University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz 1

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1 Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 9(2) 2010, EFFECT OF FERTILISATION DOSE, PLANT PROTECTION INPUT, AND SEEDING DENSITY ON THE YIELD AND GRAIN TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT GROWN IN SHORT-TIME MONOCULTURE ON LIGHT SOIL Mariusz Piekarczyk University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz 1 Abstract. In field experiment carried out in years at the Research Station at Moche ek (53 o 13 N; 17 o 51 E) near Bydgoszcz on good rye complex soil, the effect of fertilisation (147 and 221 kg NPK ha -1 ), plant protection (control no plant protection, herbicide, herbicide + fungicide), and seeding density ( and grains m -2 ) on the yield and grain technological quality of winter wheat cultivar Tonacja grown in short-time monoculture was estimated. Research showed that winter wheat cultivation in 3-year monoculture on light soil caused a significant decrease in its yield from 5.70 t ha -1 in the first year of monoculture to 2.92 t ha -1 and 1.73 t ha -1, respectively, in the second and third year of continuous cultivation. Advantageous effect on the size and quality of the grain yield of winter wheat grown in monoculture was given by the application of herbicide Huzar 05 WG and an increase in the fertilisation dose of NPK. Single application of fungicide Alert 375 SC during vegetative growth and an increase in seeding density did not create such an effect. Key words: falling number, flowness of gluten, gluten content, test weight, wheat grain yield, Zeleny sedimentation index INTRODUCTION Wheat is the most important cereal in Polish and global agriculture cultivated in various habitat conditions. Agroecological conditions and technology intensity have a significant effect on its yield [Podolska and Stypu a 2002, Rudnicki 2005]. Winter wheat cultivation in monoculture on lower quality soils causes clear reduction in its yield-forming possibilities [J druszczak and Antoszek 2004, Rudnicki 2005]. Therefore, it is necessary to search for and evaluate the effectiveness of solutions aiming at the Corresponding author Adres do korespondencji: dr Mariusz Piekarczyk, Department of Plant Growing Principles and Experimental Methodology of University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Ks. A. Kordeckiego 20C, Bydgoszcz, mapiek@utp.edu.pl

2 16 M. Piekarczyk opposition of yield decrease, among others by increased plant protection [Kry ska et al. 2003, J druszczak and Antoszek 2004, Podolska et al. 2004], more intensive fertilisation [Niewiadomski and Grejner 1984, Ku et al. 1991], and an increase in wheat plant density [Jo czyk 1995, Mazurek and Grabi ski 1995]. It is assumed that the decrease in the yield of wheat cultivated consecutively may be prevented by the application of herbicide and fungicide protection, as well as increased fertilisation and wheat plant density. The aim of the present study was the estimation of the size and quality of the grain yield of winter wheat cultivar Tonacja grown in shorttime monoculture on light soil in diversified mineral fertilisation conditions with the use of herbicide and herbicide with fungicide, as well as two seeding densities. MATERIAL AND METHODS Research was carried out at the Research Station at Moche ek (53 o 13 N; 17 o 51 E), which is part of the University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, on lessives composed of light and heavy loamy sand, quality class IVa, good rye complex. Strict experiment with winter wheat short-time monoculture was set up after white mustard grown in main yield for seeds, in two 3-year series. First series of the experiment began in the autumn of 2003 with wheat seeding and introducing fertilisation factors and seeding density, whereas yield was studied in three consecutive years from 2004 to Second series of the experiment was conducted from September 2004 (wheat seeding), and yield analysis was carried out in years Experiment took the form of a three-factor one as a randomized subblock and split-block design in four replications, with plot area 15 m 2. Winter wheat cultivar Tonacja was sown in the third decade of September. Grain was fungicide treated with Raxil 02 DS. The experiment included the following factors: I) fertilisation: 147 kg NPK ha -1 (20 kg N ha kg P ha kg K ha -1 in the autumn, pre-sowing, 40 kg N ha -1 in the spring at the onset of growth + 20 kg N ha -1 in the straw shooting phase), 221 kg NPK ha -1 (30 kg N ha kg P ha kg K ha - in the autumn, pre-sowing, 60 kg N ha -1 in the spring at the onset of growth + 30 kg N ha -1 in the straw shooting phase); II) plant protection: control no plant protection, herbicide Huzar 05 WG in the dose of 200 g ha -1, herbicide Huzar 05 WG in the dose of 200 g ha -1 + fungicide Alert 375 SC in the dose of 1 dm 3 ha -1 ; III) seeding density: grains m -2, grains m -2. Chemical weeding with Huzar 05 WG (iodosulphuron methylsodium) was performed in the spring after the onset of winter wheat growth, whereas fungous diseases controlling took place a single time with the fungicide Alert 375 SC (flusilasol + carbendazim) at the end of straw shooting phase. After harvest, winter wheat grain yield was estimated. Standard methods were used for the analysis of wheat grain quality: gluten content and flowness, test weight (hectolitre), falling number, and Acta Sci. Pol.

3 Effect of fertilisation Zeleny sedimentation index. The obtained results were processed statistically using the analysis of variance with the application of the software developed at the University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz by Rudnicki, based on Excel The declared differences were estimated using Tukey s test at the significance level of P = Presented results are mean values from both series of the experiment. Precipitation and thermal conditions during the experiment were favourable to wheat growth (Table 1). Average annual air temperatures in the study period were similar to the value of the mean temperature characteristic for the period. Significantly cooler compared to the average conditions were October 2003, February 2005, January, February, and March 2006, as well as May and June 2004 and On the other hand, significantly warmer were autumn 2006 and winter 2007, when average air temperatures exceeded even by 5 o C mean temperature values from the above many years period. Years of the experiment were diversified in regard to pluvial conditions. Annual precipitation sum oscillated between mm in 2005 and mm in Precipitation distribution may, however, be considered favourable because in the period critical for cereals (from April to June), precipitation sums mostly exceeded mean values from the period. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained in the field experiment show very clearly how important stand is for winter wheat grown on light soil. In the first year of short-time monoculture, that is directly after white mustard grown in main yield for seeds, average yield of wheat grain was 5.70 t ha -1, and in an object with full protection, higher fertilisation level, and increased plant density reached 6,78 t ha -1, which, for good rye complex soil conditions may be considered very favourable (Table 2). In the second year of continuous cultivation, the average grain yield of 2.92 t ha -1 was obtained, whereas in the third year only of 1.73 t ha -1. Decrease in wheat yield equalled 48.8% and 69.6%, respectively, in the second and third year of short-time monoculture. Very small less than 1.0 t ha -1 wheat grain yield was obtained in the third year of continuous cultivation in objects with no plant protection and lower fertilisation level, and the main reason for this was an increase in infestation [Piekarczyk 2010]. In all the years of the experiment, significantly favourable influence of the increase in winter wheat fertilisation from 147 kg NPK ha -1 to 221 kg NPK ha -1 and of the application of chemical protection against weeds was observed. In the first and third year of monoculture, also a small increase in wheat grain yield was observed as a result of increasing wheat seeding density from to grains m -2 (Table 2). Relatively low, reaching slightly over 2 t ha -1 wheat grain yield obtained in the third year of monoculture in the object with full plant control, higher plant density, and higher NPK fertilisation clearly shows how difficult it is for this plant grown on light soil to level the effect of bad standing (Table 2). Agricultura 9(2) 2010

4 18 M. Piekarczyk Table 1. Weather conditions in Tabela 1. Warunki opadowo-termiczne w latach Year Rok September wrzesie October pa dziernik November listopad December grudzie January stycze Month Miesi c February luty March marzec Temperature Temperatura, o C Rainfall Opady, mm April kwiecie May maj June czerwiec July lipiec August sierpie Acta Sci. Pol.

5 Effect of fertilisation Table 2. Winter wheat grain yield, t ha -1 (mean for two series) Tabela 2. Plon ziarna pszenicy ozimej, t ha -1 ( rednio z dwóch serii) Fertilisation Nawo enie kg NPK ha -1 (I) Mean rednia Seeding density grains m -2 G sto siewu ziaren m -2 (III) without protection bez ochrony Plant protection Ochrona ro lin (II) herbicide herbicyd The first year of monoculture Pierwszy rok monokultury herbicide + fungicide herbicyd + fungicyd Mean rednia Mean rednia Mean rednia ,81 Mean rednia LSD 0.05 NIR 0,05 I 0.14 II 0.29 III 0.11 II/I 0.40 I/II 1.43 other pozosta e ns ni The second year of monoculture Drugi rok monokultury Mean rednia Mean rednia Mean rednia Mean rednia LSD 0.05 NIR 0,05 I 0.16 II 0.61 other pozosta e ns ni The third year of monoculture Trzeci rok monokultury Mean rednia Mean rednia Mean rednia Mean rednia LSD 0.05 NIR 0,05 I 0.10 II 0.71 III 0.12 other pozosta e ns ni ns ni non-significant differences ró nice nieistotne On average, for the entire study period, an increase by 0.58 t ha -1 (18.4%) in winter wheat grain yield under the influence of an increase in the fertilisation dose from 147 kg NPK ha -1 to 221 kg NPK ha -1 was stated (Table 3). Application during spring of herbicide Huzar 05 WG (iodosulphuron methylsodium) caused, compared with the unprotected objects, an increase in grain yield by 0.83 t ha -1 (22.5%), and joining this procedure with a single application of fungicide Alert 375 SC (flusilasol + carbendazim) increased grain yield in relation to the objects with no plant protection by 0.98 t ha -1 (34.4%). In the Agricultura 9(2) 2010

6 20 M. Piekarczyk experiment, no significant increase in wheat grain yield was stated as a result of extending herbicide protection by single fungicide spraying. Also, in the synthesis, no favourable effect of an increase in wheat seeding density by 200 grains m -2 was proven. Table 3. Winter wheat grain yield, t ha -1 (mean for two series) Tabela 3. Plon ziarna pszenicy ozimej, t ha -1 ( rednio z dwóch serii) Fertilisation Nawo enie kg NPK ha -1 (I) Mean rednia Seeding density grains m -2 G sto siewu ziaren m -2 (III) without protection bez ochrony Plant protection Ochrona ro lin (II) herbicide herbicyd herbicide + fungicide herbicyd + fungicyd Mean rednia Mean rednia 2, Mean rednia Mean rednia LSD 0.05 NIR 0,05 I 0.31 II 0.21 other pozosta e ns ni ns ni non-significant differences ró nice nieistotne Increase in winter wheat fertilisation from 147 kg NPK ha -1 to 221 kg NPK ha -1 had a favourable effect on winter wheat grain technological quality, raising gluten content from 21.3% to 24.9% and causing a significant increase in the sedimentation index and test weight (hectolitre). Fertiliser dose had no effect on the flowness of gluten and wheat grain falling number. Seeding density of winter wheat plants did not diversified significantly the size of the distinguishing features of winter wheat grain technological quality (Table 4). Table 4. Technological value of winter wheat grain depending on fertilisation and seeding density (mean for two series) Tabela 4. Warto technologiczna ziarna pszenicy ozimej w zale no ci od nawo enia i g sto ci siewu ( rednio z dwóch serii) Wyszczególnienie Specification Fertilisation Nawo enie Seeding density, grains m -2 kg NPK ha -1 G sto siewu, ziaren m Gluten content Zawarto glutenu, % 21.3 b 24.9 a 23.4 a 22.8 a Flowness of gluten Rozp ywalno glutenu, mm 5.79 a 6.30 a 5.79 a 6.30 a Test weight Masa hektolitra, kg hl b 77.3 a 76.9 a 76.7 a Falling number Liczba opadania, s 308 a 320 a 308 a 320 a Zeleny sedimentation index, cm 3 Wska nik sedymentacji Zeleny ego 27.9 b 30.8 a 29.6 a 29.1 a mean values marked with same letters do not differ significantly rednie oznaczone tymi samymi literami w wierszu nie ró ni si istotnie The studies showed a positive effect of herbicide and herbicide with fungicide application on gluten content in wheat grain. In comparison with the object with no Acta Sci. Pol.

7 Effect of fertilisation plant protection, an increase in gluten content from 21.7% respectively to 24.0% and 23.5% was observed (Table 5). Winter wheat grain obtained in the experiment met the criteria of grain intervention purchase [Quality requirements...]. Table 5. Technological value of winter wheat grain depending on plant protection (mean for two series) Tabela 5. Warto technologiczna ziarna pszenicy ozimej w zale no ci od ochrony ro lin ( rednia z dwóch serii) Specification Wyszczególnienie without protection bez ochrony Plant protection Ochrona ro lin herbicide herbicyd herbicide + fungicide herbicyd + fungicyd Gluten content Zawarto glutenu, % 21.7 b 24.0 a 23.5 a Flowness of gluten Rozp ywalno glutenu, mm 6.52 a 5.86 a 5.75 a Test weight Masa hektolitra, kg hl a 76.7 a 76.9 a Falling number Liczba opadania, s 300 a 325 a 317 a Zeleny sedimentation index, cm 3 Wska nik sedymentacji Zeleny ego 28.8 a 29.9 a 29.3 a mean values marked with same letters do not differ significantly rednie oznaczone tymi samymi literami w wierszu nie ró ni si istotnie The phenomenon of soil weariness under wheat monoculture growth was confirmed by numerous studies [Niewiadomski and Grejner 1984, J druszczak and Antoszek 2004, Weso owski 2005], although the decrease in plant yield amounting to 48.8% and 69.6% in II and III year of continuous cultivation observed in the conducted experiment is very big. Role of the stand for winter wheat grown on light soil is therefore larger than in more profitable habitat conditions [Rudnicki 2005] and even increasing the intensity of its technology is not able to keep up a high yield level [Niewiadomski and Grejner 1984, Ku et al. 1991]. Among yield protection measures which is confirmed by the present study herbicide application has relatively highest significance [Podolska and Stypu a 2002, Kry ska et al. 2003, J druszczak and Antoszek 2004, Podolska et al. 2004], as well as increasing the dose of mineral fertilisers [Niewiadomski and Grejner 1984, Ku et al. 1991]. Wheat plant protection against pathogens improves their wholesomeness but usually results in a small grain yield increase [Jo czyk 1995, Podolska et al. 2004] or as in the case of the analysed results even in its lack [Ku et al. 1991, Mazurek and Grabi ski 1995, Ró alski et al. 1995]. Increase in wheat seeding density from to grains m -2 did not cause an increase in grain yield, although, as stated by Mazurek and Su ek [1995] and Rola and Rola [2002], more dense wheat plant seeding may work favourably in this respect. Wheat plants that grow in a lower density are, however, able to spread productively more strongly and produce more grains in spikes, which compensates for a lower seeding amount [Bavec and Bavec 1995, Jo czyk 1995, Mazurek and Grabi ski 1995]. In the present experiment, a favourable effect of an increased mineral fertilisation dose on the size and technological quality of wheat grain yield was proven, which is also confirmed in other works [Knapowski and Ralcewicz 2004, Mazurkiewicz and Bojarczyk 2004, Podolska et al. 2007]. Agricultura 9(2) 2010

8 22 M. Piekarczyk CONCLUSIONS 1. Growth of winter wheat in short-time 3-year monoculture on light soil caused a significant decrease in its yield from the level of 5.70 t ha -1 in the first year of monoculture to 2.92 t ha -1 and 1.73 t ha -1, respectively, in the second and third year of continuous cultivation. 2. Favourable effect on the grain yield size of winter wheat grown in monoculture was shown by the application of herbicide Huzar 05 WG and an increase in the fertilisation dose of NPK. Single application during vegetative growth of fungicide Alert 375 SC and increasing seeding density did not show such an effect. 3. Increase in the dose of mineral fertilisation from 147 to 221 kg NPK ha -1 and the application of herbicide Huzar 05 WG improved grain technological quality of winter wheat. REFERENCES Bavec M., Bavec F., The effect of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) plant density on the yield and its components. Fragm. Agron. 2(46), J druszczak M., Antoszek R.A., Plonowanie pszenicy ozimej uprawianej w krótkotrwa ej monokulturze w zale no ci od sposobu uprawy roli i poziomu odchwaszczania anu [Yield of winter wheat grown in short-time monoculture depending on tillage method and lowland meadow weeding level]. Fragm. Agron. 3(83), [in Polish]. Jo czyk K., The influence of several agrotechnical factors on winter wheat yields. Fragm. Agron. 2(46), Knapowski T., Ralcewicz M., Ocena wska ników jako ciowych ziarna m ki pszenicy ozimej w zale no ci od zró nicowanego nawo enia azotem [Assessment of quality indicators of winter wheat grain flour in regard to diversified nitrogen fertilisation]. Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-Sk odowska, Sect. E, Agricultura 59(2), [in Polish]. Kry ska B., Majda J., Buczek J., Skuteczno wybranych herbicydów stosowanych wiosn w pszenicy ozimej [Effectiveness of chosen herbicides used in spring on winter wheat]. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 490, [in Polish]. Ku J., Mróz A., Skiba H., Effect of chemical disease controlling on cereal yield in various rotations [Wp yw chemicznego zwalczania chorób na plonowanie zbó w ró nych zmianowaniach]. Fragm. Agron. 4(32), [in Polish]. Mazurek J., Grabi ski J., The effect of some agrotechnical measures under conditions of limited pesticide aplication on weed and disease infestation and yield of winter wheat. Fragm. Agron. 2(46), Mazurek J., Su ek A., The model and canopy architecture of spring wheat depending on sowing density. Fragm. Agron. 2(46), Mazurkiewicz J., Bojarczyk M., Wp yw zró nicowanego nawo enia azotem na jako technologiczn odmian pszenicy ozimej uprawianych w monokulturze [Effect of diversified nitrogen fertilisation on the technological quality of winter wheat cultivars grown in monoculture]. Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-Sk odowska, Sect. E, Agricultura 59(4), [in Polish]. Niewiadomski W., Grejner M., Monokulturowa uprawa zbó [Monocultural cereal growth]. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 305, [in Polish]. Piekarczyk M., Wp yw poziomu nawo enia, ochrony ro lin i g sto ci siewu na zachwaszczenie pszenicy ozimej uprawianej w krótkotrwa ej monokulturze [Effect of fertilisation level, plant protection, and seeding density on the infestation of winter wheat grown in short-time monoculture]. Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-Sk odowska, Sect. E, Agricultura (w druku) [in Polish]. Acta Sci. Pol.

9 Effect of fertilisation Podolska G., Stankowski S., Dworakowski T., Wp yw dawki nawo enia azotem na wielko plonu i warto technologiczn ziarna pszenicy ozimej [Effect of nitrogen fertilisation dose on the yield size and grain technological quality of winter wheat]. Fragm. Agron. 2(94), [in Polish]. Podolska G., Stypu a G., Plonowanie i warto technologiczna ziarna pszenicy w zale no ci od sposobu ochrony przed chorobami i chwastami [Yield and grain technological quality of winter wheat depending on protection method against diseases and weeds]. Pam. Pu. 130, [in Polish]. Podolska G., Stypu a G., Stankowski S., Plonowanie i warto technologiczna ziarna pszenicy ozimej w zale no ci od intensywno ci ochrony zasiewów [Yield and grain technological quality of winter wheat depending on the intensity of seeding protection]. Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-Sk odowska, Sect. E, Agricultura 59(1), [in Polish]. Rola H., Rola J., Progi szkodliwo ci chwastów w programach decyzyjnych ochrony ro lin zbo owych [Weed thresholds in cereal protection decision programmes]. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Ro l. 42(1), [in Polish]. Ró alski K., Skrzypczak G., Pe czy ski W., Disease infestation of winter cereals as influenced by crop protection and nitrogen fertilisation. Fragm. Agron. 2(46), Rudnicki F., Przedplony zbó a ich plonowanie w warunkach produkcyjnych [Cereal forecrop and their yield in production conditions]. Fragm. Agron. 2(86), [in Polish]. Weso owski M., Wp yw rodzaju stanowiska na plonowanie pszenicy ozimej [Effect of stand type on winter wheat yield]. Bibl. Fragm. Agron. 9(05), [in Polish]. Wymagania jako ciowe dla zbó obj tych interwencyjnym zakupem [Quality requirements for cereals included in intervention purchase]. [in Polish]. WP YW POZIOMU NAWO ENIA, OCHRONY RO LIN I G STO CI SIEWU NA PLON I JAKO TECHNOLOGICZN ZIARNA PSZENICY OZIMEJ UPRAWIANEJ W KRÓTKOTRWA EJ MONOKULTURZE NA GLEBIE LEKKIEJ Streszczenie. W do wiadczeniu polowym przeprowadzonym w latach w Moche ku (53 o 13 N; 17 o 51 E) ko o Bydgoszczy na glebie kompleksu ytniego dobrego oceniano wp yw nawo enia (147 i 221 kg NPK ha -1 ), ochrony ro lin (kontrola bez ochrony ro lin, herbicyd, herbicyd + fungicyd) i g sto ci siewu ( i ziaren m -2 ) na plonowanie i jako technologiczn ziarna pszenicy ozimej odmiany Tonacja uprawianej w krótkotrwa ej monokulturze. W badaniach wykazano, e uprawa pszenicy ozimej w 3-letniej monokulturze na glebie lekkiej spowodowa a znaczne obni enie jej plenno ci z poziomu 5,70 t ha -1 w pierwszym roku monokultury do 2,92 i 1,73 t ha -1 odpowiednio w drugim i trzecim roku uprawy ci g ej. Korzystny wp yw na wielko i jako plonu ziarna pszenicy ozimej uprawianej w monokulturze mia y: aplikacja herbicydu Huzar 05 WG i podwy szanie dawki nawo enia NPK. Jednokrotne stosowanie podczas wegetacji fungicydu Alert 375 SC oraz zwi kszanie g sto ci siewu nie spowodowa y takiego efektu. S owa kluczowe: liczba opadania, masa hektolitra, plon ziarna pszenicy, rozp ywalno glutenu, wska nik sedymentacji Zeleny ego, zawarto glutenu Accepted for print Zaakceptowano do druku: Agricultura 9(2) 2010