Multi-storey sequestration systems in Poland safety and economy of the CCS Grzegorz PIEŃKOWSKI Adam Wójcicki Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
CCS Carbon Capture and Storage Herein, we will present only the deep saline aquifers most promising in terms of capacity and economy. However, geological characterization is still a seatback in case of such storage sites. We will show how to fill this gap - on the example of saline aquifers of the epicontinental Lower Jurassic of Poland.
Minimum CCS requirements (according to CO2STORE) Thickness of the seal - min. 50 m, however, integrity (continuity) of the seal is more important Depth of the reservoir formation - 800 to 2000 m Thickness of the reservoir formation: minimum 20-0 m Porosity of the reservoir: minimum 10%, optimal 20% or more Permeability of the reservoir: minimum 100 md Safety depends on thickness, properties ind integrity (latetral continuity) of the seal formation
Geological structure of the Permian-Mesozoic basin of Poland (horizontal cut map at 1 kilometre, the depth suitable for CO2 storage. Deep blue = Lower Jurassic Horizontal cut map at -1 km (Kotański i in.)
Eight potential storage regions in Poland I and III are most promising Neubrandenburg BERLIN Most DRESDEN Teplice USTI_NAD_LABEM Kladno Decín Miasta, tys. Cities, thous. 50 to 99 100 to 249 250 to 999 1000 to 500 Cottbus PRAHA SZCZECIN Frankfurt(Oder) CESKE_BUDEJOVICE Elektrownie zawodowe, emisja w kt (KPAU) Power plants, emission in kt 100 to 1000 1000 to 5000 5000 to 10000 10000 to 000 Rafinerie i koksownie, emisja w kt (KPAU) Conversion plants emission in kt 100 to 1000 1000 to 6000 VII Görlitz Stargard_Szczecinski GORZOW_wLKP. ZIELONA_GORA JIHLAVA Jelenia_Gora Victoria HRADEC_KRALOVE PARDUBICE LEGENDA LEGEND MOŻLIWOŚCI GEOLOGICZNEJ SEKWESTRACJI CO2 W POLSCE POSSIBILITIES ON CO2 GEOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION IN POLAND Glogów Lubin Legnica Koszalin Swidnica Walbrzych BRNO Leszno Pila POZNAN WROCLAW 0 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 175,000 200,000 Elektrociepłownie i ciepłownie, emisja w kt (KPAU) CHP and heating plants, emission in kt 100 to 1000 1000 to 5000 Przemysł wytwórczy, emisja w kt (KPAU) Manufacturing industries, emission in kt 100 to 1000 1000 to 5000 5000 to 10000 KM Obszary chronione (NATURA 2000, parki narodowe) Protected areas (NATURA 2000, national parks) VI OLOMOUC VIII Gniezno ZLIN Opava BYDGOSZCZ Kalisz TRENCIN Konin Gdynia GDANSK Gdansk Inowroclaw Ostrow_Wielkopolski Jastrzebie-Zdroj Czechowice-Dziedzice OSTRAVA Karvina Havirov Bielsko-Biala Frydek-Mistek TORUN ZILINA Prievidza Tczew Grudziadz Martin Wloclawek Elblag Plock Zgierz LODZ Pabianice Plock Piotrkow_Trybunalski Belchatow Czestochowa Czestochowa OPOLE Zawiercie Zdzieszowice Tarnowskie_Gory IIKedzierzyn-Kozle Bytom Jadwiga Bytom Piekary_Slaskie Przyjazn Gliwice Zabrze Dabrowa_Gornicza Ruda_Slaska Chorzow Siemianowice_Sląskie Bedzin Swietochlowice Sosnowiec KATOWICE Myslowice Jaworzno Debiensko Trzebinia_EC RaciborzRybnik Tychy Krakow Radlin Zory KRAKOW Zasięg dolnej kredy (W. Górecki, 1995) Lower Cretaceous extent Zasięg dolnej jury (W. Górecki, 1995) Lower Jurassic extent Zasięg dolnego triasu (pstrego piaskowca) Lower Triassic (Bunter Ss.) extent (R. Dadlez, S. Marek, J. Pokorski, 1998) Planowane lokalizacje geotermalne Planned geothermal localities Instalacje i uzdrowiska geotermalne Geothermal installations and spas Potencjal magazynowania struktur hydrogeologicznych (Cr1, J1, T1), Mt Storage capacity of aquifer structures (Cr1, J1, T1 - R. Tarkowski, 2005), Mt 100 to 500 500 to 1100 I BANSKA_BYSTRICA Poprad KALININGRAD OLSZTYN III Tomaszow_Mazowiecki KIELCE IV Gazociągi (P. Karnkowski, 199; www.rynekgazu.pl) Gas pipelines Terminale gazowe (st. kompresorów, przesyłowe) Gas pipelines (compressor & transfer stations) Ropociąg "Przyjaźń" Druzhba oil pipeline Legionowo WARSZAWA Pruszkow Tarnow Nowy_Sacz Radom Starachowice PRESOV Ostroleka Ważniejsze podziemne magazyny gazu i paliw Major underground gas and fuel storages Wybrane zloża gazu i ropy (P. Karnkowski, 199; Infogeoskarb) Selected gas and oil fields Potencjal magazynowania struktur naftowych (gaz i ropa), Mt Storage capacity of hydrocarbon structures, Mt 0.4 to 5 5 to 10 10 to 50 50 to 150 V Lomza Ostrowiec_Swietokrzyski Mielec Elk Siedlce TarnobrzegStalowa_Wola RZESZOW LUBLIN Suwalki Przemysl BIALYSTOK Biala_Podlaska Zamosc Chelm KAUNAS BREST ALYTUS HRODNA Drogobych Stryj Novovolynsk LVIV Obszary górnicze (w tym MPW) Mining areas (including CBM - Infogeoskarb) Kovel Chervonograd Kalush GZW (zasięg karbonu produktywnego) Silesian Coal Basin (Carboniferous range) Eksperyment Recopol/MoveCBM (ECBM) ECBM Recopol/MoveCBM experiment Zasoby MPW CBM fields (S. Przeniosło, 2005) 2 to 10 10 to 25 25 to 50 Zasięg Zapadliska Przedkarpackiego Carpathian Foredeep extent (P. Karnkowski, 199) Front nasunięcia Karpat Carpathian front (P. Karnkowski, 199) Zasięg czerwonego spągowca Rotliegend range (P. Karnkowski, 199) Naturalne ekshalacje CO2 Natural CO2 seeps It covers the entire territory of Poland and the Baltic economic zone, is focused on: regional studies for 8 areas with saline aquifers, hydrocarbon fields and coal beds in general, case studies for saline aquifer structures (4), case studies for hydrocarbon fields (2) and coal beds (1). reinterpretation of archive data, new data, laboratory analyses
Estimations of CO2 storage capacity (PL)* Type CASTOR EU GeoCapacity CO2 Atlas of Poland Cr1, J1, T formations (upper limits) Storage potential, Mt 752 522 8 299 ~90 000 Hydrocarbon fields (1 structures) 764 Coal seams (selected CBM fields at depth of 1-2 km) Coal seams within Polish SCB at depth of 1-2 km SUM SUM 414 1 254 5-9.5 Gt ~92 Gt Saline (Mezozoic) aquifers are of biggest potential and sufficient to store emissions of big plants, Hydrocarbon fields (mostly gas) are of small capacity, Coal seams (methane recovery) are of local importance (SCB), the technology needs to be developed *Emission of industrial installations 200 Mt/yr
Region I (Bełchatów) structure B-Z D model Capacity up to 70 Mt The needs - PGE 45 Mt; PKE&ZAK 7 Mt)
Sequestration systems: - Composed of a couplet: porous reservoir formation (i.e. sandstones) covered with nonpermeable seal rocks (i.e. mudstones) - Wide lateral extend and stable parameters - Depth minimum 800 m - Not to far from emitent of CO 2
Sequestration systems
Period Neogene Paleogene Cretaceous Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene Epoch Aquifer Seal Upper Cretaceous Lower Cretaceous Major sequestration systems in Poland Upper Pliensbachian (reservoir) - Lower Toarcian (seal) most pomising one Upper Jurassic (Malm) Jurassic Middle Jurassic (Dogger) Lower Jurassic (Liassic) Pliensbachian Toarcian Upper Triassic (Keuper & Rhaetian) Triassic Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) Lower Triassic (Bunter Ss. & Roet) Upper Permian (Zechstein) Permian Lower Permian (Rotliegend)
Early Jurassic basin in Central Europe After: Ziegler, 1990, emended
Lithostratigraphy of the Lower Jurassic of Poland VIII
Late Pliensbachian relatively colder and drier conditions, in the same time glaciations beyond the Polar Circle, rapid sea-level changes, thick sandstone formations deposited in river valleys and deltaic plains Mechowo Bartoszyce Gorzów Wlkp. Poznań Pobiedziska Kalisz WARSZAWA Radom Częstochowa Kielce VI Upper Pliensbachian
Upper Pliensbachian - Drzewica/Blanowice/Komorowo Fm.
Lower Toarcian rapid warming, humid, greenhouse conditions, marine transgression, deposition of widespread mudstone formation (Ciechocinek Formation). Kamień Pomorski Chabowo Mechowo Gorzów Wlkp. Poznań Pobiedziska Bartoszyce WARSZAWA Kalisz Radom VIII b (mfs) Early Toarcian Tenuicostatum biochronozone Częstochowa Kielce
Within the mudstones recurrent deltaic progradations
Sedimentary basin was widespread and relatively shallow (between a few and 40 m) Green-gray mudstones Plant roots in marginal parts of the basin Sideritic nodules
Question of safety continental and marginal-marine formations are usually discontinuous (lens-shaped). This can eliminate such a seal as the safe one How to correlate formations between the boreholes, if we do not have leading fossils?
Key problem: security Social response/political decissions crucial for the future of the CCS method FAQ: Can CO 2 escape to the surface and endanger humans? Answer: seal integrity Can we prove it? Scientific reinforcement is needed
Chemostratigraphy, carbon isotopes, comparison with marine profiles
Can we identify carbon isotope fluctuations in atmospheric system? Yes, we can in microscopic palynomaceral separates phytoclasts, which are common in non-marine/marginal-marine Jurassic rocks in Poland Cuticle Charcoal Charcoal Miospores (excluded from C isotope samples) Cuticle Miospores (excluded from C isotope samples) Cuticle Wood 100 µm = 0,1 mm
Polish-British high resolution correlation Yorkshire
Orbital cycles - carbon isotope correlation palaeoclimate fluctuations, depositional conditions, rock types proof that seal rock is isochronous (integral) over the whole Polish basin
Shallowing epizodes less permeable rocks are always separated by non-permeable mudstones NW POLAND UPPER TOARCIAN S POLAND LOWER TOARCIAN PLIENSBACHIAN
This correlation can be traced over large areas, using seismic reflection profiles
Kaszewy,Drzewica and Ciechocinek Fm. multi-storey sequestration systems KASZEWY 1 KASZEWY 1 126 120 Diplocraterion retruzywny-protruzywny 140 1155-5 cr.-f.p. K-294 K-249-6 -8 A.M. K-248 125 K-247 K-246 K-245 K-244-8 VIII c K-24 K-242 K-241 K-240 K-29 K-28 K-27 K-26 K-25 K-24 K-2 K-22 K-21 K-20 K-229 K-228 1240 8-122-12 1245 121-8 1250 1160 IX d. K-292 D f.d. p.d.o.s. 120 111-119 K-291 S K-290 o.s. 1170 K-289 o.s. K-288 S K-221 VIII b 1175 2- K-220 115 K-219 K-218 K-217 8-5 1255 K-216 K-215 K-214 K-21 VIII a s.f.-o.s. s.f. o.s.-l o.s. d.pl.-cr.d -t. A.M. K-212 1265 K-210 VIII g 2- o.s. d. S f.d.-s.f. K-284 19 1185 VIII f 8-8-6 1190 VI d 4 A.M. K-206 K-205 K-204 K-20 K-202 K-201 1275 w s 2 1280 S 1195 s K-268 K-267 K-266 K-265 K-264 K-26 19 17, 18 K-262 K-261 K-260 K-259 K-258 K-257 K-256 1200 o.s. o.s.-l L-m 8- VIII d BL f.s.-b. 8- s.f. -6 K-199 VI c s.f. o.s. o.s.-l L o.s.-l BL s.f.b D K-252 m.o.s. s.f.-f.s. 2 o.s.s.f. K-255 K-254 K-25 1205 K-200 S b 8- o.s. o.s.-s.f. 2 o.s.s.f. s.f.o.s. K-270 K-269 VIII e K-208 K-207 s.f. o.s.s.f. D-S 1270 K-28 K-282 K-281 K-280 K-279 K-278 K-277 K-276 K-275 K-274 K-27 K-272 K-271 2 K-209 VII a K-286 K-285 140 2-2- o.s.s.f. s.f. 1180 l K-211 K-287 l.v.c.r. 1260 VII b 1165-2 14 K-225 K-224 K-22 K-222 ABA.M. K-29 s.f. 1210 S C 1285 Tragophylloceras cf. loscombi Sow. 2 K-198 K-197 1290 2-4 K-196 K-195 o.s. K-251 s.f. o.s. 1227, - 122 m. 1215 s.f. o.s. s.f. o.s. L-i.b. K-250 s.f.f.d. 2 1295 Conostichus isp. K-194 So.s.-L (D) -6 VI b K-19 2 100 110 109 108 K-192 K-191 o.s.-l L f.s.-b. Bs.f.-f.s. L s.f. S o.s. Teichichnus isp. 1225 VIII c 120 d. 105 1220 D A.M.-AB
Kaszewy 1 sequence boundaries beginnings of reservoirs; maximum flooding surfaces key seal formations 7. L. Aalenian, U. Aalenian Ultimate seal 6. Sequence IX, X, XI, U. Toarcian Lower Aalenian Zasięg regionalny 5. Sequences V, VI, VII, VIII, U. Pliensbachian L. Toarcian seal main system 4. Sequence III, IV, U. Sinemurian L. Pliensbachian. Sequence III, U. Sinemurian 2. Sequence I - II, U. Hettangian L. Sinemurian 1. Sequence I, Hettangian Over- regional ranges
Sleipner experience
Sleipner storage site, Utsira saline aquifers from 1996 till 2006 8,4 mln ton), no traces of CO 2 leaks
Multistorey sequestration (not planned) effect of presence of thin (<8 m) mudstone barriers 200 m Efektywne bariery ok. 8 m 800 m
Conclusions: High-resolution sedimentological and isotope analyses allow confident prediction of properties of reservoir and seal formations and their accurate lateral correlation Reservoir/seal formation couplet of verified lateral extension and integrity is a sequestration Multistorey seguestration systems in a suiltable tectonical structure is an optimal solution in terms of safety and economy of the CCS method