frmatin aquifer is nt recmmended fr CO 2 strage because it ccurs at a small depth. The Lwer Triassic aquifer is cnspicuus by its large strage capacity, a thick package f verburden seal (Middle Upper Triassic and Jurassic rcks) and high mineralisatin f frmatin waters. Hwever, its disadvantage is the large depth t its tp, which als negatively affects its petrphysical prperties f reservir rcks. The analysis f aquifers suitable fr undergrund CO 2 strage in the Zasie Anticline cnfirms the previus suggestins (Uliasz-Misiak, Tarkwski 2010) abut its pr cnditins fr CO 2 strage. Therefre, if the structure is f interest fr such peratins, further wrk shuld be fcused mainly n the study f integrity f the verburden rcks, reservir prperties f the selected aquifers and mineralisatin f frmatin waters. The Zasie structure is f interest t the Be³chatów Pwer Statin. Relatively near the structure (up t 50 km) are als the Dalkia ódÿ ZEC SA plants. The fllwing plants are lcated a little further (up t 100 km): KCW Warta SA, Kzienice Pwer Plant SA, ZE PAK SA (Pwer Plant Grup Cmpany, Adamów), Vettenfall Heat Pland SA (Siekierki and eran in Warsaw) and LaFarge Cement Pland SA (Ma³gszcz). The article was made within frames f the natinal prject realizatin: Assessment f frmatins and structures fr safe CO 2 gelgical strage, including mnitring plans made t rder f Ministry f The Envirnment, financed by Natinal Fund fr Envirnmental Prtectin and Water Management. REFERENCES Best practice fr the strage f CO 2 in saline aquifers. Observatins and guidelines frm the SACS and CO2STORE prjects. Edited and cmpiled by: Andy Chadwick, Rb Arts, Christian Bernstne, Franz May, Sylvain Thibeau & Peter Zweigel B i a ³ e k T., G r z e s i k H., H a ³ ñ E., 1992 Dkumentacje sejsmiczne Justynów-Je ów; Skierniewice-Nwy Kawêczyn 1990/1991. Archiwum Pañstwweg Instytutu Gelgiczneg, Warszawa. B l c h J., 1979 Dkumentacja twru badawczeg Zasie 1. Przedsiêbirstw Pszukiwañ Nafty i Gazu w W³minie. Archiwum Pañstwweg Instytutu Gelgiczneg, Warszawa. B j a r s k i L., 1996 Atlas hydrgelgiczny i hydrdynamiczny paleziku i mezziku raz ascezyjneg zaslenia wód pdziemnych na Ni u Plskim, 1: Pañstwwy Instytut Gelgiczny, Warszawa. D a d l e z R., 2001 Przekrje gelgiczne przez bruzdê œródplsk¹. Pañstwwy Instytut Gelgiczny, Warszawa. D a d l e z R., red., 1998 Mapa tektniczna kmpleksu cechsztyñsk-mezziczneg na Ni u Plskim, 1: Pañstwwy Instytut Gelgiczny, Warszawa.

15 103 D e c z k w s k i Z., F r a n c z y k M., 1988 Palemi¹ szœæ, litfacje i paletektnika epikntynentalnej jury dlnej w Plsce. Kwartalnik Gelgiczny 32/1, p D z i e w i ñ s k a L., M a r e k S., J ó Ÿ w i a k W., 2001 Przekrje sejsmiczn-gelgiczne przez wa³ kujawski i gielniwski, 1: Biuletyn Instytutu Gelgiczneg 398. Warszawa. Leszczyñski K., red., 2008 Budziszewice IG-1. Prfile g³êbkich twrów wiertniczych Pañstwweg Instytutu Gelgiczneg, z b a z i e w i c z Z., M i s i e w i c z W., M a j e w s k a B., 1976 Dkumentacja sejsmiczna ódÿ-tmaszów Mazwiecki 1975/1976. Archiwum Pañstwweg Instytutu Gelgiczneg, Warszawa. M a j r w i c z J., 1983 Badania getermiczne [W:] Budwa gelgiczna niecki warszawskiej (p³ckiej) i jej pd³ a pd redakcj¹ S. Marka. Prace Pañstwweg Instytutu Gelgiczneg, Warszawa. M a l i s z e w s k a A., red., 1999 Diageneza sadów permu górneg i mezziku Kujaw. Prace Pañstwweg Instytutu Gelgiczneg 167, p M a r e k S., red., 1971 Rp-gaznœnœæ wa³u kujawskieg i bszarów przyleg³ych na tle budwy gelgicznej. Czêœæ I Budwa gelgiczna. Prace Gestrukturalne Pañstwweg Instytutu Gelgiczneg, Warszawa. M a r e k S., red., 1977 Budwa gelgiczna wschdniej czêœci niecki mgileñsk-³ódzkiej, strefa Gp³- -Pnêtów-Pabianice. Prace Instytutu Gelgiczneg, 8. M a r e k S., 1959 Budwa gelgiczna antykliny Justynwa k³ dzi. Kwartalnik Gelgiczny 3/1, p M a r e k S., T a r k w s k i R., D z i e w i ñ s k a L., 2010 Ptencjalne struktury gelgiczne dla pdziemneg sk³adwania CO 2 [W:] Ptencjalne struktury gelgiczne d sk³adwania CO 2 w utwrach mezziku Ni u Plskieg (Charakterystyka raz ranking). R. Tarkwski (red.). Studia Rzprawy i Mngrafie 164. IGSMiE PAN, 2010, p M a r e k S., Z n s k J., 1972a Tektnika Kujaw. Kwartalnik Gelgiczny 16/1, p M a r e k S., Z n s k J., 1972b Histria rzwju gelgiczneg Kujaw. Kwartalnik Gelgiczny 16/2, p N c ñ W., red., 1990 Dkumentacja wynikwa twru pszukiwawczeg Zasie 2. Zak³ad Pszukiwañ Nafty i Gazu w W³minie. Archiwum Pañstwweg Instytutu Gelgiczneg, Warszawa. Pieñkwski G.,2004 TheepicntinentalLwerJurassicfPland.PlishGelgicalInstitute Special Paper 12/1, p S z y p e r k -T e l l e r A., 1997 Trias dlny. Frmalne i niefrmalne jednstki litstratygraficzne triasu dlneg (pstreg piaskwca). [W:] Epikntynentalny perm i mezzik w Plsce, pd redakcj¹ S. Marka i M. Pajchlwej. Prace Pañstwweg Instytutu Gelgiczneg, 153. S z y p e r k -T e l l e r A., M r y c W., 1988 Rzwój basenu sedymentacyjneg pstreg piaskwca na bszarze Plski. Kwartalnik Gelgiczny 37/1, p Tarkwski R., red., Ndzeñski A., Slecki T., Stpa J., Uliasz-Misiak B., 2005 Pdziemne sk³adwanie CO 2 w Plsce w g³êbkich strukturach gelgicznych (rp, gaz i wdnœnych). Wyd. IGSMiE PAN, Kraków, p Tarkwski R.,2008 CO 2 strage capacity f gelgical structures lcated within Plish Lwlands Meszic frmatins. Gspdarka Surwcami Mineralnymi, 24, 4/1, p T a r k w s k i R., red., 2010 Ptencjalne struktury gelgiczne d sk³adwania CO 2 w utwrach mezziku Ni u Plskieg (charakterystyka raz ranking). IGSMiE PAN. Studia. Rzprawy. Mngrafie 164, p T a r k w s k i R., U l i a s z -M i s i a k B., 2005 Struktury gelgiczne (pzimy wdnœne i z³ a wêglwdrów) d pdziemneg sk³adwania CO 2 w Plsce. [W:] Pdziemne sk³adwanie CO 2 w Plsce w g³êbkich strukturach gelgicznych (rp-, gaz- i wdnœnych). Wyd. IGSMiE PAN Kraków, p T a r k w s k i R., U l i a s z -M i s i a k B., 2006 Pssibilities f CO 2 Sequestratin by Strage in Gelgical Media f Majr Deep Aquifers in Pland. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 84, A9 Carbn Capture and Strage, p T a r k w s k i R., M a r e k S., U l i a s z -M i s i a k B., 2009 Wstêpna gelgiczna analiza struktur d sk³adwania CO 2 w rejnie Be³chatwa. Gspdarka Surwcami Mineralnymi, 25/2, p U l i a s z -M i s i a k B., T a r k w s k i R., 2010 Ranking struktur d pdziemneg sk³adwania CO 2 na Ni u Plskim [W:] Ptencjalne struktury gelgiczne d sk³adwania CO 2 w utwrach mezziku Ni u Plskieg

16 104 (Charakterystyka raz ranking). R. Tarkwski (red.). Studia Rzprawy i Mngrafie 164. IGSMiE PAN, p W y s k a -K u d ³ a H., 1989 Dkumentacja twru pszukiwawczeg Zasie 3 Zak³ad Pszukiwañ Nafty i Gazu w W³minie. Archiwum Pañstwweg Instytutu Gelgiczneg, Warszawa. MO LIWOŒCI WYKORZYSTANIA ANTYKLINY ZAOSIA DO PODZIEMNEGO SK ADOWANIA CO 2 S³wa kluczwe Sk³adwanie CO 2, struktury gelgiczne, pzimy wdnœne, Plska Streszczenie Antyklina Zasia znajduje siê w bliskiej dleg³œci d dzi i Be³chatwa i jest jedn¹ z bardziej interesuj¹cych struktur gelgicznych d sk³adwania CO 2 w Plsce, dlateg te dknan szczegó³weg jej pracwania. Przedstawin charakterystykê gelgiczn¹ antykliny Zasia na tle budwy gelgicznej reginu, szczegó³w¹ budwê gelgiczn¹, charakterystykê ptencjalnych pzimów d sk³adwania CO 2 raz przydatnœæ rzwa anych pzimów zbirnikwych d pdziemneg sk³adwania dwutlenku wêgla. Antyklina Zasia zsta³a rzpznana prfilami sejsmicznymi i czterema g³êbkimi twrami wiertniczymi. D sk³adwania CO 2 przeanalizwan pzimy zbirnikwe: dlnjurajskie (frmacja brucicka i frmacja kmrwska) raz dlntriaswy (frmacja ba³tycka). Pierwszplanwym pzimem zbirnikwym dla sk³adwania CO 2 w antyklinie Zasia jest pzim frmacji ba³tyckiej scytyku, natmiast drugplanwym pzimem zbirnikwym jest pzim frmacji kmrwskiej górneg pliensbachu. Pierwszplanwy dlntriaswy pzim zbirnikwy zsta³ rzpznany trzema g³êbkimi twrami, jeg wlumetryczna pjemnœæ sk³adwania wynsi k³ 340 mln tn, a mineralizacja wód z³ wych si¹ga 250 g/dcm 3. Jest n uszczelniny bezpœredni grubym kmpleksem ska³ ilast-wapnist-ewaprytwych raz mi¹ szym pakietem ska³ triasu œrdkweg i górneg raz jury. Jeg mankamentem jest znaczna g³êbkœæ, c wp³ywa ujemnie na cechy petrfizyczne ska³ zbirnikwych. Drugplanwy pzim zbirnikwy frmacji kmrwskiej psiada lepsze parametry petrfizyczne ska³ pd k¹tem sk³adwania CO 2, ma dpwiedni¹ g³êbkœæ zalegania, a jeg mankamentem jest ma³a mineralizacja wód z³ wych i prawdpdbieñstw kntaktu z wdami pwierzchniwymi. Pzim zbirnikwy frmacji brucickiej nie jest rekmendwany d sk³adwania CO 2 z uwagi na jeg ma³¹ g³êbkœæ i m liwy kntakt z wdami infiltracyjnymi. Struktura Zasia stanwi przedmit zaintereswania Elektrwni w Be³chatwie. W bliskiej dleg³œci (d 50 km) d niej znajduj¹ siê zak³ady Dalkia ódÿ ZEC SA, a w niec dalszej (d 100 km): KCW Warta SA, Elektrwnia Kzienice SA, Zespó³ Elektrwni PAK SA (Adamów), Vattenfall Heat Pland SA (Siekierki i erañ w Warszawie), LaFarge Cement Pland SA (Ma³gszcz). THE POSSIBILITIES OF UNDERGROUND CO 2 STORAGE IN THE ZAOSIE ANTICLINE CO 2 strage, gelgical structure, aquifer, Pland Key wrds Abstract The Zasie Anticline is lcated nt far frm ódÿ and Be³chatów. It is ne f the mst interesting gelgical structures fr undergrund CO 2 strage in Pland and thus it requires a detailed study. The paper presents the gelgical characteristics f the Zasie Anticline against the backgrund f the gelgical structure f the regin as well as the ptential aquifers fr CO 2 strage, including their suitability fr CO 2 strage.

17 105 The Zasie Anticline was examined by seismic prfiles and fur deep brehles. The fllwing frmatins suitable fr undergrund CO 2 strage were analysed: Lwer Jurassic Brucice and Kmrw frmatins and Lwer Triassic Baltic Frmatin. The primary aquifer fr CO 2 strage in the Zasie Anticline is the Baltic Frmatin f Scythian age. The secndary aquifer is the Upper Pliensbachian Kmrw Frmatin. The primary Lwer Triassic aquifer was surveyed by three deep brehles. Its vlumetric strage capacity is apprximately 340 millin tns, and the TDS cntent in the frmatin water reaches 250g/dcm 3. The aquifer is sealed directly by a thick series f clay-carbnate evaprite rcks and a thick packet f Middle and Upper Triassic and Jurassic depsits. Its disadvantage is a cnsiderable depth t this level, which affects the petrphysical characteristics f reservir rcks. The secndary aquifer, the Kmrw Frmatin, shws better petrphysical parameters f rcks in terms f CO 2 strage, the depth t the aquifer is adequate, but its disadvantage is a lw cntent f TDS in the frmatin water and the likelihd f cntact with surface waters. The Brucice Frmatin aquifer is nt recmmended fr CO 2 strage because it ccurs at a small depth and pssibly cntacts with meteric waters. The Zasie structure is f interest t the Be³chatów Pwer Statin. Relatively near the structure (up t 50 km) are als the Dalkia ódÿ ZEC SA plants, and the fllwing plants are lcated a little further (up t 100 km): KCW Warta SA, Kzienice Pwer Plant SA, ZE PAK SA (Pwer Plant Grup Cmpany, Adamów), Vattenfall Heat Pland SA (Siekierki and eran in Warsaw) and LaFarge Cement Pland SA (Ma³gszcz). Stratigraphy and lithlgy f the Zasie 1 brehle (197.0 m a.s.l.) Prfil gelgiczny twru wiertniczeg Zasie 1 (197,0 m n.p.m.) ENCLOSURE 1 ZA CZNIK 1 Drilled in 1978; Gelgical dcumentatin by: Blch (55.0 m) Quaternary (106.5 m) Upper Jurassic; Oxfrdian; Spngy Limestne Frmatin (338.5 m) Middle Jurassic; verburden: alternating sandstnes, siltstnes and claystnes: Callvian. Bathnian. Bajcian. Aalenian (735.0 m) Lwer Jurassic (165.0 m) Upper Tarcian; Brucice Frmatin; aquifer 1: sandstnes (80%) with mudstne and claystne interbeds (90.0 m) Lwer Tarcian; Ciechcinek Frmatin; verburden: claystnes and mudstnes, subrdinate sandy-ferruginus intercalatins (95.0 m) Upper Pliensbachian. Dmerian; Kmrw Frmatin (= Upper S³awêcin Beds); aquifer 2: sandstnes (80%) interbedded by claystnes and mudstnes (385.0 m) Lwer Pliensbachian. Carixian-Upper Sinemurian; bez Frmatin + Ostrwiec Frmatin pars (=Main S³awêcin Beds); sandstnes, siltstnes and claystnes and Lwer Sinemurian-Hettangian; Ostrwiec Frmatin pars + Sk³by Frmatin (=Ksawerów Beds+Upper K³dawa Beds) (591.0 m) Upper Triassic; Rhaetian-Nrian-Carnian; Upper Keuper (492.0 m) Middle Triassic; Ladinian-Anisian-Olenekian pars) (106.0 m) Lwer Keuper (Sulechów Beds) (246.0 m) Muschelkalk

18 (140.0 m) Upper Buntsandstein; Röt; Barwice Frmatin; verburden: claystnes and siltstnes interbedded by sandstnes, limestnes and evaprites ( m) Lwer Triassic; Scythian: Olenekian + Induan (564.0 m) Middle Buntsandstein; P³czyn Frmatin (mudstnes) and Pmeranian Frmatin (=claystnes); verburden: claystnes and siltstnes (509.0 m) Lwer Buntsandstein and lwermst Middle Buntsandstein; Baltic Frmatin (=sandstnes); aquifer 3: sandstnes (60%) with claystne and siltstne interbeds (>139.0 m) Zechstein Stratigraphy and lithlgy f the Zasie 2 brehle (205.0 m a.s.l.) Prfil gelgiczny twru wiertniczeg Zasie 2 (205,0 m n.p.m.) ENCLOSURE 2 ZA CZNIK 2 Drilled in 1989; Gelgical dcumentatin by: Ncñ 1989; (57.5 m) Quaternary (67.5 m) Upper Jurassic; Oxfrdian; Spngy Limestne Frmatin (393.0 m) Middle Jurassic; verburden: alternating claystnes and mudstnes (60% ) and sandstnes (40%): Callvian. Bathnian. Bajcian. Aalenian (782.0 m) Lwer Jurassic (168.0 m) Upper Tarcian; Brucice Frmatin; aquifer 1: sandstnes (80%) with claystne and mudstne intercalatins (89.0 m) Lwer Tarcian; Ciechcinek Frmatin; verburden: claystnes and siltstnes (85.0 m) Upper Pliensbachian. Dmerian; Kmrw Frmatin; aquifer 2: sandstnes (80%) with claystne and mudstne intercalatins (100.0 m) Lwer Pliensbachian. Carixian-Upper Sinemurian (Upper S³awêcin Beds). bez Frmatin+Ostrwiec Frmatin pars (160.0 m) Lwer Sinemurian-Upper Hettangian; Ostrwiec Frmatin pars (= Ksawerów Beds); sandstnes (80%), claystne and mudstne interbeds (180.0 m) Lwer Hettangian; Sk³by Frmatin (= Upper K³dawa Beds); claystnes and siltstnes (541.0 m) Upper Triassic; Rhaetian-Nrian-Carnian; Upper Keuper (>230.0 m) Middle Triassic; Ladinian-Anisian; Lwer Keuper + Muschelkalk (101.5 m) Lwer Keuper > (>128.5 m) Muschelkalk

19 107 Stratigraphy and lithlgy f the Zasie 3 brehle (185.0 m a.s.l.) Prfil gelgiczny twru wiertniczeg Zasie 3 (185,0 m n.p.m.) ENCLOSURE 3 ZA CZNIK 3 Drilled in 1990; Gelgical dcumentatin by: Wyscka-Kud³a 1989; (48.0 m) Quaternary (157.0 m) Upper Jurassic; Oxfrdian; Spngy Limestne Frmatin (332.0 m) Middle Jurassic; verburden: alternating claystnes, siltstnes and sandstnes: Callvian. Bathnian. Bajcian. Aalenian (743.0 m) Lwer Jurassic (143.0 m) Upper Tarcian; Brucice Frmatin; aquifer 1: sandstnes (80%) with claystne and mudstne interbeds (90.0 m) Lwer Tarcian; Ciechcinek Frmatin; verburden: claystnes and siltstnes (85.0 m) Upper Pliensbachian. Dmerian; Kmrw Frmatin (Upper S³awêcin Beds); aquifer 2: sandstnes (80% with claystne and mudstne intercalatins) (65.0 m) Lwer Pliensbachian-Upper Sinemurian; bez Frmatin + Ostrwiec Frmatin pars (=Main S³awêcin Beds); claystnes, siltstnes and sandstnes (360.0 m) Lwer Sinemurian-Hettangian; Ostrwiec Frmatin pars + Sk³by Frmatin (Ksawerów Beds+Upper K³dawa Beds) (667.5 m) Upper Triassic; Rhaetian-Nrian-Carnian; Upper Keuper (479.5 m) Middle Triassic (94.5 m) Ladinian; Lwer Keuper (Sulechów Beds) (251.0m) Muschelkalk; Ladinian-Anisian (134.0 m) Upper Buntsandstein; Röt; Olenekian; Barwice Frmatin; verburden: claystnes and siltstnes with sandstne, limestne and evaprite interbeds (828.0 m) Lwer Triassic; Scythian: Olenekian-Induan (582.0 m) Middle Buntsandstein; Olenekian; P³czyn Frmatin (mudstnes) and Pmeranian Frmatin (=claystnes); verburden: claystnes and siltstnes (>246.0 m) Lwer Buntsandstein+lwermst Middle Buntsandstein; Induan (Baltic Frmatin; sandstnes); aquifer 3: sandstnes (60%) with claystne and siltstne interbeds

20