A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T The Silesian University of Technology No. 3/ 2016 SPACE MANAGEMENT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL IN VIEW OF THE CONDITIONS AND PLANNING THEORY ON THE EXAMPLE OF MEDIUM-SIZED CITIES IN THE ŁÓDŹ REGION Sylwia KRZYSZTOFIK * * MSc Eng. Arch.; Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning, Lodz University of Technology, Politechniki Avenue 6, Building B6, 90-924 Lodz, Poland E-mail address: skrzysztofik@o2.pl Received: 7.12.2015; Revised: 10.12.2015; Accepted: 30.06.2016 A b s t r a c t The planned directions for development in space management within the commune are indicated by, among others, a study and a document drawn up mandatorily for the entire municipal area. The analysis of the study record for the Kutno and Opoczno show that municipalities determine areas for newly urbanized housing sites. The use of new buildings would involve a dramatic increase in local community. The number of the inhabitants is decreasing and these trends are likely to remain. The results of the calculations show that the study records, which should describe the conditions of its development are constructed without taking into account a constant reduction of the number of residents. A study of conditions and directions of spatial planning for Kutno and Opoczno were compared with the assumptions of the theory with the theory of crossing the barrier of urban development by Bolesław Malisz and creative vision of the city described by Charles Landry. S t r e s z c z e n i e Planowane kierunki w zarządzaniu przestrzenią wskazuje m.in., studium, dokument sporządzany obowiązkowo dla całej gminy. Analiza zapisów studium dla dwóch miast - Kutna i Opoczna pokazuje, że gminy ustalają powiększenie terenów zabudowy mieszkaniowej. Wykorzystanie nowych obszarów wymagałoby znacznego zwiększenia lokalnej społeczności. Liczba mieszkańców obu miast się zmniejsza, a prognozy przewidują utrzymanie trendu spadkowego. Wyniki obliczeń pokazują, że zapisy studium, które powinno wyznaczać kierunki rozwoju miasta są konstruowane bez uwzględnienia ciągłego zmniejszania się liczby mieszkańców. Ustalenia studium uwarunkowań i kierunków rozwoju Kutna i Opoczna zostały porównane z założeniami teorii rozwoju progowego miast Bolesława Malisza i wizją kreatywnego miasta opisanego przez Charles a Landry. K e y w o r d s : Space management; The theory of limits in city development; Creative city. 1. INTRODUCTION. JUSTIFICATION FOR THE TOPIC CHOICE The space should be regarded as one of the most important environmental resources, and at the same time of a non-renewable value [8]. Planning in municipalities is intended to provide rational management of the municipality, including the space, through provisions in the planning documents such as a study and development strategy. A study of conditions and directions of spatial planning is a document drawn up obligatorily for each municipality. Records in this document should describe management of the municipality, its development and define the directions of space management in the future. The analysis of records of the study in several municipalities suggests that the cities with the need of new land urbanization as well as requiring a new road system and technical infrastructure should be a matter of 3/2016 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T 13
S. K r z y s z t o f i k interest. Absorbtion of the planned urban areas shows that municipalities provide for an increase in the number of inhabitants the users of newly urbanized space. The article is an attempt to demonstrate to what extent planning takes into account local conditions and to compare the results with some selected theories of planning. 2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The aim of the discussion is to introduce planning at the local level by performing an analysis of the directions taken in the study and development opportunities of selected cities and to compare the results with the assumptions of the theory by Bolesław Malisz and with a creative city vision by Charles Landry. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Two cities in the Lodz region have been chosen for the study, which are the central local centers Opoczno and Kutno. The area of the existing and planned land for urbanization has been calculated according to the assumptions of the study. Absorbtion rate of the residential areas was calculated by single family detached houses, downtown housing and multifamily housing, due to the different structure of each of the distinct types of buildings. Estimated numbers of inhabitants per hectare in both cities are different and result from the conducted inventories. They include, among others, the intensity of the existing urban tissue and the number of residential floors. Demographic changes in the selected cities have been analyzed based on data from the Central Statistical Office. Table 1. Own elaboration Kutno Opoczno Absorbtion rate number Absorbtion rate number of people / area (ha) of people / area (ha) Different types of housing Current Proposed Current Proposed single-family 25 018 / detached 371.18 houses downtown housing multifamily housing Total 1 103/ 6.82 46 826 / 144.74 72 946 / 522.74 69 259 / 1027.58 1 103/ 6.82 50 347/ 155.64 120 709 / 1190.04 7 987 / 163 2 016 / 16 13 770 / 51 23 773 / 230 14 749 / 301 2 016 / 16 14 580 / 54 34 345 / 371 5. THE NUMBER OF INHABITANTS The analysis of number of inhabitants in Kutno and Opoczno has been made on the basis of data from the Central Statistical Office. The population of both cities continues to decline due to migration and negative natural growth. The estimated population by 2035 provides for the maintenance of the downward trend in the number of Kutno and Opoczno residents. 4. SPACE MANAGEMENT IN THE STUDY The calculation results show areas of the existing and planned residential land and the number of inhabitants needed for the use of the planned space. Implementation of the Kutno study provisions would require an increase of residential areas by 63% and an increase of the population by 128%. By achieving the objectives of the Opoczno study, residential areas would increase by 61% compared to the already existing ones, and a full use of the planned areas would ensure an increase in the current number of inhabitants by 44%. Figure 1. Kutno the number of inhabitants in the years 1995 2014, Source CSO Figure 2. Opoczno the number of inhabitants in the years 1995 2014, Source CSO 14 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T 3/2016
S P A C E M A N A G E M E N T A T T H E L O C A L L E V E L I N V I E W O F T H E C O N D I T I O N S A N D P L A N N I N G T H E O R Y... A R C H I T E C T U R E a Figure 3. Kutno the scheme of existing residential land, Source study of conditions and directions of spatial planning, own elaboration Figure 4. Kutno the scheme of existing and planned residential land, Source study of conditions and directions of spatial planning, own elaboration 3/2016 ARCHITECTURE CIVIL ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENT 15
S. K r z y s z t o f i k Figure 5. Opoczno the scheme of existing residential land, Source study of conditions and directions of spatial planning, own elaboration 6. RESULTS The analysis of the study assumptions shows that in both municipalities in Kutno and Opoczno, the creation of new residential areas is allowed and the new land could be used if a substantial increase of the local community took place. The basis of data from the Central Statistical Office show that the population is decreasing in each of the cities. The forecasts indicate maintaining a downward trend. The assumed development trends do not take into account decreasing number of inhabitants. Urbanization planning of new areas with the declining population leads to dilution of the existing urban tissue and generates costs related to the implementation of communication and technical infrastructure for the newly urbanized areas. When enlarging the territory and the intensity decrease in the center we are dealing with a spillage of urban development i.e. the processes of deurbanization [5]. 7. THE THEORY OF CROSSING THE BARRIER OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT The theory consists of the fact that the city can easily grow to a certain level at which there is a necessity for a significant additional investment to sustain its development. The theory of limits of the city development, created by Boleslaw Malisz assumes that the city in connection with the expansion of urbanization on the additional areas overcomes several threshold limitations: physiographic, those arising from the use and ownership of land, technical infrastructure development, structural barriers and urban sprawl can be realized by several variants. The theory of the thresh- 16 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T 3/2016
S PA C E M A N A G E M E N T AT T H E L O C A L L E V E L I N V I E W O F T H E C O N D I T I O N S A N D P L A N N I N G T H E O R Y... a A R C H I T E C T U R E Figure 6. Opoczno - the scheme of existing and planned residential land, Source study of conditions and directions of spatial planning, own elaboration.. old development assumes that the city should be developed according to the most economically beneficial option. The barriers described in the Malisz theory still have an impact on the progressing urbanization. The failure to giving a city development a proper direction in the planning documents, including the lack of identifying priority areas and areas protected from urban expansion, leads to changes that are not economically beneficial for the city. Municipalities are planning development (allocating land for specific functions) above and beyond the anticipated needs (the estimated number of the population, and hence the number of apartments and service and production functions). This results in scattered housing development, the rising cost of technical infrastructure, deterioration of the quality of the environment [4]. 8. CREATIVE CITY The theory of a creative city described by Charles Landry apparently has no common ground with the management of the space at the local level. However, Landry in his book emphasizes that what is important for the development of the city is the work of municipal authorities, which should work in a creative way in order to improve the quality of life through new non-standard solutions. The quality of life improvement is also understood as an upgrade of space through revitalization of the existing urban tissue. The urbanization of new areas when reducing the number of its users leads to degradation of the city center. Ignoring the possibility of commune development by local municipalities is the cause of a reduction in 3/2016 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T 17
S. K r z y s z t o f i k Figure 7. Kutno the scheme of residential land, Source study of conditions and directions of spatial planning, own elaboration Figure 8. Opoczno the scheme of residential land, Source study of conditions and directions of spatial planning, own elaboration 18 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T 3/2016
S PA C E M A N A G E M E N T AT T H E L O C A L L E V E L I N V I E W O F T H E C O N D I T I O N S A N D P L A N N I N G T H E O R Y... functional capacity of cities and their ability to properly planned and effective development, it deteriorates environmental quality and aesthetic value of urban spaces. It should be added that the proper management of space has a positive effect not only on creating spatial law and order in planning, but also on the local community, its health and economic development [11]. 9. DISCUSSION Municipalities are required by existing legislation to draft documents of planning, without specifying the rules of other actions related to the space management. So we have a situation in which the planning processes are carried out in cities and municipalities and at the same time the processes of space development are neglected. The current formulation related to the overall area of the city, which is the Study of Conditions and Directions of Spatial Development does not have the power of local law and therefore tends to be disregarded [8]. The analysis of the study records on the example of Kutno and Opoczno shows that management of space in the documents drawn up by the municipality does not correspond to local conditions. Ignoring the decreasing number of inhabitants in space management is contrary to the theory of planning, including the threshold theory of urban development and vision of the creative city. With the decreasing population such issues as improving the quality of already urbanized areas and reducing expenses on the implementation of new road systems and infrastructure development should be considered as a priority by local governments. 10. SUMMARY Spatial planning is incomprehensible or underestimated as a tool to analyze the actual demographic and economic situation in the municipality and as a tool for determining the directions of development. The issue of land use and related issue of creating and implementing spatial policy seems to be marginalized ( ) The practical expression of this is, for example, underestimation of spatial policy as such by local authorities and treating these issues often as a burdensome obligation [8]. Ignoring planning is the cause of irrational space management, results in adverse changes in the structure of the city and generating unnecessary costs for the municipality, which is contrary to the theories of planning. Lack of planning, understood as a method of shaping the space, is largely the result of social attitudes and widespread ignorance for spatial order [5]. The study, which should indicate the directions of space management does not reflect the real possibilities of the development of the city, but only the promotion feature of the local government activities. It is necessary to return to planning that takes into account the possibility of municipalities with the objective of sustainable development this means an activity by three general principles: respect for resources due to their limitations, harmonizing environmental, social and economic development goals; long-term approach to analyzing, planning and implementing development goals [9]. REFERENCES [1] Chmielewski J. M.; Dezurbanizacja niweczy ład przestrzenny (Deurbanization destroys the spatial law and order), Kwartalnik Urbanistyki i Architektury, 3/2002 (in Polish) [2] Domański R.; Gospodarka przestrzenna. Podstawy teoretyczne (Spatial Management. Theoretical bases), PWN, Warszawa 2013 (in Polish) [3] Gzell S.; Suburbanizacja a projektowe strategie urbanistyczne [w:], S. (red.), Miasto zwarte. Problem terenów granicznych (Suburbanisation and urban design strategies. Compact City. The problem of border areas), Akapit-DTP, Warszawa 2011 (in Polish) [4] Grochowski M.; Samorząd terytorialny a rozwój zrównoważony obszarów metropolitalnych, (Local Government and the sustainable development of metropolitan areas), Mazowsze, Studia Regionalne 2, Warszawa, 2009, pp.73-88 (in Polish) [5] Hanzl M.; Przemiany struktury przestrzennej wybranych małych i średnich miast. (Transformations of spatial structure of selected small and mediumsized cities), (ed.) Bartosiewicz B., Marszał T., Struktura przestrzenna małych miast z perspektywy 20 lat transformacji (The spatial structure of small towns from the perspective of 20 years of transformations), WUŁ, Łódź, 2011 (in Polish) [6] Landry Ch.; Kreatywne miasto. Zestaw narzędzi dla miejskich innowatorów. (The creative City Revised. A Toolkit for Urban Innowators), Narodowe Centrum Kultury, Warszawa 2013 (in Polish) [7] Lisowski A., Grochowski M.; Procesy suburbanizacji. Uwarunkowania, formy i konsekwencje, Processes of suburbanization. Conditions, forms and consequences, [online], Ekspertyza do Koncepcji Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju 2008 2030, Expertise of the National Spatial Development Concept 2008 2030 http://www.mrr.gov.pl (access 30.08.2015) (in Polish) a A R C H I T E C T U R E 3/2016 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T 19
S. K r z y s z t o f i k [8] Lorens P.; Gospodarowanie przestrzenią a polityka zrównoważonego rozwoju (Spatial management vs. Sustanable urban development policy); Studia Regionalne i Lokalne (Regional and Local Studies), 4(22)/2005, pp.27-34 (in Polish) [9] Lorens P.; Suburbanizacja w procesie rozwoju miasta postsocjalistycznego (Suburbanisation in the development of post-socialist city [in:] Lorens P. (ed.) Problem suburbanizacji, (The problem of suburbanization) Biblioteka Urbanisty 7, Urbanista, Warszawa, 2005 (in Polish) [10] Solarek K.; Ocena możliwości strukturalizacji stref podmiejskich (A Study of the possibilities of structuring suburban areas [in:], Dziewulska A., Królikowski J., Starzyk A. (ed.), Rewitalizacja a kultura przestrzeni. Sytuacje i wzorce (Revitalization and culture space. Situations and patterns) Szkoła Wyższa im. Bogdana Jańskiego, Warszawa 2015 (in Polish) [11] Paszkowski Z., Schneider-Skalska G., Węcławowicz- Bilska E.; Tendencje w rozwoju polskiej urbanizacji (The trends in the development of Polish urbanization), Przestrzeń życia Polaków raport, www.sarp.org.pl, access: 22.10.2015, pp.15-37 (in Polish) 20 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T 3/2016