Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities 1

Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 11(3) 2012, 65-74 EFFECT OF SOIL FERTILIZER UGmax AND FERTILIZATION WITH NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM ON THE ENERGY AND NUTRITION VALUES OF Lolium multiflorum LAM. Jacek Sosnowski, Kazimierz Jankowski Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities 1 Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the use of soil fertilizer used against the use of mineral fertilization on the energy and protein values of Lolium multiflorum (cultivar Gaza) and to assess the usefulness of soil fertilizer UGmax for animal production. Studies with the cultivation of this species were carried out in pots, in four repetitions, on the experimental plot of the Department of Grassland and Greenland Management. In each pot, eight seeds of the tested species were sown. After germination, when seedlings reached the 2-3 leaf stage, negative selection was performed by removing four weakest plants. Then, the experimental factors were introduced in the form of the following fertilizer combinations: A1 mineral fertilization at the annual doses of 0.6 g N pot -1, 0.11 g P pot -1, and 0.75K g pot -1, A2 no fertilization, soil fertilizer in the form of 0.25% solution and the dose of 3.7 cm 3 pot -1, no soil fertilizer. Nitrogen (34% ammonium nitrate) and potassium (60% potassium salt) fertilization was used in three split doses, while phosphorus (46% triple superphosphate) in a single dose in the spring. Soil fertilizer solution was used a single time with plant watering at the shooting stage. The period of full, three-cut use of the experimental material occurred in years 2008-2010. During that period, the analysis of the chemical composition of dry matter yield, for all cuts, was performed at the Institute of Technology and Life Sciences in Falenty. Furthermore, the following measures of the energy and protein indexes of the fodder were calculated: feed units for lactation (ULF), feed units for maintenance and meat production (ULV), protein digested in the intestine on the basis of energy (PDIE) and nitrogen (PDIN), and relative feed value (RFV). Use of soil fertilizer in Italian ryegrass cultivation did not result in a clear improvement of the chemical composition of plant dry matter and energy metric values, as well as the protein value of the fodder. Key words: digestibility, energy value, Italian ryegrass, protein value, relative nutrition value, soil fertilizer Corresponding author Adres do korespondencji: dr in. Jacek Sosnowski, Departament of Grassland and Green Areas Creation of the Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, e-mail: laki@uph.edu.pl

66 J. Sosnowski, K. Jankowski INTRODUCTION In the last few years, significant interest of science in biological preparations with microorganism content has been observed. Those preparations are used in-soil before the growth of many agricultural plant species. Productivity and health of cultivated plants are the main study areas [Trawczy ski and Bogdanowicz 2007, Klama et al. 2010, Sosnowski and Jankowski 2010, Wojtala- ozowska and Parylak 2010, Sosnowski 2011a, b, 2012, Zarzecka et al. 2011]. However, there is a lack of studies on the formation of feed value of fodder grasses. In many reports on grassland cultivation, feed value is expressed with feed units for lactation (ULF), feed units for maintenance and meat production (ULV) and protein digested in the intestine calculated on the basis of energy (PDIE) and nitrogen (PDIN) availability in the rumen [Olszewska et al. 2001, Borowiecki 2004, Staniak 2004, Harasim 2006, Gawe 2009, Nazaruk et al. 2009]. In the present studies, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was used, which due to its morphological, photochemical, and biological characteristics limits soil erosion and nutrition component loss. Italian ryegrass is assumed to be valuable fodder grass, and its important role in the economy is proved, for example, by a great number of usable cultivars [ yszczarz et al. 1997, Janicka et al. 2001, Ziliotto et al. 2003]. Great significance of this species in the agricultural practice was the basis for conducting research on the response of the plant to diversified fertilization levels with nitrogen and vermicompost, stressful weather conditions, and caryopses falling as an effect of plant ripening control means [Serin et al. 1996, Kalembasa and Symanowicz 1999, Czy et al. 2001, Stypi ski et al. 2001, Kalembasa 2004, Goli ski et al. 2010]. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of soil fertilizer UGmax applied against mineral fertilization on the energy and protein values of the dry matter of Italian ryegrass, taking into account the usefulness of the obtained plant material for animal feeding. MATERIAL AND METHODS Studies with the cultivation of Lolium multiflorum Lam. (cultivar Gaza) were carried out in pots, in four repetitions, on the experimental plot of the Department of Grassland and Greenland Management of the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce (52 17 N; 22 28 E). Pots with the diameter of 36 cm and height of 40 cm were filled with cultural soil material, hortisol type, formed from weakly loamy sand. On the basis of the analysis carried out at the Regional Chemical Station in Weso a it was found that the soil material in the pots was characterized by: neutral ph (ph in KCL 6.99), average humus level (3.78%), very high phosphorus content (17.25 mg P 100 g -1 soil), high magnesium content (8.4 mg Mg 100 g -1 soil), average content of assimilable potassium forms (13.11 mg K 100 g -1 soil), and average contents of total nitrogen (18%), nitrate (10.10 mg N-NO 3 kg -1 dry matter of soil), and ammonium (7.74 mg N-NH 4 kg -1 dry matter of soil). In each of the pots, on April 5 th, 2009, eight seeds were sown of one grass species. After seed germination, when seedlings reached the 2-3 leaf stage, negative selection was carried out. Four weakest plants were removed from each pot and the experimental factors were introduced in the following fertilizer combinations: A1 mineral fertilization at the annual doses of 0.6 g N pot -1, 0.11 g P pot -1, and 0.75 g K pot -1, A2 Acta Sci. Pol.

Effect of soil fertilizer... 67 no fertilization; soil fertilizer in the form of 0.25% solution and dose of 3.7 cm 3 pot -1, no soil fertilizer. Fertilization with nitrogen (34% ammonium nitrate) and potassium (60% sylvinite) was applied in three split doses, whereas phosphorus fertilization (46% triple superphosphate) was applied a single time in the spring. On the other hand, soil fertilizer solution (trade name UGmax), whose composition is presented in Table 1, was used for single plant watering at the straw shooting stage (only on the spring growth). Table 1. Composition of the soil fertilizer used in the experiment Tabela 1. Sk ad u y niacza glebowego u ytego w do wiadczeniu Content of macro- and microelements Zawarto makro- i mikroelementów, mg dm -3 N P K Mg Na Mn 1200 220 2905 100 200 0.3 Microorganisms Mikroorganizmy lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, yeast, actinobacteria bakterie kwasu mlekowego, bakterie fotosyntetyczne, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, dro d e, promieniowce Period of full, three-cut use of the experimental plot occurred in years 2009 and 2010. During that period, analysis of the chemical composition of yield dry matter was carried out for all the cuts at the Institute of Technology and Life Sciences in Falenty (the author in possession of analysis results). Moreover, using the formulae given in the work by Dymnicka and Sokó [2001], the following measures of the energy and protein values of the fodder were calculated: ULF kg -1 dry matter feed unit for lactation, ULV kg -1 dry matter feed unit for maintenance and meat production, PDI(N) protein digested in the intestine plus microbial protein calculated on the basis of the availability of nitrogen from fodder in the rumen (g kg -1 dry matter), PDI(E) protein digested in the intestine plus microbial protein calculated on the basis of the availability of energy from fodder in the rumen (g kg -1 dry matter). Results were statistically processed with the analysis of variance. Diversification of the mean values was verified with the Tukey s test at the significance level of P 0.05. Quality classification of the fodder from the obtained Italian ryegrass was carried out according to the Linn and Martin s test [1989], basing on the digestibility calculated with the content of acid detergent fibre and fodder dry matter intake by the animals. The classification parameter was relative feed value RFV, calculated according to the following formula: RFV = (DDM x DMI): 1.29 where: DDM = 88.9 0.779 x ADF (%) digestible dry matter, DMI = 120: NDF (%) dry matter intake, Due to the lack of significant diversification of the mean values for digestibility, intake, and relative feed value (RFV), the values of those parameters are given only for the main factors and cuts, not taking into account homogenous groups. Meteorological data from the research years was obtained form the Hydrological and Meteorological Station in Siedlce. In order to determine the time and space Agricultura 11(3) 2012

68 J. Sosnowski, K. Jankowski changeability of the meteorological elements and their effect on plant growth, Sielianinow s hydrometrical index was calculated [Bac et al. 1993]. Its values for the particular research months and years are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Values of Sielianinow s hydrometrical index in the particular months of the growth period and research years Tabela 2. Warto wspó czynnika hydrometrycznego Sielianinowa w poszczególnych miesi cach okresu wegetacyjnego i latach u ytkowania Research year Rok bada April kwiecie May maj June czerwiec Month Miesi c July lipiec August sierpie September wrzesie October pa dziernik 2009 1.03 2.24 1.03 1.26 1.36 1.01 1.73 2010 0.40 2.21 1.19 1.18 1.79 2.81 0.53 K < 0.5 high drought silna posucha, 0.51-0.69 drought posucha, 0.70-0.99 low drought s aba posucha, K > 1 no drought brak posuchy The most favourable precipitation amount and distribution and optimum air temperature during plant growth was noted in the year 2009. In that year, dry months did not occur. On the other hand, in 2010, dry and severely dry months were noted. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Introduction of microorganisms into the soil, in the case of Italian ryegrass growth, did not cause a significant increase in the energy value of dry matter (Table 3). Lack of significant diversification of the discussed characteristic concerned also the particular offshoots. Only the application of mineral fertilization attributed to a statistically proven growth of the values of lactation and maintenance and meat production feed units of the studied material. The increase, regardless of the research year, cut, and applied soil fertilizer, amounted to about 8% for ULF and about 9% for ULV. Results attained by the author indicate, however, that the fodder obtained in the experiment was comparable in regard to energy to the fodder from Festulolium (Lolium multiflorum x Festuca pratensis), collected at the earing stage with the five-time-usage of the growth [Staniak 2004, 2005]. Studies on the monoculture of fodder grasses [Olszewska et al. 2001, Staniak 2004] also demonstrate that the energy value of dry matter depends on the harvest date of the first cut. The highest concentration of lactation and maintenance and meat production feed units was found in the dry matter of the plant at the straw shooting stage or when the shoot apex was at the level of about 10 cm above the soil. Delaying the cut time significantly decreases biomass energy. Similar tendency occurs also with grazing. According to Gawe [2009], the feed value of the pasture sward analyzed by the author expressed in feed units for lactation (ULF) and the amount of protein digested in the intestine (PDI), depended on grazing frequency and was the highest in the grazing conditions of every 21 days. Moreover, in her studies, a tendency for decreasing the average annual energy and protein values was noted in the conditions of lower grazing frequency of every 35 and 42 days. It is worth noting that fodder energy value was more stable than the protein value, which is not confirmed by the present research. The greatest energy value was characteristic for mixture sward in the first graze. Protein value generally increased in the subsequent offshoots during growth, Acta Sci. Pol.

Effect of soil fertilizer... 69 which, according to Harasim [2006], in the case of multispecies sward was related to the presence of herbs, which are characterized by a greater protein content in comparison with grasses. Table 3. Energy value of 1 kg of dry matter of fodder from Lolium multiflorum in the particular cuts, depending on the applied mineral fertilization and soil fertilizer Tabela 3. Warto energetyczna 1 kg s.m. paszy z Lolium multiflorum w poszczególnych pokosach w zale no ci od zastosowanego nawo enia mineralnego i u y niacza glebowego Characteristic Cecha ULF JPM ULV JP Factors Czynniki Cut Pokos Mean rednia NPK (A) SF-UG (B) I II III A1 A2 B 0.89 a 0.89 a 0.89 a 0.90 a 0.86 a 0.88 a 0.88 a 0.89 a A1 0.89 A 0.90 A 0.87 A 0.89 A 0.86 a 0.80 b 0.84 a 0.79 b 0.85 a 0.81 b 0.85 a 0.80 b A2 0.83 A 0.82 A 0.83 A 0.83 B 0.88 a 0.85 b 0.87 a 0.85 b 0.86 ab 0.85 b Mean rednia 0.86 A 0.86 A 0.85 A NPK (A) SF-UG (B) I II III A1 A2 0.80 a 0.78 a 0.80 a 0.77 a 0.80 a 0.79 a 0.87 a 0.85 a 0.80 a 0.78 a A1 0.79 A 0.79 A 0.80 A 0.79 A 0.73 a 0.73 a 0.72 a 0.71 a 0.73 a 0.72 a 0.73 a 0.72 a A2 0.73 A 0.72 A 0.73 A 0.73 A 0.77 a 0.76 a 0.77 a 0.77 a B 0.76 a 0.74 a 0.76 a 0.75 a Mean rednia 0.76 A 0.76 A 0.77 A mean values marked with the same small letters do not differ significantly rednie oznaczone tymi samymi ma ymi literami nie ró ni si istotnie mean values marked with the same capital letters do not differ significantly rednie oznaczone tymi samymi du ymi literami nie ró ni si istotnie A1 NPK, A2 no NPK bez NPK, SF, no SF bez UG JPM MPU feed unit for lactation jednostka paszowa produkcji mleka JP LPU feed unit for maintenance and meat production jednostka paszowa produkcji ywca Late mowing and three-cut use of the crops caused an increase in the content of the indigestible substances and a decrease in the share of total protein. Therefore, in 1 kg of the dry matter of the studied plant material, on average 74 g of protein digested in the intestine in respect to nitrogen PDI(N) and 83 g of protein digested in the intestine in respect to the amount of energy PDI(E) were found. Those values did not undergo significant diversification under the effect of the research factors (Table 4) and were on average lower by 25% than the protein value of the pure sowings of Festulolium braunii [Staniak 2004] and by 12% from the hay from permanent meadow and cut mixtures with the prevailing share of meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass, and small additions of timothy grass, orchard grass, and smooth-stalked meadow-grass [Harasim 2006]. On the Agricultura 11(3) 2012

70 J. Sosnowski, K. Jankowski other hand, research by Nazaruk et al. [2009] indicates that the PDI of the meadow silage studied by the authors was comparable with the results obtained in the present research for the dry matter of Italian ryegrass. Table 4. Protein value of 1 kg of dry matter of fodder from Lolium multiflorum in the particular cuts, depending on the applied mineral fertilization and soil fertilizer Tabela 4. Warto bia kowa 1 kg s.m. paszy z Lolium multiflorum w poszczególnych pokosach w zale no ci od zastosowanego nawo enia mineralnego i u y niacza glebowego Characteristic Cecha PDI(N) BTJ(N) g PDI(E) BTJ(E) g Factors Czynniki Cut Pokos Mean rednia NPK (A) UG (B) I II III A1 A2 B 77.41 a 75.18 a 71.22 b 70.93 b 77.03 a 72.77 ab 75.22 a 72.96 b A1 76.30 A 71.08 B 74.90 AB 74.38 A 78.84 a 75.72 a 75.18 a 70.40 b 78.39 a 73.06 ab 77.47 a 73.06 b A2 77.28 A 72.79 A 75.73 A 75.27 A 78.13 a 75.45 a 73.20 ab 70.67 b 77.71a 72.92 ab Mean rednia 76.79 A 71.94 B 75.31 A NPK (A) UG (B) I II III A1 A2 85.22 a 84.17 a 82.52 a 81.32 a 83.81 a 82.94 a 76.35 a 73.01 a 83.85 a 82.88 a A1 84.70 A 81.92 A 83.38 A 83.33 A 86.02 a 83.91 a 83.35 a 79.74 a 85.51 a 81.78 a 84.96 a 81.81 b A2 84.97 A 81.55 A 83.65 A 83.39 A 85.62 a 82.94 a 84.66 a 84.41 a B 84.04 a 80.53 a 82.36 a 82.31 a Mean rednia 84.85 A 81.74 A 83.52 A mean values marked with the same small letters do not differ significantly rednie oznaczone tymi samymi ma ymi literami nie ró ni si istotnie mean values marked with the same capital letters do not differ significantly rednie oznaczone tymi samymi du ymi literami nie ró ni si istotnie A1 NPK, A2 no NPK bez NPK, SF, no SF bez UG BTJ(N) PDI(N) protein digested in the intestine plus microbial protein, calculated on the basis of the availability of nitrogen from fodder in the rumen bia ko trawione w jelicie plus bia ko mikroorganizmów, obliczone na podstawie dost pno ci w waczu azotu z paszy BTJ(E) PDI(E) protein digested in the intestine plus microbial protein, calculated on the basis of the available energy from fodder in the rumen bia ko trawione w jelicie plus bia ko mikroorganizmów, obliczone na podstawie dost pnej w waczu energii z paszy Quality of the bulk feed, according to Jankowska-Huflejt and Wróbel [2008], should cover animal needs resulting from their species characteristics, age, and productivity. On the basis of the content of ADF and NDF fibre fraction, by calculating the relative feed value RFV, holistic assessment of fodder material from grasslands can be carried out, and, accordingly, its usefulness for ruminant nutrition can be estimated. It results from the data in Table 5 that the values of this parameter for the studied plant material oscillated between 105.08 and 116.68. The results classify given fodder in the third out of five quality classes. Acta Sci. Pol.

Effect of soil fertilizer... 71 Table 5. Assessment of fodder from Lolium multiflorum according to the Linn and Martin s [1989] test depending on the cut, applied mineral fertilization, and soil fertilizer Tabela 5. Ocena paszy z Lolium multiflorum wed ug testu Linna i Martina [1989] w zale no ci od pokosu, zastosowanego nawo enia mineralnego i u y niacza glebowego Parameter Parametr NPK (A) SF - UG (B) Cut Pokos A1 A2 I II III DDM, % 63.00 62.92 62.90 63.02 63.23 63.12 62.02 DMI, % 2.27 2.34 2.25 2.36 2.35 2.33 2.37 RFV 110.88 114.13 109.71 115.30 115.19 114.00 115.78 DDM digestible dry matter strawno suchej masy, DMI dry matter intake pobranie suchej masy, RFV relative feed value wzgl dna warto pokarmowa As given by Linn and Martin [1989], fodder material whose relative feed value (RFV) is between 103 and 124 should be used for feeding good fatstock, older heifers, and only marginally for dairy cows. It is not suitable for feeding young heifers selected for covering or for highly productive fat and dairy cattle. On the other hand, its value is too high for weak fatstock and nonlactating dairy cows. Scientific literature [Silverton et al. 1994, Grzelak 2010] points out to the weather conditions in which biomass harvest takes place, particularly with the traditional methods. Constant precipitation makes it difficult, and sometimes impossible, to collect the plants at the planned developmental stage, which leads to loosing nutrients due to their washing out by rain. In the present research, at the discussion of the analyzed characteristics, the cut did not have a significant effect on their values. This was caused by similar weather conditions during harvest and sample uptake for analyses in both research years. CONCLUSIONS 1. Parameters of energy and protein values of Italian ryegrass fodder did not change significantly under the effect of soil fertilizer applied with and without mineral fertilization. 2. The applied mineral fertilization contributed to the increase in feed units for lactation. The remaining measures of the feed value did not undergo significant diversification under the effect of this factor. 3. The conducted research did not demonstrate unambiguous improvement of the feed value of fodder from Italian ryegrass as a result of the application of the research factors. RFV values indicate, however, that the obtained plant material was able to cover the nutrition needs of low-productive ruminants. REFERENCES Bac S., Ko mi ski C., Rojek M., 1993. Agrometeorologia [Agrometeorology]. PWN Warszawa [in Polish]. Borowiecki J., 2004. Mo liwo prognozowania jako ci wieloletnich ro lin motylkowatych i ich mieszanek z trawami [Possibility of forecasting the quality of perennial legumes and their mixtures with grasses]. Post. Nauk Rol. 4, 62-70 [in Polish]. Agricultura 11(3) 2012

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74 J. Sosnowski, K. Jankowski WP YW U Y NIACZA GLEBOWEGO UGmax I NAWO ENIA NPK NA WARTO ENERGETYCZN I POKARMOW Lolium multiflorum LAM. Streszczenie. Celem bada by o okre lenie wp ywu u y niacza glebowego stosowanego na tle nawo enia mineralnego na warto energetyczn i bia kow Lolium multiflorum (odmiana Gaza) oraz przeprowadzenie oceny jej przydatno ci w produkcji zwierz cej. Badania z upraw tego gatunku przeprowadzono w wazonach, w 4 powtórzeniach, na obiekcie do wiadczalnym Katedry karstwa i Kszta towania Terenów Zieleni. Do ka dego z wazonów wysiano 8 nasion badanego gatunku. Po skie kowaniu ziarniaków, gdy siewki osi gn y faz 2-3 li ci, dokonano selekcji negatywnej usuwaj c po 4 najs absze ro liny i wprowadzono czynniki do wiadczalne w postaci nast puj cych kombinacji nawozowych: A1 nawo enie mineralne w dawkach rocznych 0,6 g N wazon -1, 0,11 g P wazon -1 i 0,75 g K wazon -1 ; A2 bez nawo enia; u y niacz glebowy w formie 0,25% roztworu i dawce 3,7 cm 3 wazon -1 ; bez u y niacza glebowego. Nawo enie azotowe (34% saletra amonowa) i potasowe (60% sól potasowa) zastosowano w trzech dzielonych dawkach, natomiast fosforowe (46% superfosfat potrójny) jednorazowo wiosn. Roztwór u y niacza glebowego stosowano jednorazowego poprzez podlewanie ro lin w fazie strzelania w d b o. Okres pe nego, trzyko nego u ytkowania przypada na lata 2009-2010. Przeprowadzono analiz sk adu chemicznego suchej masy plonu, i obliczono nast puj ce mierniki warto ci energetycznej i bia kowe paszy: JPM, JP, BTJ(N) i BTJ (E) oraz okre lono wzgl dn warto paszow (RFV). Zastosowanie u y niacza glebowego w uprawie ycicy wielokwiatowej nie przyczyni o si od poprawy mierników warto ci energetycznej i bia kowej paszy, a uzyskany materia ro linny mo na wykorzysta w ywieniu niskoprodukcyjnych zwierz t prze uwaj cych. S owa kluczowe: strawno, u y niacz glebowy, warto bia kowa, warto energetyczna, wzgl dna warto pokarmowa, ycica wielokwiatowa Accepted for print Zaakceptowano do druku: 17.07.2012 Acta Sci. Pol.