FITNESS PREPARATIONS AMONG YOUNG BASKETBALL PLAYERS AS THE BASIS FOR OPTIMISATION OF PRACTICE AT THE STAGE OF GUIDED TRAINING. Krzysztof Karpowicz, Małgorzata Karpowicz, Jarosław Janowski, Jan Konarski, Ryszard Strzelczyk, Eugeniusz Wachowski. Department of Theory and Methodology of Sport University School of Physical Education in Poznań, Poland. INTRODUCTION In principle, the conditions of success in basketball are well-known [Ulatowski 1995, Naglak 1995, Jóźwiak 1995, Zając, Przymecka 1991]. The determination of appropriate proportions of different individual properties and their compensation at different stages of competitors' sports preparations still seem to be a practical problem [Ulatowski 1992]. Their range and purposefulness, evolving in time function, should be identified for the sake of the current and future sports standard. Hence, regardless of the familiarity with the general regularity in this regard, it is necessary to search for specific mechanisms of selected conditions of sports development, conditions that would refer to concrete persons or sports teams. Such an assumption may bring about real premises that would refer to the postulate of the optimisation of practice at all stages of sports training. The aim of the present researches is to determine the level and structure of the fitness preparation of young basketball players against the background of somatic typology and environmental diversity. MATERIAL AND METHOD The material under investigation consisted of the group of 34 basketball players - candidates for the regional team from the Province of Wielkopolska in the category of young athletes aged 12-13 years. Part of them were the inhabitants of Poznań, further referred to as GROUP I, the remaining part came from other places in the province and constituted GROUP II. GROUP III was admitted as a comparative set and consisted of boys who did not practise any sport. The researches included three elements: the measurements of motor skills - speed (time of running 5 m), agility (time of running an "eight - shape" course, flexibility (forward bend of torso), jumpiness (maximum vertical reach-jump), endurance (Montoye's step-test) [Wachowski 1987], anthropometric measurements - body height and mass, the width of the base of a knee and an elbow, the measurement around an arm and a shin, skin-folds on the arm, scapula, abdomen and under knee [Z. Drozdowski 1998], body composition with the BIA (Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis) method, [Bergman, Janusz 1992]. The results of the measurements of motor skills were presented in centiles so as to illustrate the structure of physical fitness. One also carried out the analysis of correlation between the level of individual motor skills and the somatic type (determined according to Sheldon's typology, modified by Heath and Carter) as well as body composition. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
The analysis of results was carried out in two variants: - for the entire group of basketball players, - with a division of the basketball players into two groups, considering their place of residence. In illustration 1 authors presented a characteristic of the somatic typology of the examined set against the background of non-training boys. The ectomorphic factor indicating a slender body structure is dominant in basketball players' body build both in group I and group II. In the group of boys who do not practise any sport we deal with a decisively lower value of ectomorphism component which occurs on an equal level with the endomorphic factor. The above observations are confirmed in illustration 2, where the average values of body height and mass are presented in centiles. The basketball players definitely surpass their non-training peers in terms of both examined features. However, one should pay attention to the proportions between the body height and the body mass. With the use of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis one took measurements of the basketball players' body composition and affirmed that the values of such basic indices as: Body Mass Index, the relation of the mass of a slim body to the mass of fat as well as the percentage content of fat in human body are contained within the bounds of the norm (illustration 3) and do not significantly differentiate groups I and II. Illustration 4 shows average values of results of the motor fitness test which have been expressed in centiles. As it results from the graph the comparative group is characterised by a relatively balanced structure of motor fitness. The structure of basketball players' physical fitness is situated on a higher level of individual skills. First of all they dominate their nontraining peers in the run along the "eight-shape" course (agility) and in vertical reach-jump (jumpiness). Whereas in the endurance test the results seem to be on a similar level. The structures of physical fitness in groups I and II are clearly different. The results of the vertical reach-jump were definitely better in group I. Whereas in group II one noted a higher level of results of the run along the "eight-shape" course. Table 1 presents the values of coexistence of the examined features in the group of basketball players. It was noted that the higher level of fat content is associated, among other things, with a longer time of running the distance of 5 metres and with a lower time of running the "eight-shape" course. Whereas the higher level of ectomorphic factor is associated with a shorter time of running the distance of 5 metres and with a lower value of the result of the forward bend of torso. The dominant role of the endomorphic factor may, in turn, influence the extension of time of running 5 metres as well as the reduction in the result of the vertical reach-jump. Table 2 contains the comparison of average values of the features that have been examined among basketball players with division into two groups - group I consisted of boys living in Poznań and group II of boys coming from other towns of the District of Wielkopolska. The test of significance of differences between averages (Student's t-test) indicates that the statistically significant differences occurs only in the case of running the "eight-shape" course, in favour of the basketball players from outside Poznań and in the vertical reach jump in favour of the players from Poznań. This sort of diversity is probably associated with the above distinctness of motor fitness structure of Polish population by the reason of the degree of urban development [Przewęda 1985, Elżanowska, Siniarska 1982, Strzelczyk 1995].
CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the researches as well as the analysis of results one drew the following conclusions: 1. The structure of physical fitness in basketball players decisively differs from the structure of fitness of non-training boys. 2. The fitness diversity of both practising and non-practising boys could have, apart from stimulation in training, the basis in somatic typology, which is probably connected with specific criterions of selection to basketball. 3. In the subjected group of basketball players one observed differences in the structure of physical fitness due to the place of residence (the degree of urban development). 4. The internal diversity of fitness structure in the group of basketball players, at the lack of significant differences in body structure, might be also caused by the application of different training strains. Taking into account the results obtained in the researches as well as the conclusions, it seems justified to say that from the cognitive and methodological point of view they form a good basis for the optimisation of basketball practice at the stage of guided training. REFERENCES 1. Bergman P., Janusz A. (1992) Bioelektryczna metoda określania składu ciała człowieka. (w:) Biologia populacji ludzkich współczesnych i pradziejowych. Słupsk 1992. 2. Drozdowski Z. (1998) Antropometria w wychowaniu fizycznym. Podręczniki nr 24, AWF Poznań. 3. Elżanowska D., Siniarska A. (1982) Sprawność psychomotoryczna ludności z terenów o różnym stopniu uprzemysłowienia. (w:) Ekologia populacji ludzkich. Ossolineum. Wrocław. 4. Grabosz E. (1989) Współczesne tendencje w diagnozowaniu zdolności motorycznych dzieci i młodzieży. [w:] Raczek J. (red.) Efekty kształcenia i wychowania w kulturze fizycznej. AWF Katowice. 5. Jóźwiak J. (1994) Próba określenia motorycznych uwarunkowań powodzenia w grze na przykładzie młodych koszykarzy. III Konferencja Naukowo-Metodyczna, Wrocław 1994. 6. Karpowicz K., Karpowicz M. (1998) Struktura sprawności fizycznej młodych koszykarzy. AWF Poznań. 7. Pietraszewska J. (1998) Zróżnicowanie morfologiczne zawodników różnych dyscyplin sportowych. Studia i Monografie nr 54, AWF Wrocław. 8. Przewęda R. (1985) Uwarunkowania poziomu sprawności fizycznej polskiej młodzieży szkolnej. Warszawa 1985. 9. Sozański H. (red.), (1985) Teoretyczne podstawy kształtowania sprawności fizycznej w procesie szkolenia sportowego dzieci i młodzieży. AWF Warszawa. 10.Strzelczyk R. (1995) Uwarunkowania rozwoju ruchowego dzieci wiejskich. Monografie nr 324, AWF Poznań. 11.Wachowski E., Strzelczyk R. (1991) Atuty cech motorycznych. Trening nr 1. 12.Wachowski E., Strzelczyk R., Osiński W. (1987) Pomiar cech motorycznych osobników uprawiających sport. Monografie nr 238, AWF Poznań. 13.Zając A., Przymecka B. (1991) Poziom przygotowania kondycyjnego i sprawności specjalnej zawodników oraz jej wpływ na skuteczność gry w koszykówce. Roczniki Naukowe nr 19, AWF Katowice.
CENTILES Illus. 1 The characteristic of somatic typology by Sheldon, modified by Heath and Carter. GROUP I GROUP II GROUP III [2,9] [3,0] [2,7] [2,9] [3,4] [2,7] [4,0] [4,1] [3,5] Illus. 2 Average values of body mass and height (centiles). 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% BODY HEIGHT BODY MASS 0% GROUP I GROUP II GROUP III Illus. 3 Body composition. BMI (kg/cm2) LBM/FAT INDEX FAT (%) LBM (%) 4,6 18,6 M I N 12,0% 82,0% GR II 19,0 GR II 7,1 GR I 7,4 GR II 14,0% GR I 19,1 GR I 14,6% GR I 85,4% GR II 86,0% Illus. 4 Average values of results in motor fitness tests (centiles). 24,9 18,0% 88,0%
CENTILES 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% GROUP I GROUP II GROUP III 30% 20% 10% 0% 5m run "eight shape" forward bend vertical jump steptest Tab. 1 Correlation coefficients occuring between examined features. 5 m Eight Forward Reach Step-test run shape run bend jump [s] [s] [cm] [cm] [pkt.] FAT 0,65** 0,71** -0,54** LBM/FAT -0,57** 0,48** BMI MORPHISM 0,46** MORPHISM -0,44** -0,36* MORPHISM 0,54** -0,47** Tab. 2 Comparison of average values of examined features. FEATURE GROUP I GROUP II average standard average standard difference students deviation deviation t-test BODY HEIGHT [cm] 165,84 10,14 168,04 10,16-2,20 0,61 BODY MASS [kg] 52,08 8,17 54,13 10,43-2,05 0,62 5 m RUN [s] 1,142 0,063 1,144 0,064-0,02 0,14 EIGHT SHAPE RUN [s] 14,88 0,64 14,26 0,77 0,620 2,46* FORWARD BEND [cm] 53,47 6,06 51,71 4,75 1,76 0,92 VERTICAL REACH JUMP [cm] 43,71 5,19 38,94 5,76 4,76 2,46* STEP-TEST [pkt.] 49,59 4,46 49,24 4,37 0,35 0,23 FAT CONTENT [%] 14,65 6,31 14,00 5,45 0,65 0,31 LBM/FAT INDEX 7,39 4,00 7,09 2,87 0,30 0,24 BMI [kg/cm2] 19,07 2,09 19,03 2,47 0,04 0,05 MORPHISM 3,01 0,48 2,89 0,40 0,11 0,71 MORPHISM 4,00 1,23 4,06 1,18-0,06 0,14 MORPHISM 2,94 1,32 2,071 1,14 0,24 0,50