Activities of PGNiG in exploration of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in Poland

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1 Science for Industry: Necessity is the mother of invention Third Networking Event dedicated to the Polish experience in the field of shale gas exploration Activities of PGNiG in exploration of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in Poland Michał Makos

2 Main criterions for development of unconventional HC accumulation: High content of TOC (total organic carbon) Significant thickness of TOC-rich rock Proper thermal maturity for oil/gas generation Type of organic matter (kerogen) adequate to thermal maturity Fast burial of the source rock high subsidence in the basin Insignificant post-burial tectonic activity Main criterions for exploration of unconventional HC accumulation: Depth of pay zone location generally not deeper than 4500 metres Low level of tectonic deformation horizontal or nearly horizontal bedding Proper pressure in the basin overpressure is the best Proper porosity and permeability of the reservoir rock Proper brittleness of the reservoir rock Conventional reservoirs or at least HC shows confirmed in the basin

3 Classification schemes for unconventional resource systems Shale gas Shale oil Jarvie (2012)

4 PGNiG s concessions for shale gas exploration Wejherowo Kartuzy-Szemud Stara Kiszewa Górowo Iławeckie Blok 172 Blok 173 Blok 192 Blok 193 Kock-Tarkawica Wiszniów-Tarnoszyn Granice PGNiG s koncesji concessions Gaz Gas Ropa Oil! Otwory planowane w roku 2013 Tomaszów Lubelski

5 Wells drilled on PGNiG s concessions Pomerania Region Wejherowo concession: Lubocino-1 ( ) Lubocino-2H ( ) Opalino-2 ( ) Kochanowo-1 ( ) Lubocino-3H ( ) Opalino-3 ( ) Opalino-4 ( ) Tępcz-1 ( ) Kartuzy-Szemud concession: Borcz-1 ( ) Miłowo-1 ( ) Stara Kiszewa concession: Wysin-1 ( ) Górowo Iławeckie concession: No wells Research in progress Lublin Region Kock-Tarkawica concession: Wojcieszków-1 ( ) Central Poland Wiszniów-Tarnoszyn concession: Kościaszyn-1 ( ) Tomaszów Lubelski concession: Lubycza Królewska-1 ( ) Block 172 Block 173 Block 192 Block 193 No wells Research in progress

6 Wejherowo concession (No 4/2009/p) Validity Exploration works carried out Opalino-SH1 Lubocino-4H Opalino-7W Opalino-6W Lubocino 3D Opalino - Lubocino 2D Kachanowo - Tępcz - Cząstkowo 3D Kochanowo-2H Tępcz-1 Well Depth [m] Seismic 2D [kmb] 3D [km 2 ] Lubocino Opalino - Lubocino 2D 181,1 Lubocino-2H Lubocino 3D 34/34 Lubocino-3H Opalino Opalino Kochanowo Opalino Opalino 3D 30/70 Tępcz Lubocino-4H Opalino-6W Opalino-7W Opalino-SH Kochanowo-2H Cząstkowo Exploration works in progress Kochanowo-Tępcz- Cząstkowo 3D Planned exploration works 30/70 Cząstkowo-1 Wells and seismic carried out Wells and seismic in progress Planned wells and seismic

7 LUBOCINO PAD

8 LUBOCINO-1 EXPLORATION WELL Deep seismic line T KOŚCIERZYNA-GDAŃSK 2D (Geofizyka Toruń, 2008) Depth Map of the Top of Cm2 OPALINO-LUBOCINO 2D (Geofizyka Toruń, 2011) The drilling stopped at the final depth of 3051 m, after penetrating a 70 m thick section Middle Cambrian deposits.

9 The chronostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic section of the lower palaeozoic section in the lubocino-1 well (Z. Mikołajewski, 2013)

10 Geochemical logs of the parameters resulting from laboratory measurements

11 The degree of organic matter transformation Thermal maturity (Tmax) and hydrogen index (HI) plot by Silurian and Ordovician formations

12 Mineralogy QUARTZ, ARGILLACEOUS MINERALS AND CARBONATE CONTENT IN INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS AND FORMATIONS 25 Kwarc formacja ze Słuchowa formacja z Kopalina formacja z Sasina formacja z Prabut 25 Kwarc ogniwo z Jantaru formacja z Pasłęka formacja z Pelplina formacja z Kociewia ogniwo z Redy formacja z Pucka Minerały Ilaste Węglany Minerały Ilaste Węglany ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN

13 Głębokość [m] Głębokość [m] Ludlow PASŁĘK JANTAR PRABUTY SASINO 2800 Wenlok Landower Ordowik Porowatość całkowita [%] 2,4 2,7 3, Gęstość materiałowa [g/cm 3 ] TOC (%) Gaz całkowity [m 3 /t] Przepuszczalność szczelinowa [md] Depth distribution of total porosity, material density, total organic carbon and total gas contents in individual members and formations (from desorption) in interval of m Depth distribution of fractured permeability in interval of m

14 CORE DESORPTION TOTAL, LOST AND RESIDUAL GAS CONTENT

15 Hydraulic fracturing First Silurian interval was fracked through 13 m Perforation m MD, Perforation 16 shots/m, phasing 60 0 Treatment fluid: CMHPG 20#, 1200m 3 Proppant: sand 100 mesh and proppant Bauxite 30/50 Average volumes of hydrocarbons and post frac fluids during tests: 285m 3 /24h gas 0,3m 3 /24h oil 0,22m 3 /24h water

16 Gas: associated with oil methane content increases with depth molecular composition associated with increasing maturity nitrogen does not exceed 15%, carbon dioxide concentration reaches 10% high energy content resulting from enrichment with heavy HC Oil: oil from the Lubocino-1 well originates from oil-generating, low-sulphur type II kerogen it is light oil (0.803 g/cm 3 i.e API) and has low sulphur content (<0.3%). oil was not exposed to any secondary processes such as vaporisation of lighter hydrocarbon fractions, water washing, biodegradation. maturity of the oil is high and corresponds to the final stage of the oil window geochemical properties of the oil from Lubocino-1 well are similar to those found in the fields of: Dębki, Białogóra and Żarnowiec

17 LUBOCINO-2H EXPLORATION WELL Depth Map of the Top of Ordovician Orstr OPALINO-LUBOCINO 2D (Geofizyka Toruń, 2011) The drilling stopped at the final depth of 3981 MD, tj. 2924,29 m TVD in Sasino formation.

18 Results of fracturing in the Lubocino 2H well (microseismic measurements) Pinnacle, Halliburton)

19 Perforation by jet on CT of the interval MD, 1. attempt max Q = 376 l/min, max p = 433 bar, 2. attempt max Q = 580 l / min, pav= 450 bar 15 shots were jetted on 2 m interval High viscosity pills were pumped after jetting each of the three holes Fluid treatment water and friction reducer Average volumes of hydrocarbons and post frac fluids during tests: 500m 3 /24h gas 3.5m 3 /24h oil+water (30% oil) 19

20 OPALINO-2 WELL

21 OPALINO-2 EXPLORATION WELL OPALINO-2 OPALINO-2 The location of the OPALINO-2 well against the Preliminary Depth Map of the Cm2 Top, Opalino- Lubocino 2D, Geofizyka Toruń, 2011 The drilling stopped at the final depth of 3050 m, after penetrating a 100 m thick section Middle Cambrian deposits.

22 CORE PICTURES FROM THE TOP PART OF MIDDLE CAMBRIAN SECTION TIGHT SANDSTONES Interval m Porosity 3.5% Permeability 0.3mD Gas inflow with liquid HC (50 ml of gasoline) Interval m Porosity 6.5% Permeability 0.45mD Gas inflow with liquid HC 4-16 m 3 /min.

23 KOCHANOWO-1 WELL

24 KOCHANOWO-1 EXPLORATION WELL KOCHANOWO-1 KOCHANOWO-1 TĘPCZ-1 CZĘSTKOWO-1 Location of the Kochanowo-1 well against the depth map of the Cm2 Top (KOŚCIERZYNA GDAŃSK 2D, Geofizyka Toruń, 2008) The drilling stopped at the final depth of 3275m, after penetrating a 27 m thick section Middle Cambrian deposits.

25 The chronostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic section of the Lower Palaeozoic section in the Kochanowo-1 well (Z. Mikołajewski, 2013)

26 Geochemical logs of the parameters resulting from laboratory measurements oil wet gas dry gas immature

27 Mineralogy QUARTZ, ARGILLACEOUS MINERALS AND CARBONATE CONTENT IN INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS AND FORMATIONS Kwarc Kwarc formacja z Kociewia formacja z Pelplina formacja z Pasłęka ogniwo z Jantaru formacja z Prabut formacja z Sasina formacja z Kopalina Minerały Ilaste Węglany Minerały Ilaste Węglany SILURIAN ORDOVICIAN

28 Głębokość [m] Porowatość całkowita [%] Gaz Nasycenie Nasycenie Nasycenie całkowity wodą bituminami gazem [m 3 /t] [%] [%] [%] Depth distribution of total porosity, material density, total organic carbon and total gas contents in individual members and formations (from desorption)

29 Kartuzy Szemud Concession (No 72/2009/p) Validity Exploration works carried out Hopowo - Borcz 3D Borcz-2H Hopowo-1 Somonino - Przywidz 2D Miłowo-1 Well Depth [m] Seismic 2D [kmb] 3D [km 2 ] Borcz Somonino - Przywidz 2D 281,95 Exploration works in progress Miłowo Planned exploration works Borcz-2H Hopowo - Borcz 3D 65,4/150 Miłowo 3D 16/40 Hopowo Miłowo 3D Wells and seismic carried out Planned wells and seismic

30 BORCZ-1 WELL

31 BORCZ-1 EXPLORATION WELL Location of the Borcz-1 well against the depth map of the Cm2 Top (KOŚCIERZYNA - GDAŃSK 2D, Geofizyka Toruń, 2008 ) GŁĘBOKOŚCIOWY PRZEKRÓJ SEJSMICZNY T D KOŚCIERZYNA-GDAŃSK (Geofizyka Toruń, 2008 The drilling stopped at the final depth of 3759m, after penetrating a 32.5 m thick section Middle Cambrian deposits.

32 The chronostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic section of the lower Paleozoic section in the Borcz-1 well (Z. Mikołajewski, 2013)

34 Depth distribution of total porosity Depth distribution of fractured permeability

35 Stara Kiszewa Concession No 1/2011/p Validity Będomin-1 Więckowy-1 Będomin-3D Wysin-3D Wysin-2H Exploration works carried out Well Depth [m] seismic 2D [kmb] 3D [km 2 ] Wysin Somonino - Przywidz 2D 281,95 Exploration works in progress Będomin Wysin 3d 16/76 Więckowy Wysin-2H Planned exploration works Będomin 3D 16/40 Somonino - Przywidz 2D Wells and seismic carried out Wells and seismic in progress Planned wells and seismic

36 WYSIN-1 WELL

37 WYSIN-1 EXPLORATION WELL GŁĘBOKOŚCIOWY PRZEKRÓJ SEJSMICZNY K KOŚCIERZYNA-GDAŃSK 2D (Geofizyka Toruń, 2008) WYSIN-1 Location of the Wysin-1 well against the depth map of the Cm2 Top (KOŚCIERZYNA - GDAŃSK 2D, Geofizyka Toruń, 2008 ) The drilling stopped at the final depth of 4040 m, after penetrating a 54.5 m thick section Middle Cambrian deposits.

38 The chronostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic section of the lower palaeozoic section in the Wysin-1 well (Z. Mikołajewski, 2013)

40 Głębokość (m) ,0 0,5 1,0 1, Porowatość całkowita [%] Gaz całkowity [m 3 /t] Nasycenie wodą [%] Nasycenie bituminami [%] Nasycenie gazem [%] Depth distribution of total porosity, material density, total organic carbon and total gas contents in individual members and formations (from desorption)

41 Well to well correlation

42 Results of isotope analysis OCCURANCE OF GAS AND OIL IN SHALE: THERMOGENIC GAS WITH CONDENSATE DIVERSITY OF ISOTOPE COMPOSITION REFLECTS INCREASING TRANSFORMATION RATIO Bernard plot for samples from: LUBOCINO-1, OPALINO-2, KOCHANOWO-1, BORCZ-1, WYSIN-1 wells Plot of gas quality depending on carbon and hydrogen isotope composition in methane LOW TEMPERATURE THERMOGENIC GAS ON WEJHEROWO CONCESSION HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMOGENIC GAS ON SOUTHERN CONCESSIONS

43 Górowo Iławeckie Concession No 47/2001/p Valid to Exploration works planned for 2014 Planned exploration works well Depth [m] Seismic 2D [km] Żelazna Góra - Dębowiec Warmiński 2D 200 Żelazna Góra - Dębowiec Warmiński 2D Górowo Iławeckie Works planned for 2014

44 Rock-Eval data Dębowiec Warmiński 2 well Sp/ Sw Pridolian Wenlokian undivided Sla Pasłęk shale O3 Orneta marl Morąg lime. Ok/ Oln Sasino shale Kielno lime. 44

45 Maturity trend against the top of Ordovician (Poprawa, 2011) 45

46 Concessions 172 nr 10/2010/p, 173 nr 11/2010/p, 192 nr 12/2010/p, 193 nr 13/2010/p Valid to Exploration works planned for 2014 Planned exploration works Well Depth [m] Seismic 2D [kmb] Mystkowo Płock-Sierpc- Płońsk 2D 343, (2014) Blok 172 Blok 173 Blok 192 Mystkowo-1 Blok 193 Planned wells and seismic

47 Kock Tarkawica Concession No 52/2001/p Valid to Planned works Exploration works carried out Well Depth [m] Seismic 3D [km 2 ] Wojcieszków Planned exploration works Wojcieszków-2H Wojcieszków 3D 16/40 Wojcieszków-1 Wojcieszków-2H Wojcieszków 3D Kock-Tarkawica otwory i prace sejsmiczne w realizacji otwory i prace sejsmiczne planowane

48 WOJCIESZKÓW-1 WELL WOJCIESZKÓW-1 The drilling stopped at the final depth of 3094 m, after penetrating 17.5 m thick section of Cambrian deposits. Location of the Wojcieszków-1 well against the depth map of the Ordovician Top

49 WOJCIESZKÓW-1 ordowik landower wenlok LUBOCINO-1 PG Total gas NEGR Tgas % [m3/t] TOC % Total gas [m3/t] Tgas % TOC % C4 % ludlow dolny w wy mielnickie wenlok 5,7% 2,2 3 md. 1 m 3-10 % 0,0015 6,4 md śr.1,3 md 28 m landower 3-10 % 0,01 22 md śr. 5,1mD 5 m 11 m ordowik 12 m 2 m kambr 1.5% 2% TOC %

50 Quality of the potential source rocks based on Rock-Eval analysis excellent very good good medium poor 50

51 Upper Devonian another unconventional target??? Fammenian thickness ~1650 m Fammenian thickness~1600 m Fammenian thickness~1400 m SW NE Lublin IG-1 Mełgiew-1 Linia 4 Kock IG-2 7 Location of the regional seismic lines Linia 4 Linia

52 Geochemical analysis Rock-Eval Kerogen type and thermal maturity of the Devonian section

53 Wiszniów Tarnoszyn Concession, no 3/2009/p, valid to Tomaszów Lubelski Concession, no 7/2011/p, valid to Carried out nazwa otworu głębokość [m] sejsmika Lubycza Królewska zdjęcie 2D [kmb] zdjęcie 3D [km 2 ] Wiszniów-Tarnoszyn Kościaszyn Majdan Sopocki Planned Kościaszyn-1 Majdan Sopocki-1 Lubycza Królewska-1 Tomaszów Lubelski otwory i prace sejsmiczne zrealizowane otwory i prace sejsmiczne w realizacji otwory i prace sejsmiczne planowane

54 KOŚCIASZYN-1 WELL Kościaszyn-1 Kościaszyn m MD Location of the Kościaszyn-1 well against the depth map of the Ordovician Top The drilling stopped at the final depth of 3828 m, after penetrating a 29 m thick section of Cambrian deposits.

55 KOŚCIASZYN- 1 WELL Upper Silurian Gaz całkowity [%] TOC=0,84% TOC=0,99% TOC=1,26% TOC=0,7% Lower Silurian TOC=2,28% TOC=3,32% Ordovician Cambrian Gaz z desorpcji [%] Gaz resztkowy [%] Gaz tracony [%] Total gas [%] C 4 [%] Content of carbonate rocks [%]

56 Thermal maturity trend for lower Silurian and upper Ordovician potential source rocks

57 Summary PGNiG explores on 11 concessions with potential for unconventional resources Fifteen drilled wells, two wells are in progress, another wells are planned Two horizontal wells drilled Most of wells drilled in the Pomeranian Basin (11) Two 3D seismic realised, two more are in progress and two more are planned Three 2D seismic realised and two more are planned The main target is the Lower Paleozoic complex of shaley deposits (Llandoverian + Caradocian) Another target is the Middle Cambrian tight sandstone We do not exclude the Upper Devonian carbonates as the another potential target TOC up to 10% in the Lower Paleozoic source rocks Geochemical factors indicate good and very good potential for HC generation from the Lower Paleozoic source rocks Thermal maturity indicates potential for shale oil and shale gas Thickness of the source rock exceeds 20 metres in the Pomeranian Basin and is much lower in the Lublin Basin The Lower Silurian source rocks contain organic matter composed of oil-prone, type-ii kerogen Geochemical characteristics of desorbed gas indicates its thermogenic character Geochemical characteristics of oil from the Lubocino-1 well indicates that the Silurian/Ordovician shales could have supplied conventional reservoirs in the Middle Cambrian sandstone Single test in the Lubocino-1 well indicates underpressure conditions in this part of the basin. This finding, however, needs confirmation in another wells Clay content in the shaley intervals is between 25% and 70%. Layers rich in smectite are the most significant obstacle for hydraulic fracturing process The average effective porosity of the Lower Paleozoic shale is around 6%. Its permeability is between and 0.1 md Good source rock with good petrophysical properties is confirmed The most significant problem is a technology of reservoir completion

58 Thank you for your attention