4. Lekcja czwarta 4. LEKCJA CZWARTA NAMES FOR PEOPLE. ACCUSATIVE CASE OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES (SINGULAR). VARIOUS PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.

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1 4. Lekcja czwarta NAMES FOR PEOPLE. ACCUSATIVE CASE OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES (SINGULAR). VARIOUS PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. cztery four. czwarty -a -e fourth Byk bull, Taurus Konwersacje: 4.A. CoÊ takiego Bringing someone up to date on a mutual acquaintance. 4.B. Chc kupiç jakàê sukienk. Clothes shopping 4.C. Nie mam poj cia Looking for a lost item. 4.D. Ch tnie go poznam I'd like you to meet a friend of mine. 4.E. Nowe mieszkanie Describing one's new apartment 133

2 Fryzjer(ka) Barber, hairdresser. Fashions from the 1970s. 134

3 4.A. CoÊ takiego One friend brings another up to date on a mutual acquaintance. Bo ena: Co <tu> robisz? Bogus aw: Czytam gazet i czekam na kogoê. Bo ena: Na kogo czekasz? Bogus aw: Na Mari Czy ewskà (Jana Czy ewskiego). Znasz jà (go)? Bo ena: OczywiÊcie. To moja stara znajoma (mój stary znajomy). Co u niej (u niego) s ychaç? Bogus aw: Jest w Toruniu. Pracuje tam jako fryzjer(ka). Bo ena: CoÊ takiego. What are you doing <here>? I'm reading the paper and waiting for someone. For whom are you waiting? For Maria Czy ewska. (Jan Czy ewski). Do you know her (him)? Of course. That's my old friend. What's up with her (him)? She (he) is in Toruƒ. She (he) works there as a hairdresser. You don't say. For active knowledge and dictation practice: Co u niej (u niego) s ychaç? Co robisz? CoÊ takiego. Czekam na Jana Czy ewskiego. Czekam na Mari Czy ewskà. Czytam gazet i czekam na kogoê. Na kogo czekasz? Ona mieszka w Toruniu. Ona pracuje tam jako fryzjerka To mój stary znajomy. To moja stara znajoma. Znasz go? Znasz jà? 135

4 Pytania 1. Co robi Bogus aw? Co on czyta? Na kogo on czeka? 2. Czy Bo ena zna kole ank, na którà on czeka? Jak ona ma na imi? 3. Gdzie ta kole anka teraz mieszka i pracuje? Co ona tam robi? 4. Czy kolega (kole anka) jest spóêniony (spóêniona) na spotkanie? 5. Czy fryzury na zdj ciu podobajà ci si? Która bardziej ci si podoba? Czy chcesz mieç takà fryzur? Dlaczego? 6. Czy zwykle czytasz, kiedy czekasz na kogoê? Co czytasz? Uwagi co u niej s ychaç? what's to hear (i.e., what's up) with her? u plus Genitive of ona. See also co u niego s ychaç? What's to hear with him? coê takiego you don't say; literally 'something of the sort'. czekaç -am -asz na+a wait for czytaç -am -asz read d ugo for a long time fryzjer, f. fryzjerka hairdresser fryzura f hair-style, hairdo ktoê pron GA kogoê someone który who, which. na którego for whom lubiç -bi -bisz impf +infin like oczywisty aj obvious, evident. av oczywiêcie obviously, of course spotkanie n meeting zdj ci n snapshot. na zdj ciu in the photo fryzjer barber 136

5 GRAMATYKA 4.A. PRONUNCIATION OF WORD-INITIAL prze-, trze-, krze-, etc. The sound rz, normally identical in pronunciation to, is pronounced "sz" after ch, p, t, and k: chrzan "chszan" horseradish, przy "pszy" near, trzy "tszy" three, krzyczy "KSZY-czy" (s)he shouts, przez "pszes" through, across, trzeba "TSZEba" one must, krzes o "KSZE-s o" chair. THE LETTER w PRONOUNCED AS f (continued from Lesson 2). The letter w, usually designating the sound of English v as in vase, is pronounced "f" before or after any voiceless consonant: kwiat "kf'at" flower, twarz "tfasz" face, Êwiat "Êf'at" world, wszystko "FSZY-stko" everything, wtedy "FTE-dy" then. This rule embraces the preposition w, which is pronounced as if part of the following word: w Krakowie "fkra-ko-w'e" in Krakow; compare to w biurze "VBIU-rze" in the office. Because of devoicing at word-end, the sound w is pronounced "f" in word-final position: paw "paf" peacock, Kraków "KRA-kuf", ciekaw "åe-kaf" curious-masc. The combination w+f is pronounced as a double "ff": w fabryce "FFA-bry-ce". WORDS FOR PERSONS, RELATIONS, AND FRIENDS (SUMMARY). Here are the most important words for referring to people, friends, relations, and co-workers: cz owiek man, person, human. This word can mean 'human being', but in reference to individuals, it usually means 'man'. osoba person. A feminine-gender noun referring to persons of either sex. rodzina family. The term is broader in Polish than in English, where the word family usually refers to one's nuclear family. In Poland, rodzina refers to one's relations near and far. dziecko child. A neuter noun referring to a child of either sex. rodzice parents. moi rodzice my parents. males: females: m czyzna man kobieta woman ch op(ie)c, Acc. ch opca boy dziewczyna girl ten pan that gentleman ta pani that lady mà Acc. m a husband ona wife brat brother siostra sister oj(cie)c, Acc. ojca father matka mother tata dad mama mom syn son córka daughter dziad(e)k, Acc. dziadka grandfather babcia grandmother wuj(e)k, Acc. wujka uncle ciocia aunt krewny relative (m. adj.) krewna relative (adj.) kuzyn cousin kuzynka cousin (f.) znajomy acquaintance (adj.) znajoma acquaintace (adj.) kolega colleague (m.) kole anka colleague (f.) przyjaciel friend (m.) przyjació ka friend (f.) narzeczony fiancé (adj.) narzeczona fiancée (adj.) 137

6 By the notation ch op(ie)c is meant that the material between parentheses is dropped when endings are added to the stem. See the Accusative-case forms ch op(ie)c-a: ch opca; dziad(e)k-a: dziadka; wuj(e)k-a: wujka. On the Accusative case, see further below. NOTES (some of the following information is repeated from Lesson 3): 1. The word cz owiek man can be used to refer to members of the human race, but when it is used in reference to a specific person, the person will usually be male. The word m czyzna is used for 'man' when a gender or sex role is under discussion. For example, one says przystojny m czyzna a handsome man, because such an expression refers to genderspecific sex appeal. 2. The grammatically feminine word osoba person is a sex-neutral word which can refer to a person of either sex. Regardless of sexual reference, it always takes feminine grammatical agreement: ta osoba that person (man or woman). The word dziecko child, despite its reference to persons of either sex, is always grammatically neuter: to dziecko. Dziecko Êpi. The child is sleeping. Ono Êpi. It is sleeping. 3. The titles pan Mr. and pani Ms. (Miss or Mrs.), although strictly speaking meaning 'gentleman' and 'lady', are often used in the sense 'man' and 'woman'. In this use, they are preceded by a modifying pronominal adjective: ten pan that man, jakaê pani some woman. 4. Masculine-gender words in -a like m czyzna man, kolega colleague (m.), tata dad, dentysta dentist, and so on take grammatically feminine endings, but masculine gender agreement: ten m czyzna that man, mój kolega my colleague. One uses kolega (m.) kole anka (f.) colleague in the sense of 'mate', i.e. school-mate, work-mate, etc. 5. The word znajomy, znajoma acquaintance functions as a noun but takes adjectival endings. The same is true of narzeczony, narzeczona fiancé(e), krewny, krewna relative, and of various other ADJECTIVAL NOUNS. 6. The words przyjaciel, przyjació ka friend are reserved for close adult friends. Pre-adults use kolega and kole anka in the sense of 'friend': To mój najlepszy kolega, Pawe. This is my best friend, Pawe. When describing relationships among adults of different sexes, especially married adults, przyjaciel, przyjació ka can be used euphemistically in the sense 'lover'. 7. English 'boyfriend' and 'girlfriend' are typically rendered in Polish by ch opak and dziewczyna, respectively. The words narzeczony and narzeczona, literally 'fiancé(e)' are sometimes used in the sense 'steady', especially narzeczony by women. The word ch opak is also used in he sense 'guy', ch opiec being used to refer to boys of younger age. 8. Polish women use the term dziewczyna girl as a term of selfreference, especially in the plural (dziewczyny girls), more broadly than the term implies sensu stricto, and more often than women use the word girl in English. No belittling sense attaches to such use, including when used by men in reference to women. 138

7 9. Although the word wujek strictly speaking, means 'maternal uncle', it is often used as a generalized term for uncle. The specific word for 'paternal uncle' (one's father's brother), not always used, is stryjek. The words wujek and ciocia aunt are commonly used with children to refer to adult friends of the family. 10. The adjectives for 'married' are different for men and for women: On jest onaty. He is married. Ona jest zam na. She is married. THE ACCUSATIVE OF PRONOUNS AFTER PREPOSITIONS. The Accusative case forms of personal pronouns were given in Lesson 3. The personal pronouns on, ono, ona have special forms beginning in n- when used after prepositions. Additionally, on has an emphatic Accusative form jego, and ty has the emphatic form ciebie (also used after prepositions): pron: ja ty on ono ona pan pani co kto Acc. emph prep. + mnie ci ciebie go jego niego je nie jà nià pana panià co kogo See: Non-emphatic: Pami tam ci (go, jà, je). I remember you (him, her, it). Emphatic: Ciebie (jego, jà, je) pami tam. You (him, her, it) I remember. After preposition: Czekam na ciebie (niego, nià, nie). I'm waiting for you (him, her, it). The Accusative of ja remains mnie in all instances: Non-emphatic: Czy pami tasz mnie? Do you remember me? Emphatic: Mnie chyba pami tasz Me you probably remember. After preposition: Czy czekasz na mnie? Are you waiting for me? 139

8 Rodzina Family Name the people in the pictures by relation Pronouns after prepositions. åwiczenia 4.A. kolega: a. To jest mój kolega. That's my colleague. b. Czekam na niego. I'm waiting for my him. kole anka, przyjaciel, siostra, dentysta, brat, znajomy, znajoma, matka, ojciec, narzeczony/naczeczona, kolega Accusative pronouns after verbs and after prepositions. ja, ty: a. Widz ci. I see you. b. Czekam na ciebie. I'm waiting for you. on, ona; ona, pan; ja, pani; ona, ja; ty, on Locative review. siostra, szko a: Siostra jest jeszcze w szkole. My sister is still at school. brat, uniwersytet; ojciec, praca; matka, biblioteka; syn, bank; córka, koêció

9 4.4. jeden, jedna, jedno 'one', drugi, druga, drugie 'the other'. brat, byç, szko a, uniwersytet: Jeden brat jest w szkole, a drugi brat jest na uniwersytecie. One brother is in school and the other is at the university. siostra, mieszkaç, Gdaƒsk, Poznaƒ; syn, pracowaç, kelner, fryzjer; babcia, yç, nie yç; córka, byç, zadowolona; profesor, byç, stary, m ody Given that the Accusative sg. masculine animate ending is -a, the neuter ending is like the Nominative, and the ending for feminine nouns in -a is -, you will be able to do the following two exercises czytaç +A read and czekaç na+a wait for. gazeta, Jan: Czytam gazet i czekam na Jana. I'm reading the newspaper and waiting for Jan. list, Ewa; czasopismo, Marcin; ksià ka, Julia; powieêç novel, przyjaciel; artyku, kole anka; opowiadanie short story, kolega Accusative of first names; Accusative of pronouns after verbs and after prepositions. Jan: a. Czy pami tasz Jana? Do you remember Jan? b. Tak, dobrze go pami tam. Yes, I remember him well. c. Czekam na niego. I'm waiting for him. Janina, Zofia, Krzysztof, Janusz, Maria Opposite-sex correspondents. Give the person of the oppositive sex. kobieta: m czyzna man. ch opiec, ona, brat, matka, syn, babcia, ciocia, krewny, znajoma, przyjació ka, narzeczony, ta pani

10 JeseteÊmy w Warszawie We're in Warsaw. A billboard announcing the opening in Warsaw of a women's fashion store. The catch of the advertisement depends on the ambiguity of 1st person plural address, whether inclusive (we and you) or exclusive (just we). Since the billboard is placed on the road from the airport, the viewer automatically catches the first nuance first, and only then recognizes the real message. 4.B. Chc kupiç jakàê sukienk. Two people out clothes shopping. A: Chc kupiç jakàê sukienk <jakiê krawat, jakieê ubranie, jakieê spodnie>. B: Wspania y pomys. Jakà sukienk <Jaki krawat, Jakie ubranie, Jakie spodnie> chcesz kupiç? A: OczywiÊcie nowà i adnà <nowy i adny, nowe i adne, nowe i adne>. B: No to kup tamtà <tamten, tamto, tamte>. Jest <sà> doêç tania <tani, tanie, tanie> i bardzo modna <modny, modne, modne>. A: Nie, nie podoba <podobajà> mi si. -I want to buy some kind of necktie <dress, outfit, pants>. -Great idea! What kind of tie <dress,outfit, pants> do you want to buy? -Obviously, a new and pretty one. -Well then buy that one <those ones>. It's <they're> fairly cheap and very fashionable. -No, it doesn't (they don't) appeal to me. 142

11 For active knowledge and dictation practice: Chc kupiç jakàê koszul. Jaki krawat chcesz kupiç? Jakà koszul chcesz kupiç? Jakie ubranie chcesz kupiç? Kup tamtà sukienk. Ona nie podoba mi si. One nie podobajà mi si. On jest tani i bardzo modny. Ona jest doêç tania. Ono jest i adne, i tanie. Wspania y pomys. Pytania 1. Co pierwsza osoba chce kupiç? Jakà sukienk ona chce kupic? 2. Dlaczego druga osoba poleca tamtà sukienk? Czy ona jest droga, czy tania? 3. Jak myêlisz, czy pierwsza osoba kupi t sukienk? Dlaczego tak myêlisz? 4. Czy lubisz robiç zakupy? Co najbardziej lubisz kupowaç? 5. Chcesz kupiç jakieê ubranie? Jakie ubranie chcesz kupiç? Chcesz kupiç nowà marynark (a mo e sukienk )? 6. Czy cena zawsze jest wa na? A jakoêç? Moda? Co jest najwa niejsze: jakoêç, moda, czy cena? Uwagi When discussing clothing, you may find the color adjectives listed at the end of section 4.D useful. The plural form of the adjective is the same as the neuter singular form: nowe ubranie new outfit, nowe d insy new jeans. cena f price chcieç chc chcesz impf +infin. want. chc kupiç I want to buy. jakà sukienk chcesz kupiç? what kind of dress do you want to buy? Polish keeps track of the grammatical case of the noun phrase (here, Acc. jakà sukienk ), wherever it is placed in the sentence (here, in the beginning). jakoêç f quality kupiç kupi kupisz pf, kupowaç kupuj kupujesz impf buy. kup 'buy!': the imperative or command form of kupiç. moda fashion. aj modny fashionable najbardziej superl av most of all najwa niejszy superl aj most important. one pron they (non-masc. pers.) podoba mi si it appeals to me. podobajà mi si they appeal to me. See also podoba jej si it appeals to her; podoba mu si it appeals to him. spodnie trousers. A plural form, hence takes plural verb agreement. 143

12 ubranie clothing. This word can also be used in the sense 'suit' or 'outfit'. The word for suit in the formal sense of matched top and skirt or slacks is kostium. wszystko jedno it's all one (=the same), it makes no difference. Ubranie Name the items (see the list under åwiczenia 4.B.). 144

13 GRAMATYKA 4.B. THE PLURAL OF to jest. The plural of to jest that is a --- is to sà those are, as in To sà adne buty (skarpetki, r kawiczki, etc.). Those are nice shoes (socks, gloves, etc.). The plural ending of the adjective is identical to the neuter singular ending: -e: adne buty, nowe skarpetki, etc. Note that even when asking what something is in the plural, one still uses the question Co to jest? THE CONCEPT OF GRAMMATICAL CASE. Noun phrases (nouns and their modifiers) may play various roles in a sentence: subject, object, indirect object, possessor, adverbial phrase, prepositional phrase, predicate noun, instrumental phrase, to name the most important kinds. These roles are dictated by the verb one chooses. For example, the verb 'read' requires a subject (the reader) and an object (the subject matter being read): Janek czyta ksià k. Janek is-reading a-book subject verb object Nominative case Accusative case English indicates the role of a noun phrase in a sentence mainly by means of word order and prepositions, and by relying on natural logic. Polish, in addition to word order, prepositions, and natural logic, also uses CASE ENDINGS to signal grammatical function. Case endings appear both on nouns and on the adjectives that modify them. There are six main Polish cases, traditionally cited in the order Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental, and Locative. In addition, a seventh, Vocative case is used with personal nouns in direct address. The main functions of the Polish cases (their so-called "bare-case" uses) are as follows: case: Nominative mianownik Genitive dope niacz Dative celownik Accusative biernik Instrumental narz dnik Locative miejscownik Vocative wo acz main uses: Subject of sentence. Also, the case of citation in dictionaries. Answers kto? co? Possession and all senses of "of", as in "end of story". Answers kogo? czego? Indirect object, the receiver of something; "to" or "for" someone. Answers komu? czemu? Direct object, usually the person or thing affected by the verb's action. Answers kogo? co? Phrases of means and conveyance ("by car"); also, predicate nouns (nouns after 'be'). Answers kim? czym? After certain prepositions, especially w 'in,' na 'on,' przy 'at,' o 'about.' E.g., answers o kim? o czym? Direct address, calling someone by name. 145

14 THE ONE-CLAUSE, ONE-CASE PRINCIPLE. A 'clause' is a group of words consisting of a verb, its subject, and its possible complement noun phrases. For example, in Adam kocha Ew Adam loves Eve, the verb is kochaç, the subject is Adam, and the complement noun (here, the direct object) is Ewa (in the Accusative form Ew ). In Polish pronominal subjects often lie 'hidden' in the verb ending, as in Lubi kaw I like coffee-a. With very few exceptions, Polish adheres to the one-clause, one-case prnciple, which means that in any given clause, one will find at most one instance of any given case. This principle provides an important criterion for checking one's work. if a clause in a sentence you have composed contains two instances of the same case, probably one of the instances is wrong. For example, Adam kocha Ewa is ungrammatical, since both Adam and Ewa are in the Nominative case. One needs to decide who is loving whom, and to put the object of the verb in the Accusative (here, Ewa: Ew ). A sentence like Adam lubi mleko Adam likes milk is not a violation of the one-clause, one-case principle, sincle mleko has the same form in the Nominative and Accusative. Here, since it is the object of the verb, one assumes it is Accusative. ACCUSATIVE CASE (SINGULAR): FUNCTIONS. The Accusative case is the usual case of logical verbal complement (direct object), for verbs other than 'be', 'seem', 'become'. For example, the verb 'read' in the sentence frame Czytam 'I am reading ' logically requires complements referring to kinds of reading matter (like ksià ka book, gazeta newspaper, czasopismo magazine, artyku article, and so on). Nouns filling this slot will appear in the Accusative case, for example Czytam gazet 'I am reading a newspaper'. The word gazet is said to fill the function of direct object after the verb czytaç. Among verbs followed by nouns in the Accusative case, are, for example, czytaç -am -asz read pami taç -am -asz remember jeêç jem jesz eat piç pij, pijesz drink kochaç -am -asz love pisaç -sz -szesz write kupowaç -puj -pujesz impf buy robiç -bi -bisz do, make kupiç -pi -pisz pf buy* widzieç -dz -dzisz see lubiç -bi -bisz like woleç -l -lisz prefer mieç mam masz have znaç -am -asz know (s.o.). oglàdaç am asz watch, view and many others. * The verb kupi -pi -pisz is Perfective, meaning that its present forms have future meaning: Kupi t koszul. I ll buy that shirt. See Lesson 7. Most verbs taking Accusative complements connote a range of nouns that can logically occur with them. jeêç eat, for example, connotes items of food; czytaç read connotes reading material; and so on. 146

15 Accusative case of complement of verb: 4. LEKCJA CZWARTA Co on pisze? What is he writing? Co ona czyta? What is she reading? On pisze zadanie. He is writing an Ona czyta ksià k. She is assignment-acc. reading a book-acc. Certain verb-plus-preposition combinations are followed by the Accusative case, for example czekaç -am -asz na+a wait for dbaç am asz o+a take care about dzi kowaç -kuj -kujesz za+a thank for p aciç -c -cisz za+a pay for patrzeç -rz -rzysz na+a look at prosiç -sz -sisz o+a ask for, request pytaç -am -asz o+a ask about wierzyç w+a -rz -rzysz believe in Also: byç z y (z a) na+a be angry at ACCUSATIVE CASE ENDINGS (SINGULAR). Here are the singular Accusative adjective and noun endings, for each of the three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter. Among grammatically masculine nouns one distinguishes between masculine animate nouns (e.g. ch opiec boy, brat brother, koƒ horse, kot cat, p(ie)s dog), and so on, which refer to animate beings of masculine gender, and masculine inanimate nouns, which do not (stó table, o ówek pencil, zeszyt notebook, etc.). Here are the Accusative sg. adjective and noun endings: 147

16 Acc. adjective ending Acc. noun ending masculine inanimate like Nominative like Nominative masculine animate -ego -a neuter like Nominative like Nominative feminine in -a -à - feminine in -0 -à like Nominative Examples: Nominative: To jest. Accusative: Widz. masculine inanimate nowy dom nowy dom masculine animate m ody kot nowy student m odego kota nowego studenta neuter nowe krzes o nowe krzes o feminine in -a nowa lampa nowà lamp feminine in -0 nowa twarz nowà twarz From the above it follows that one needs to learn mainly two new sets of adjective-noun endings for the singular Accusative: for masculine animate nouns: -ego -a (m ody kot young cat, A m odego kota); and for feminine nouns in -a: -à - (mi a osoba nice person, A mi à osob ). HOW TA SAY 'TO LIKE': podobaç si +N be pleasing, appeal to, strike positively vs. lubiç +A like. In Polish, in order to like something or someone, one has to first get to know it or them fairly well. Otherwise, one says that the thing or person appeals to one. Always use podobaç si rather than lubiç about a just-seen object (like a film), a just-met person, or, say, a recently-read book, no matter how positively they might strike you. Ten film mi si podoba. I like this movie-nominative; i.e., it appeals to me. Podoba mi si twoja kole anka. I like your friend-nominative; she appeals to me. The plural of podobaç si is podobajà si : Podobajà mi si twoje nowe spodnie. I like your new pants-nominative; they appeal to me. One uses lubiç lubi lubisz like only about a well-known object or person: Lubi tego autora. I like that author. Czy lubisz takie filmy, bo ja nie? Do you like such movies, because I don t. Ona lubi siedzieç i myêleç. She likes to sit and think. FOR PASSIVE KNOWLEDGE. Here are DATIVE-CASE FORMS OF SINGULAR PRONOUNS, for use with the expressions podoba si appeal to, wszysto jedno it s all the same: Nom. Dat. Nom. Dat. ja I mi to me ona she jej to her ty you ci to you pan you (m.. form.) panu to you on he mu to him pani you (f. form.) pani to you 148

17 FOR PASSIVE KNOWLEDGE: THE PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. Here are some rules for forming the Nominative plural of nouns (other than masculine persons). The plural of all nouns is presented in Lesson 10. You will need to refer to the chart of hard (or 'plain') and corresponding soft consonants, given in Lesson All neuter nouns form the NApl in -a: drzewo drzewa tree(s), mieszkanie mieszkania apartment(s), muzeum muzea museum(s). Special types: imi imiona name(s), zwierz zwierz ta animal(s). Exceptional: dziecko dzieci child(ren), oko oczy eye(s), ucho uszy ear(s). 2. Masculine NON-PERSONAL and all feminine nouns, personal or otherwise, form the NApl by adding -y/i to hard consonants (choose i after k and g) and -e to soft consonants (for a list of hard and soft consonants, see Lesson 3.C.): zeszyt zeszyty notebook(s), o ówek o ówki pencil(s), dziewczyna dziewczyny girl(s), ksià ka ksià ki book(s), hotel hotele hotel(s), koƒ konie horse(s), ulica ulice street(s). Feminine nouns not ending in -a take either -y/i or -e: rzecz rzeczy thing(s), powieêç powieêci novel(s), twarz twarze face(s). 3. For all nouns other than masculine persons, the Accusative plural is like the Nominative plural: To sà adne buty. Those are pretty shoes-nominative. Widz, e masz adne buty. I see that you have pretty shoes-accusative. 4. The NApl ending of the adjective is -e (ie after k and g). This is the same ending as the neuter singular adjective ending: dobre, drogie, moje. You may practice the rules of plural formation on the following words for items of clothing (unless the noun is already plural): ARTICLES OF APPAREL adidasy running shoes bluzka blouse but shoe chustka (head)scarf czapka cap d insy jeans kamizelka vest kapelusz hat koszula shirt krawat necktie marynarka sportsjacket parasol umbrella pas(e)k belt plecak backpack p aszcz coat poƒczochy stockings portfel billfold, wallet rajstopy hose, tights r kawiczka glove skarpetka sock spodnie pants spódniczka skirt sukienka dress swet(e)r sweater szalik (neck)scarf teczka briefcase tenisówki tennis shoes torba bag torebka handbag, purse ubranie clothing 149

18 åwiczenia 4.B Using words from the earlier picture of items of clothing, do the pattern drill: shirt: Chc kupiç nowà koszul. I want to buy a new shirt Contrast of Nominative with podoba si appeal to and Accusative with woleç prefer: teczka: a. Jak ci si podoba ta teczka? How does this briefcase appeal to you? b. Wol innà teczk. I prefer another briefcase. ubranie, p aszcz, czapka, kot, portfel, koƒ, marynarka, samochód, koszula, sweter, p(ie)s artyku article czasopismo magazine esej essay gazeta newspaper ksià ka book READING MATTER list letter opowiadanie short story podr cznik textbook powieêç novel (f.) reklama advertisement czytaç -am -sz 'read' list: Czytam interesujàcy list. I'm reading an interesting letter. czasopismo, gazeta, artyku, opowiadanie, reklama, powieêç (f.), ksià ka pisaç -sz -szesz 'write' Vary the adjectives. ja, list: Pisz d ugi list. I'm writing a long letter. on, artyku ; ona, powieêç; ty, esej; ja, opowiadanie dzi kowaç -kuj -kujesz za+a 'thank for' bluzka: Dzi kuj za adnà bluzk. Thanks for the pretty blouse. torebka, parasol, list, ksià ka, sweter

19 4.13. Accusative of names for persons. cz owiek: Czy znasz tego cz owieka? Do you know that man? cz owiek, osoba, m czyzna, pan, dziecko, rodzina, pani, kobieta, ch opiec, dziewczyna siostra: a. Czy znasz mojà siostr? Do you know my sister? b. Nie, ale ch tnie jà poznam. No, but I 'd gladly meet her. syn, ona, mà, kolega, naczeczony, naczeczona, córka, brat, sàsiadka, profesor, przyjació ka, przyjaciel, sàsiadka Make a sentence, putting the logical subject and object in the appropriate cases, supplying other necessary words, and making other necessary changes.: Tomek, kochaç, Alina: Tomek kocha Alin. Tomek loves Alina. Zenon, czytaç, gazeta; Marta, mieç, w asny parasol; Pawe, chcieç, kupiç, nowy, samochód; Agata, chcieç, kupiç, nowy, sukienka; Janusz, mieç, nowy, mieszkanie; mój, mieszkanie, mieç, nowoczesny-modern, kuchnia; Karol, mieç, m odszy, brat, starszy, siostra; Agnieszka, mieç, bardzo, mi y, pies; brat, pracowaç, in ynier; siostra, byç, jeszcze, szko a; ka dy, mieszkanie, mieç, oddzielny separate, sypialnia; mój, brat, mieszkaç, teraz, Poznaƒ; ja, czekaç na, ja, kolega

20 Czy masz moje czasopismo? Looking for a lost item. 4.C. Nie mam poj cia Zosia: S uchaj, czy masz mojà gazet <moje czasopismo, mój podr cznik, moje okulary>? Zenek: Nie, mam w asnà <w asne, w asny, w asne>. Zosia: Ciekawa jestem, gdzie jest moja <moje, mój (gdzie sà moje)>. Zenek: Nie mam poj cia. Du o rzeczy gubisz ostatnio. Zosia: Nieprawda. Zdaje ci si tylko. Listen, do you have my newspaper <magazine, textbook, eyeglasses>? No, I have my own. I wonder where mine is/are. I don't have any idea. You lose a lot of things lately. That s not at all true. It just seems that way to you. 152

21 For active knowledge and dictation practice: Ciekaw(a) jestem, gdzie jest mój portfel. Czy masz mojà gazet? Du o rzeczy gubisz ostatnio. Gdzie jest moja gazeta? Mam w asnà gazet. Nie mam poj cia. Nieprawda. S uchaj. Zdaje ci si tylko. Pytania 1. O co pyta Zosia? Czy Zenek ma jej gazet? Czyjà gazet on ma? 2. Czy Zosia wie, gdzie jest jej gazeta? Gdzie ona mo e byç? 3. Co jeszcze Zosia zgubi a? 4. Czy ty cz sto gubisz rzeczy? Co zgubi eê (zgubi aê) ostatnio? 5. Co robisz, kiedy coê gubisz? Czy zgubi ci si kiedyê kot czy pies? Uwagi mój, moja, moje and twój, twoja, twoje can mean either 'my' or 'mine', 'your' or 'yours'. The forms moje, twoje are either neuter sg. or Nominative pl. (nonmasc.pers.). gubiç -bi -bisz impf, pf zgubiç lose. gubiç si get lost. nie mam poj cia I don't have a clue, an idea. poj cia is the Genitive of poj cie after the negated verb. okulary eyeglasses. A plural form, hence takes plural agreement: moje okulary my glasses ostatnio av lately, recently s uchaj! informal imperative of s uchaç listen widzia eê (-aê) past tense of widzieç -dz -dzisz (see Lesson 5). w asnà: The Accusative sg. fem. form of w asny own, agreeing with gazet. zdawaç si zdaje si +D seem to s.o. zdaje mi si, e it seems to me that Zenek dimunitive or familiar form of Zenon znaleêç znajd, znajdziesz, znalaz, znaleêli pf find Zosia diminutive or familiar form of Zofia. 153

22 GRAMATYKA 4.C. SPECIAL ACCUSATIVE INSTANCES. 1. FEMININE NOUNS IN -0. The Accusative of feminine-gender nouns like twarz face, noc night, rzecz thing is like the Nominative; i.e., there is no ending. However, a modifying adjective will change according to case: Dobrze pami tam t noc. I remember that night Jola ma interesujàcà twarz. Jola has an interesting face. 2. MALE NAMES IN -ek. Male names in ek drop the e before any ending, including the Asg. ending a: Marek, Jurek, Janek, Zbyszek, etc., Asg. Marka, Jurka, Janka, Zbyszka. Occasionally for clarity, such names will be cited with the e in parentheses: Mar(e)k, Jur(e)k, Jan(e)k, Zbysz(e)k. 3. MASCULINE NOUNS IN -a. Such nouns take the endings of a feminine noun, but adjective agreement is that of a masculine noun: Znam tego m czyzn. I know that man. Ch tnie poznam twojego koleg. I'd gladly meet your friend. 4. ADJECTIVAL NOUNS. Adjectival nouns have the function of nouns, but take the endings of adjectives: Znam twojego znajomego. I know your acquaintance (m.) Pami tam twojà narzeczonà. I remember your fiancee (f.) 5. ADJECTIVAL LAST NAMES take adjective endings: Znam pana Jana Bylewskiego. I know Mr. Jan Bylewski. Znam panià Ró Bylewskà. I know Ms. Roza Bylewska. 6. NOMINAL LAST NAMES. When referring to a woman, last names ending in consonants do not take a special Accusative ending. When referring to a man, they take the regular masculine animate Accusative ending (-a). The Accusative of pan is regular: pana; the Accusative of pani is panià. Znam pana Stanis awa Musia a. I know Mr. Stanis aw Musia. Znam panià Zofi Musia. I know Ms. Zofia Musial. 7. PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. Possessive and other pronominal adjectives take regular adjective endings in the masculine animate and feminine Accusative: -ego and -à, respectively: Czy masz mój parasol? Do you have my umbrella? Czy pami tasz mojego brata? Do you remember my brother? Czy masz mojà teczk? Do you have my briefcase? Czy masz moje pióro? Do you have my pen? Mam jeden p aszcz. I have one overcoat. 154

23 Mam jednego syna. I have one son. Mam jednà marynark. I have one sportscoat. Mam jedno mieszkanie. I have one apartment. The animate Accusative of ten is tego: Znam tego pana I know that man. Exceptionally, the Accusative ending for feminine ta is t, not *tà, even if it is often pronounced "tà" (the pronunciation "t " is considered more correct, but it is slowly losing out to "tà"). Chc kupiç t koszul. I want to buy that shirt. The Accusative feminine of tamta is regular (-à): Wol tamtà bluzk. I prefer that blouse over there. THE SPELLING OF KRESKA CONSONANTS BEFORE VOWEL ENDINGS. If the stem of a noun ends in ç, dê, ƒ, Ê, ê, the kreska (acute accent mark) will be replaced with a trailing i before an ending beginning with a vowel: koƒ-a: konia horse-asg. oê-a: osia elk-asg. SUMMARY. Here is a summary of various situations one encounters when expressing the Accusative case, as contrasted to the Nominative case. Key to gender abbreviations: f feminine, ma masculine animate, mi masculine inanimate, mp masculine personal, n neuter. THINGS AND ANIMALS: Nominative case: Accusative case: To jest +N That's a. Wol +A I prefer a. mi inny sweter different sweater inny sweter different sweater ma inny kot different cat innego kota different cat f inna koszula different shirt innà koszul different shirt f inna powieêç different novel innà powieêç different novel n inne mieszkanie different apt. inne mieszkanie different apt. PERSONS: To jest +N That's. Znam +A I know. mp twój brat your brother twojego brata your brother mp twój kolega your colleague twojego koleg your colleague mp twój znajomy your acquaintance twojego znajomego your acquaintance mp ten pan that gentleman tego pana that gentleman mp Jan Zieliƒski Jan Zielinski Jana Zieliƒskiego Jan Zielinski mp Jan Nowak Jan Nowak Jana Nowaka Jan Nowak f twoja siostra your sister twojà siostr your sister f twoja znajoma your acquaintance twojà znajomà your acquaintance f ta pani that lady t panià that lady f Ewa Zieliƒska Ewa Zielinska Ew Zieliƒskà Ewa Zielinska. f Ewa Nowak Ewa Nowak Ew Nowak Ewa Nowak 155

24 EXPRESSING 'ONE'S OWN'. When a noun in the complement part of a sentence is possessed by the subject of the same sentence, the possessive relation is expressed by swój, swoja, swoje one's own rather than by one of the other possessive pronouns. In effect, swój, swoja, swoje in this position encompasses all of the senses 'my, your, his, her, their' own: Czekam na swojego koleg. I'm waiting for my colleague. Masz swojà teczk? Do you have your briefcase? On kocha swoje dziecko. He loves his child. There is no such possibility for confusion in the 1st and 2nd persons, but still swój swoja swoje is preferred: Tu jest mój zeszyt. Here is my notebook. Mam swój zeszyt. I have my notebook. Tu jest moja ksià ka. There is my book. Mam swojà ksià k. I have my book. Tu jest moje pióro. Here is my pen. Mam swoje pióro. I have my pen. The notion of 'own' may be reinforced with the word w asny one's own, which can be used in combination with swój swoja swoje: Mam (swój) w asny zeszyt. I have my own notebook. Especially when referring to friends, relations,body-parts, and pets, the possessive pronoun is usually omitted: Czekam na syna. I'm waiting for (my) son. Córka pracuje w mieêcie. (My) daughter works in town. R ka mnie boli. My hand hurts me. Portfel zjada inflacja? What is devouring what? Because of the posibility of inverse object-verb-subject word order, sentences like this can cause the reader to do a double take. Of course it is inflation that is devouring the pocketbook, as logic suggests, not the other way around. In any case, the Nominative case ending on inflacja shows that inflacja, not portfel, is the subject, hence the one doing the devouring. Polish often uses inverted word order like this to convey the sense of a passive: "Is your pocketbook being devoured by inflation?" 156

25 åwiczenia 4.C. zwierz ta, dzikie i domowe animals, wild and domestic 4. LEKCJA CZWARTA koƒ horse (êrebak foal), kot cat (kociak kitten), krowa cow (cielak Icalf), l(e)w lion, lis fox, niedêwiedê bear, owca sheep (baranek lamb), p(ie)s dog (szczeniak puppy), s oƒ elephant, Êwinia pig (prosiak piglet) wilk wolf, zajàc hare koƒ: Czy widzisz tego konia? Do you see that horse? Use the animals in the picture as cues. Remember to respell kreska consonants as consonant plus i before endings: ko ƒ, Asg. ko nia. If you wish, try doing this exercise also in the plural: Czy widzisz te konie? Do you see those horses. 157

26 owady insects, gady critters, p azy reptiles d d ownica earthworm, jaszczurka lizard, konik polny grasshopper, motyl butterfly, mrówka ant, mucha fly, pajàk spider, pszczo a bee, rak crab, crawfish, Êlimak snail, wa ka dragonfly, wà w a snake, aba frog (ropucha toad), ólw ó wia turtle, tortoise, uk beetle Êlimak: Czy jad eê (jad aê) kiedyê Êlimaka? Have you ever eaten a snail? Use the words in the picture as cues. Optional: do the exercise in the plural. 158

27 4.18. w asny, w asna, w asne own parasol: a. Czy masz mój parasol? Do you have my umbrella? b. Nie, mam w asny parasol. No, I have my own umbrella. krawat, torebka, pasek, teczka, pióro, kapelusz, sukienka, portfel swój swoja swoje one's own krawat: Czy on ma swój krawat? Does he have his (own) necktie? marynarka, parasol, p aszcz, koszula, portfel, czapka, ubranie ja, kolega: a. To jest mój kolega. That's my colleague. b. Czekam na swojego koleg. I'm waiting for my colleague. on, kole anka; ona, przyjaciel; ja, siostra; ty, brat; pan, znajomy; pani, znajoma; on, matka; ona, ojciec; ja, narzeczony/naczeczona Accusative of relation-names: mà : a. Dobrze pami tam twojego m a. I remember your husband well. siostra, matka, ojc(ie)c, brat, syn, córka, kole anka, sàsiad, przyjaciel, narzeczona, ciocia, wuj(e)k, ona, kolega, znajomy a Jolanta Cieszyƒska: b. Dobrze pami tam panià Jolant Cieszyƒskà. I Remember Ms. Jolanta Cieszyƒska well. Maria Jarocka, Janusz Krzywiƒski, Ewa Modrak, Jerzy (like adj.) Czy, Marek S dlak, Barbara Âliwiƒska. 159

28 Chcesz poznaç mojà kole ank? Na spacerze we Wroc awiu. On a stroll in Wroc aw. These young women are seemingly advertising a theatrical performance, a theme restaurant, or are just out for a stroll. 4.D. Ch tnie go poznam. I'd like you to meet a friend of mine. Jola: Chcesz poznaç mojego koleg (mojà kole ank )? Janek: Kogo, mianowicie? Jola Jarka. (Jadzi ). Janek: Który (która) to jest? Jola: Jarek to ten (Jadzia to ta) w zielonym <obcis ym> swetrze (w obcis ych d insach). Janek: Tak, ch tnie poznam ka dego twojego koleg (ka dà twojà kole ank ). Do you want to meet my colleague? Who, namely? My colleague Jarek (Jadzia). Which one is that? Jarek (Jadzia) is the one in the green <tight> sweater (in the tight jeans). Yes, I'll very gladly meet him (her). I'll gladly meet any of your friends. 160

29 For active knowledge and dictation practice: Ch tnie poznam ka dego twojego koleg. Ch tnie poznam ka dà twojà kole ank. Chcesz poznaç mojà kole ank? Chcesz poznaç mojego koleg? Kogo chcesz poznaç? Który to jest? Która to jest? Jadzia to ta w zielonym swetrze. Jarek to ten w obcis ych d insach. Pytania 1. Czy Janek chce poznaç koleg (kole ank ) Joli? 2. Który kolega (która kole anka) to jest? 3. Jak myêlisz: dlaczego Janek naprawd chce go/jà poznaç? Czy dlatego, e podoba mu si jego (jej) sweter? 4. Czy ty chcesz poznaç mojego koleg albo mo e mojà kole ank? 5. Czy podoba ci si mój sweter? Jaki on ma kolor? Czy on nie jest za du y? (za ma y? za obcis y?) 6. Czy lubisz wszystkich moich kolegów i wszystkie moje kole anki? Kogo nie lubisz? Uwagi dlatego, e conj because, for the reason that Jarek diminutive or affectionate form of Jaros aw. Jola diminutive or affectionate form of Jolanta. ka dego twojego koleg (f. ka dà twojà kole ank ) each of your friend (Accusative case). mianowicie av namely naprawd av really obcis y aj tight-fitting poznaç -am -asz pf meet, get to know w obcis ych d insach in the tight jeans. Locative plural of obcis e d insy. w zielonym swetrze in the green sweater. Locative case of zielony sweter. 161

30 GRAMATYKA 4.D. ACCUSATIVE CASE FORMS OF PERSONS, FRIENDS, AND RELATIVES: m czyzna man, A m czyzn kobieta woman, A kobiet ch op(ie)c boy, A ch opca dziewczyna girl, A dziewczyn ten pan that gentleman, A tego pana ta pani that lady, A t panià mà husband, A m a ona wife, A on brat brother, A brata siostra sister, A siostr oj(cie)c father, A ojca matka mother, A matk tata dad, A tat mama mom, A mam syn son, A syna córka daughter, A córk dziad(e)k grandfather, A dziadka babcia grandmother, A babci wuj(e)k uncle, A wujka ciocia aunt, A cioci kuzyn cousin A kuzyna kuzynka cousin A kuzynk krewny relative (aj), A krewnego krewna relative (aj.), A krewnà znajomy acquaintance (aj), A -mego znajoma acquaintace (aj), A -mà kolega colleague (m.), A koleg kole anka colleague (f.), A -k przyjaciel friend (m.), A -la przyjació ka friend (f.), A -k narzeczony fiancé (aj), A -nego narzeczona fiancée (aj), A -nà NOTES ON VARIOUS PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES 'WHAT KIND OF': jaki, jaka, jakie. The pronominal questioning adjective jaki, jaka, jakie, is frequent in Nominative and Accusative constructions: Nominative: Jaki to jest zeszyt? What kind of notebook is that? Jaki to jest pies? What kind of dog is that? Jaka to jest teczka? What kind of briefcase is that? Jakie to jest krzes o? What kind of chair is that? Accusative: Jaki zeszyt chcesz kupiç? What kind of notebook do you want to buy? Jakiego psa chcesz kupiç? What kind of dog do you want to buy? Jakà teczk chcesz kupiç? What kind of briefcase do you want to buy? Jakie krzes o chcesz kupiç? What kind of chair do you want to buy? 'SOME SORT OF': The pronominal adjective jakiê, jakaê, jakieê is formed by adding the particle -Ê to the end of forms of jaki, jaka, jakie: Nominative: To jest jakiê budynek. That's some sort of building. To jest jakiê cz owiek. That's some kind of man. To jest jakaê kobieta. That's some kind of woman. To jest jakieê muzeum. That's some kind of museum. Accusative: Widz jakiê budynek. I see some kind of building. Widz jakiegoê cz owieka. I see some kind of man. Widz jakàê kobiet. I see some kind of woman. Widz jakieê muzeum. I see some kind of museum. 162

31 'ANY AT ALL': jakikolwiek, jakakolwiek, jakiekolwiek. The idea of 'any at all, it doesn't matter', is expressed with forms of jakikolwiek, jakakolwiek, jakiekolwiek: Kup mi jakàê gazet? Buy me some sort of newspaper. Jakà? What kind? Jakàkolwiek. Jakakolwiek b dzie dobra. Any kind at all. Anykind will be fine. See also: cokowliek whatever, anything at all, ktokolwiek whoever, anyhone at all, gdziekolwiek wherever, anywhere at all, kiedykolwiek whenever, anywhere at all. 'EACH, EVERY': ka dy, ka da, ka de (repeated from lesson 3). The pronominal adjective ka dy, ka da, ka de 'each, every' is used only in the singular. Its plural counterpart is wszystkie, masc. pers. wszyscy 'all' (Lesson 12). Ka dy, ka da, ka de takes regular adjective endings: Nominative: Ka dy list jest interesujàcy. Each (every) letter is interesting. Ka dy kolega jest interesujàcy. Each (every) colleague is interesting. Ka da ksià ka jest interesujàca. Each (every) book is interesting. Ka de muzeum jest interesujàce. Each (every) museum is interesting. Accusative: Czytam ka dy twój list. I read every letter of yours. Ch tnie poznam ka dego twojego koleg. I'll glad meet any collegue of yours. Chc przeczytaç ka dà jego ksià k. I want to read every book of his. Chc przeczytaç ka de czasopismo. I want to read eveery magazine. 'NONE', 'NO', 'NOT ANY' (repeated from Lesson 3). The negative of ka dy (-a -e) is aden, adna, adne, which requires that the verb be negated: adna ksià ka nie jest interesujàca. No book is interesting. aden list nie jest interesujàcy. No letter is interesting. adne czasopismo nie jest interesujàce. No magazine is interesting. 'WHICH' AS A QUESTION WORD. The word który, która, które whi ch, who is used to ask about the identity of a specific object or person: Nominative: Który samochód b dzie dobry? Which car will be good? Który koƒ b dzie dobry? Which horse will be good? Która ksià ka b dzie dobra? Which book will be good? Które pióro b dzie dobre? Which pen will be good? Accusative: Który samochód wolisz? Which car do you prefer? Którego konia wolisz? Which horse do you prefer? Którà ksià k wolisz? Which book do you prefer? Które pióro wolisz? Which pen do you prefer? 163

32 'WHICH,' WHO,' 'WHOM' AS A RELATIVE PROUN. The word który, która, które which is used to make relative clauses: Nominative: Tu jest film, który mi si podoba. Here is a movie which I like. Czy znasz tego pana, który czeka na mnie? Do you know the gentleman who is waiting for me? Czy wiesz, która pralka b dzie lepsza? Do you know which washer would be better? Accusative: Tu jest samochód, który chc kupiç. Here is the car which I want to buy. To jest jeden aktor, którego naprawd lubi. That's one actor whom I really like. Tu jest ksià ka, którà musisz przeczytaç. ªere's a book which you have to read. The relative pronoun cannot be omitted in Polish, as it often may be in English. One uses kto as a relative pronoun only if the referrent is another pronoun: Kto to jest, kto tam stoi? Who is that standing there? To jest ktoê, kogo dobrze znam. That's someone I know well. 'THE SAME', 'A DIFFERENT'. 'The same" is expressed with ten sam, ta sama, to samo: Nominative: Czy to jest ten sam budynek? Is that the same building? Czy to jest ten sam pies? Is that the same dog? Czy to jest ta sama kobieta? Is that the same woman? Czy to jest to samo zwierz? Is that the same animal? Accusative: Widz ten sam budynek. I see the same building. Widz tego samego psa. I see the same dog. Widz t samà kobiet. I see the same woman. Widz to samo zwierz. I see the same animal. 'A different' is expressed with forms of inny: Nominative: Podoba ci si ten krawat? Does this tie appeal to you? Podoba ci si ten pies? Does this dog appeal to you? Podoba ci si ta bluzka? Does this blouse appeal to you? Podoba ci si to ubranie? Does this clothing appeal to you? Accusative: Nie, wol inny krawat. I prefer a different tie. Nie, wol innego psa. I prefer a different dog. Nie, wol innà bluzk. I prefer a different blouse. Nie, wol inne ubranie. I prefer different clothing. 164

33 åwiczenia 4.D który which and ka dy every bluzka: a. Która bluzka b dzie dobra? Which blouse will be good? b. Ka da bluzka b dzie dobra. Every blouse will be good. c. adna bluzka nie b dzie dobra. No blouse will be good. kapelusz, marynarka, p aszcz, portfel, teczka, pasek bia y white bràzowy brown czarny black czerwony red fioletowy purple COLORS granatowy dark blue niebieski light blue pomaraƒczowy orange ró owy pink szary gray zielony green ó ty yellow Choose different colors: bluzka: a. Którà bluzk wolisz? Which blouse do you prefer? b. Która bluzka podoba ci si? Which blouse appealse to you? c. Wol tamtà zielonà bluzk. I prefer that green one there. d. Podoba mi si tamta bluzka. That blouse there appeals to me. parasol, czapka, torebka, portfel, sweter, plecak, sukienka, ubranie Contrast of Nominative with podoba si appeal to and Accusative with lubiç like: profesor: a. Podoba mi si twój profesor. Your professor appeals to me. b. Ch tnie poznam ka dego twojego profesora. I'll gladly meet any professor of yours. studentka, krewny, znajomy, kolega, przyjació ka, sàsiad jakiê, jakaê, jakieê some kind of Ona czeka na m czyzn : Ona czeka na jakiegoê m czyzn. She's waiting for some man. On czyta ksià k. On buduje dom. On ma marynark. Ona czyta opowiadanie. Ona chce kupiç powieêç (f.). Czytam czasopismo. Ona czeka na krewnego. Ona widzi znajomego. On ma kota

34 4.26. jakiê, jakaê, jakieê some kind of. p aszcz: a. Chc kupiç jakiê p aszcz. I want to buy some kind of coat. b. Jaki p aszcz chcesz kupiç? What kind of coat do you want to buy? c. Chc kupiç modny, tani i adny p aszcz. I want to buy a stylish, cheap, and pretty coat. ubranie, p aszcz, czapka, kot, portfel, marynarka, samochód, koszula, sweter ten sam, ta sama, to samo and inny, inna, inne. m czyzna: a. Czy to jest ten sam m czyzna? Is that the same man? b. Nie, jest inny. No, it's a different one. dziewczyna, pan, ona, osoba, dziecko, pani, student, ch opiec, kobieta jakikolwiek, jakakolwiek, jakiekolwiek any sort of gazeta: Kup mi jakàkolwiek gazet. Buy me any sort of newspaper at all. krawat, koszula, czasopismo, ksià ka, p aszcz, myd o soap I'd gladly meet. brat: Ch tnie poznam twojego brata. I d gladly meet your brother. siostra, znajomy, przyjació ka, narzeczona, syn, krewny, córka 'one', 'the other: jeden drugi Make up something contrastive, using the suggested noun. brat: Jeden brat pracuje w Poznaniu, a drugi brat pracuje w Bydgoszczy. One brother works in Poznan, and the other works in Bydgoszcz. siostra, wujek, krawat, koszula, profesor, student, muzeum, ksià ka. 166

35 Dom mieszkalny we Wroc awiu Apartment house in Wroc aw 4. LEKCJA CZWARTA 4.E. Nowe mieszkanie My new apartment is fairly large and very comfortable. Patrycja: Mam nowe mieszkanie. Piotr: To wspaniale. <Jak ono wyglàda?> Czy jest du e? Patrycja: Jest doêç du e i bardzo wygodne. Jest tam du y pokój, dwa ma e pokoje i kuchnia. Piotr: To rzeczywiêcie jest du e. Czy ma te azienk? Patrycja: OczywiÊcie. Przecie ka de mieszkanie ma azienk. Piotr: Hm. I have a new apartment. That's wonderful. <What does it lok like?> Is it large? It's rather large, and very comfortable. There is a large room, two small rooms, and a kitchen. Then it really is large. Does it also have a bathroom? Of course. After all, every apartment has a bathroom. Hm.. 167

36 For active knowledge and dictation practice: Czy mieszkanie ma azienk? Mieszkanie jest bardzo Czy ono jest du e? wygodne. Jak ono wyglàda? Mieszkanie jest doêç du e. Jest tam du y pokój, dwa ma e Ono rzeczywiêcie jest du e. pokoje i kuchnia. To rzeczywiêcie jest du e. Ka de mieszkanie ma kuchni. To wspaniale. Mam nowe mieszkanie. Pytania 1. Kto ma nowe mieszkanie? Jako ono wyglàda? Czy jest du e? 2. Jakie pokoje tam sà? Czy mieszkanie ma balkon? 3. Czy ty masz nowe mieszkanie czy stare? 4. Jakie jest twoje mieszkanie? Czy ono ma balkon? sypialni? gara? saun? 5. Co ciekawego masz w mieszkaniu? 6. Czy ka de nowe mieszkanie ma azienk? kuchni? balkon? co ciekawego what of interest pokój pokoju mi room. plural pokoje rzeczywisty aj actual, real. av rzeczywiêcie really Uwagi to can mean then as in To rzeczywiêcie jest du e. Then it really is large. wspaniale av wonderful. adverbial form of wspania y. wyglàdaç -am -asz look, appear. dobrze wyglàdaç to look good. GRAMATYKA 4.E. WORD ORDER AND CASE. The expression 'followed by the Accusative case' in Polish grammar is used in a structural, not a literal sense. Because of mobile word order, the direct object may in fact occur in various positions in a sentence, including in initial position, before the verb. The direct object appears before the verb most often in questions: Jakà muzyk lubisz? What kind of music-a do you like? Jakiego kota masz? What kind of cat-a do you have? Którà koszul wolisz? Which shirt-a do you prefer? Którego kota chcesz kupiç? Which cat-a do you want to buy? Additionally, the direct object will often be placed in front of the verb in order to express what in English would be expressed with a passive voice construction: Tomek kocha Bo en. Tomek loves Bozena (Acc.). 168