ASSESSMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT LEVEL IN BORDER RURAL AREAS OF WESTERN POLAND. Introduction. Material and methods

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1 AN ASSESSMENT Stowarzyszene OF THE DEVELOPMENT Ekonomstów LEVEL IN BORDER Rolnctwa RURAL AREAS Agrobznesu OF WESTERN POLAND Rocznk Naukowe tom XVI zeszyt Iwona Pomanek Warsaw Unversty of Lfe Scences SGGW, Poland ASSESSMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT LEVEL IN BORDER RURAL AREAS OF WESTERN POLAND Ocena pozomu rozwoju wejskch obszarów przygrancznych w zachodnej Polsce Key words: local development, border communes, Hellwg s measure, western Poland Słowa kluczowe: rozwój lokalny, gmny przygranczne, mernk Hellwga, Polska zachodna Abstract. The paper presents characterstcs of the development level n rural and urban-rural communes, stuated n border areas of three Vovodeshps n western Poland (Zachodnopomorske, Lubuske and Dolnośląske). In order to classfy and compare rural areas, Hellwg s synthetc measure was used. The analyss showed that communes wth a hgh level of development are concentrated manly n the Zachodnopomorske Vovodeshp, ncludng Szczecn s suburban area as well as the Baltc coastal zone. Introducton The subject of rural development s wllngly undertaken by researchers of such scentfc felds as economcs, socology, geography, statstcs, etc. Moreover, the ssue of border locaton s not only geographcally mportant, but prmarly of poltcal and economc sgnfcance. Rural border areas combne the specfcty of both of these ssues. Numerous studes have shown that rural areas remote from urban centres are characterzed by lower levels of development [Rosner 1999, Brodzńsk 2011]. Border areas are usually stuated perpherally to regonal economc centres. Hence, the followng phenomena specfc to perpheral areas may exst there: an unfavourable demographc structure, depopulaton, hgh unemployment, low levels of entrepreneurshp, underdeveloped techncal and socal nfrastructure etc. Nevertheless, the specfc locaton of the communes enables cross-border cooperaton wth neghbourng areas n Germany and the Czech Republc (also wthn Euroregons). Such cooperaton nvolves carryng out actvtes wthn sustanable development, envronmental protecton or reducng unemployment etc. Materal and methods The paper ams to outlne dfferences n the level of development of rural areas n the border zones of three Vovodeshps n western Poland: Zachodnopomorske, Lubuske and Dolnośląske. It was accepted that rural areas cover rural and sem-rural terrtores, ncludng small towns whch are the seats of urban-rural communes, strctly (functonally and spatally) related to surroundng rural areas [Kłodzńsk 2006, Djkstra and Poelman 2014]. The analyss ncludes 95 enttes referred to n the Regulaton of the Mnster of Interor and Admnstraton of August 29, 2005, regardng a lst of terrtoral unts located n the border zone (Regulaton of the Mnster of Internal Affars and Admnstraton of 29 August 2005) [Dz.U. no. 188, 2005, pos. 1580]. The Vovodeshps drectly border eastern German lands, whle the Dolnośląske Vovodeshp also borders northern regons of the Czech Republc. However, these are economcally the weakest lands wth negatve demographc ndcators [see: Djkstra et al. 2011]. The combnaton of developmental problems of foregn neghborhoods s not an approprate stmulus for the development of natonal communes. Therefore, they may mostly rely on ther nternal development potental. Usng the method of Hellwg s measure [Hellwg 1968], a development rank has been constructed. The

2 232 Iwona Pomanek choce of varables was preceded by studes of lterature and prevous research conducted by the author. Varables had to be measurable, avalable at LAU-2 (communes), complete and represent the most mportant soco-economc aspects. The data were derved from the Local Data Bank and the Central Statstcal Offce ( ). The followng dagnostc varables have been accepted: X1 populaton per 1 square klometre, X2 balance of brths and deaths per 1,000 populaton, X3 populaton of post workng-age per 100 populaton of workng-age, X4 proporton of regstered unemployed n the workng-age populaton; X5 total balance of mgraton, X6 proporton of chldren aged 3-5 partcpatng n preschool educaton, X7 proporton of councllors wth unversty degrees, X8 proporton of councllors wth hgh professonal qualfcatons, X9 foundatons, assocatons and socal organzatons per populaton, X10 natonal economy enttes regstered n REGON per populaton, X11 natural person runnng economc actvty per 100 workng-age populaton, X12 newly regstered enttes per workng-age populaton, X13 the commune s own ncome per capta, X14 the commune s ncome for the EU projects realzaton per capta, X15 the commune s property nvestment expendture per capta, X16 proporton of populaton wth water supply connecton, X17 proporton of populaton wth sewerage connecton. Hellwg s synthetc measure of development groups nformaton from a set of dagnostc features assgnng a sngle (aggregate) measure. The measure s calculated as a synthetc ndcator of taxonomc dstance of the object from the theoretcal pattern of development. The method organzes a set of objects (communes), each of them descrbed n a set of dagnostc features: stmulants or destmulants. The varables are normalzed and then a transformaton matrx of standardzed values s used to determne the pattern of development a hypothetcal object (commune) wth the best values of the observed varables. Then, the dstance from the pattern for each object (commune) s determned (for a more detaled descrpton please see: [Pomanek 2010, 2014]). The taxonomc measure (d ) takes values from the nterval [0, 1]. The more the characterstcs of a commune are smlar to the pattern, the hgher the level of ts development. The classfcaton of communes accordng to the level of development uses two parameters: the arthmetc mean and standard devaton. A dvson nto the followng class ntervals s made as follows: class 1 (hgh level of development) d > d + sd, groupng communes whose dstances from the pattern exceed the value of d + s d, class 2 (medum level of development) d s < d d + s, groupng communes whose d d dstances from the pattern ranges n ( d s d + s ] class 3 (low level of development) d d,, d d sd d, the pattern do not exceed the value of s d where: d Hellwg s synthetc measure value; d arthmetc mean of d ; d, groupng communes whose dstances from s d standard devaton of d. Research results Groupng the communes by Hellwg s measure dstngushes three classes of development: hgh, medum and low. As many as 35 communes have been found n the class of hgh development level Class 1 (Tab. 1, Fg. 1). They are manly stuated n the Zachodnopomorske Vovodeshp n a close zone along the German border (Nowe Warpno, Dobra Szczecńska, Kołbaskowo) and n the coastal area (Rewal, Ustrone Morske, Melno, Dzwnów, Kołobrzeg,

3 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT LEVEL IN BORDER RURAL AREAS OF WESTERN POLAND 233 Table 1. Rankng of the top ten and bottom ten communes accordng to Hellwg s measure Tabela 1. Rankng dzesęcu najlepszych dzesęcu najsłabszych gmn wg mernka Hellwga Rank/ Mejsce Vovodshp/ Województwo Commune/Gmna Measure value/ Wartość mernka Class/ Klasa 1 Nowe Warpno (u-r) Dobra (Szczecńska) (r) Rewal (r) Ustrone Morske (r) Zachodno- Melno (r) pomorske Mędzyzdroje (u-r) Kołbaskowo (r) Dzwnów (u-r) Kołobrzeg (r) Stepnca (r) Wymark (r) Lubuske 87 Gubn (r) Dolnośląske Mrsk (u-r) Zachodno Brojce (r) pomorske 90 Bystrzyca Kłodzka (u-r) Dolnośląske Mędzylese (u-r) Nowa Ruda (r) Tuplce (r) Lubuske Maszewo (r) Trzebel (r) (r) rural commune/gmna wejska; (u-r) urban-rural commune/gmna mejsko-wejska Źródło: oblczena własne na podstawe danych BDL GUS Mędzyzdroje). Communes of a low level of development (Class 3) are found n the Lubuske Vovodeshp (Gubn, Tuplce, Maszewo, Trzebel) and n the Dolnośląske Vovodshp (Mrsk, Bystrzyca Kłodzka, Mędzylese, Nowa Ruda). Brojce s the only weak commune n the Zachodnopomorske Vovodeshp. On the background of other enttes, these are drawn as communes wth some developmental problems. These communes, where the accumulaton of negatve values of several dfferent varables has been observed, reman n a partcularly dffcult stuaton. In Trzebel, ranked n last place, a low actveness of nhabtants and local government has been observed. It has been reflected by reluctant representaton of the communty n the local councl (by the hghly educated X7 or those havng professonal qualfcatons X8), by socal work (small number of foundatons or assocatons X9) as well as by passvty of local authortes (n obtanng external funds for projects X14 and nvestment expendture X15). Smlarly, other varables values represent low levels. In Bystrzyca Kłodzka (a commune stuated next to hghly-developed Strone Śląske) there has been a negatve brth rate (X2), eght tmes lower than the mean for border communes. Moreover, a relatvely hgh proporton of populaton of post workng-age per 100 populaton of workng-age (X3) has been observed. The greatest problem n Gubn and Maszewo concerns the lowest values of populaton densty (14 and 17 people per square klometre, n comparson to an average of 62 people n the border communes). Consequently, there have been partcularly low values of entrepreneurshp ndcators (X10 and X11) as well as of nfrastructural ndcator X17.

4 234 Iwona Pomanek Fgure 1. Soco-economc development level of the border communes Rysunek 1. Pozom rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego gmn ze strefy nadgrancznej Źródło: oblczena własne na podstawe danych BDL GUS Classes/Klasy 1 (35) 2 (51) 3 (9) Attractve natural condtons for toursm development and a typcally nucleated settlement network contrbute postvely to economc condtons n the Zachodnopomorske Vovodeshp (Tab. 2). The compact settlement enables easy access to techncal and socal nfrastructure and ts development. Besdes, hgh economc actvty of the populaton s reflected n a very large number of small busnesses based on toursm, especally n the coastal zone. Ths results n an ncrease n local budget revenues and a larger autonomy of expendture. On the other hand, n some communes, selfgovernments must face relatvely hgh unemployment as well as a negatve mgraton balance, especally amongst the young and educated. The border communes n the Lubuske Vovodeshp have been laggng behnd n terms of development, n relaton to the other analysed regons. A low populaton densty, small number of brths and negatve mgraton balance may be a result of a low level of local government nvestment. Table 2. Average values of the varables Tabela 2. Średne wartośc analzowanych zmennych Varable/ Class 1/ Class 3/ Vovodshp/Województwo Zmenna Klasa 1 Klasa 3 Zachodnopomorske Lubuske Dolnośląske X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Źródło: oblczena własne na podstawe danych BDL GUS

5 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT LEVEL IN BORDER RURAL AREAS OF WESTERN POLAND 235 Conclusons Numerous studes n the level of soco-economc development [Stanny 2013, Rosner 2007] ndcate that there has been a contrast between underdeveloped Eastern Poland and relatvely better developed western regons. However, as the analyss shows, the western areas are not equally developed. Border poston and possble trans-border co-operaton do not ensure favourable economc ndcators and soco-demographc characterstcs. The communes of a hgh level of development are concentrated n the Zachodnopomorske Vovodeshp, ncludng Szczecn s suburban area as well as the coastal zone. Therefore, a hgh level of development s determned there manly by envronmental condtons, ncludng the proxmty of the Baltc Sea. In relaton to the other analysed areas, most border communes n the Lubuske Vovodeshp have been laggng behnd n terms of soco-economc development. Remedal actons conducted n these communes should be of a long-term and multdmensonal character. Only a coherent set of actons undertaken by the local government, resdents and entrepreneurs s a guarantee of success,.e. mprovng the level of soco-economc development of the commune. Bblography Brodzńsk Z. 2011: Stymulowane rozwoju obszarów wejskch na pozome lokalnym na przykładze gmn województwa warmńsko-mazurskego, Wyd. SGGW, Warszawa. Djkstra L., Annon P., Kozovska K. 2011: A new regonal compettveness ndex: theory, methods and fndngs. European Commsson, Regonal Polcy Workng Papers no. 02. Djkstra L., Poelman H. 2014: A harmonsed defnton of ctes and rural areas: the new degree of urbansaton, European Commsson, Regonal Polcy Workng Papers no. 01. Hellwg Z. 1968: Zastosowane metody taksonomcznej do typologcznego podzału krajów ze względu na pozom rozwoju strukturę kwalfkowanych kadr, Przegl. Stat., nr 4. Jonard F., Lambotte M., Ramos F., Terres J.M., Bamps C. 2009: Delmtatons of rural areas n Europe usng crtera of populaton densty, remoteness and land cover, European Commsson, JRS Scentfc and Techncal Reports. Kłodzńsk M. 2006: Aktywzacja społeczno-gospodarcza gmn wejskch małych mast, IRWR PAN, Warszawa. Local Data Bank, Central Statstcal Offce, Poland, avalable at: html?p_name=ndeks, access: Pomanek I., 2010: Pozom rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego obszarów wejskch województwa warmńskomazurskego, Acta Sc. Pol. Oeconoma 9(3), Pomanek I. 2014: Soco-economc Development of Agrcultural Problem Areas n Poland, Economcs & Socology, vol. 7, no 2, 2014, , do: / X.2014/7-2/18. Rosner A. (red.). 1999: Typologa wejskch obszarów problemowych, IRWR PAN, Warszawa. Rozporządzene Mnstra Spraw Wewnętrznych Admnstracj z dn. 29 serpna 2005 w sprawe wykazu gmn nnych jednostek zasadnczego podzału terytoralnego państwa położonych w strefe nadgrancznej oraz tablcy określającej zasęg tej strefy, Dz.U., nr 188 z 2005 r., poz Stanny M. 2013: Przestrzenne zróżncowane rozwoju obszarów wejskch w Polsce, IRWR PAN, Warszawa. Streszczene Przedstawono charakterystykę pozomu rozwoju gmn wejskch mejsko-wejskch, położonych w strefe nadgrancznej trzech województw zachodnej Polsk (zachodnopomorskego, lubuskego dolnośląskego) w roku 2012, przy zastosowanu mary syntetycznej Hellwga. Gmny o wysokm pozome rozwoju były skoncentrowane główne w województwe zachodnopomorskm, m.n. w strefe podmejskej Szczecna w pase nadmorskm. Corresspondng address dr nż. Iwona Pomanek Warsaw Unversty of Lfe Scences SGGW, Poland Faculty of Economc Scences, Department of European Polcy, Publc Fnance and Marketng Nowoursynowska St. 166, Warsaw e-mal: wona_pomanek@sggw.pl