:crryxzyzl`dxn`dxezdemiryxexw`colfbezeiwlniaiigezeziniaiigoebk.mileqta

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1 dn Mishnah Shevu'ot, chapter 4 (1) The oath of testimony [i.e., witnesses denying by oath that they do not know any testimony for a litigant,] applies to men and not to women, to non-relatives and not to relatives, to thosefit[togivetestimony]andnotto those unfit [to give testimony]; it applies only to those capable of giving testimony, [whether uttered] before a Court or not before a Court, by his own mouth; but if [adjured] by the 45 cwxtzereaydpyn `le Ÿ miwpà zbdfp zecrd zreaw ` `le Ÿ mixwma,oiafxta `le Ÿ oiwfgxa,miwpa,cirdl oiie`xa `N` zbdfp Dpiè.oilEqRa irn,oic zia ipta `NWe Ÿ oic zia ipta ExRkIW cr oi`,mixg` irne.fnvr minkge.xi`n iax ixac,oic ziaa odä,mixg` irn oiae Fnvr irn oia,mixnf` :oic ziaa oda ExRkIW cr opi` mrdzbbwlre,dreaxdofcflroiaige a oddne.dzbbwlroiaigopiè,zecrdofcf mouth of others, he is not liable [for the oath] unless he denies it before the Court; the opinionof Rabbi Meir. But the Sagessay, whether [uttered] byhis ownmouthor[adjured]bythemouthofothers,heisnotliable[foran oathof testimony ] unless he denies[by oath, knowledge of testimony,] before the court. (2) They are liable for the intentional [transgression of the] oath, and for the unwitting,[transgression], coupled with the intentional[denial of] the testimony [i.e., they know that the utterance is prohibited but don't know that they are liable to bring a sacrifice], but not for the unintentional[denial of the testimony, i.e., if, at the time they took the oath, they really thought they did not know aezkdcirdlie`xacrède(d`xwie) aizkc.miypa `le miypà zbdep zecrd zreay ` `xwèdde.miyp`lemiyp`miypìpyecnre(himixac) aizkc cirdl die`x dpi` dyè xacn.miaexwa `le :(fi my) micr mipy t"r.mipy oldl xn`pe.mipy o`k xn`p aizkc èd micra `le:miaexwx`yld"de.mipazecra.mipalrzeaèznei`l(ckmy) aizkc edpip zecr ileqtc :crryxzyzl`dxn`dxezdemiryxexw`colfbezeiwlniaiigezeziniaiigoebk.mileqta oebk opaxcn zecrl mileqtde.cirn epi`y jln iwet`l.cirdl oie`xa `l` zbdep dpiè rayp envr itn m`.envr itn c"a ipta `lye c"a ipta :mipei igixtne ìaewa miwgyn oebk.mixg` itne:oicziaipta`lyoiaoicziaiptaraypoia.aiigzecrjlrceiipi`ydreay extkiy cr oiaiig mpi` zecr jl mircei ep` oi` el exnè.ipecirze eèazy mkilr ip` riayn rayena`xwe.lirendidcibndideli`ymewnaeper`ypecibi`lm`(d`xwie) aizkc.c"aa xn`p`lixdydreaydoecflrcxeiedleroaxw.oiaiige a :n"xkdkldoièaizkmixgìtn miaiigymirceioi`la`dxeqèfdreayymirceiy.zecrdoecfmrdzbbylre :mlrpe da k"gèzecreloirceioi`ymixeaqkixnblmdmibbeym`.dzbbylroiaiigoiè :oaxw dilr

2 en 46 testimony]. And what is a person liable for the intentional [transgression] of the oath? An ascending and descending [sliding-scale] sacrifice [lashes being applicable only in certain circumstances(see Tiferet Yisrael)]. (3)What is the nature of the oath of testimony? If a person said to two: Come and bear testimony for me, [and they replied,] We swear we know no testimony for you, or they said to him: We know no testimony foryou, [andhesaid:] Iadjureyou, :cxfie dlfr oaxw,dreaxd ofcf lr oiaig E`FA mipwl xn`.cvim zecrd zreaw b, oi`w dreaw.ipecirde, oi` Fl Exn`W F` ixd,on` Exnè mkilr ip` riawn ueg minrt dxng odilr riawd.oiaig.mixehr,ecfde oic zial EàE oic zial riawd.zgè zg` lm lr miaig,extm,extke oic zia ipta minrt dxng odilr dn,ofrnwiaxxn`.zg``nòiaigopi` :zfcfdle xffgl oilfki mpiè li`fd,mrh xg` dfa.oiaig odipw,zg`m odipw ExtM c andtheyreplied: Amen [andthiswasfalse] theyareliable[anascending and descending sacrifice]. If he adjured them five times outside the court[and they denied knowledge of testimony], and they came before the court and admitted [knowledge of testimony], they are exempt; but if they denied [such knowledge before the court], they are liable for each[oath]. If he adjured them five times before the court, and they denied[knowledge of testimony], they are liable only once. Rabbi Shimon said: What is the reason? Since they cannot afterwards admit[knowledge, since they already testified to the court that they donothaveknowledge,thecourtwillnolongeraccepttheirtestimonyevenif they admit they do have knowledge]. (4) If both persons denied [knowledge] simultaneously, both are liable. [If they elitè.mixeht ecede oic zial eàe b :xwylrraypeedaopixw`lemiqepòdixdyexkfp oiaiigoicziaaextk:dxitkdaeygoiczialuegdxitkoi`ydreaylklroiczialuegextk :zgèzg`lklraiigldl`nzg`lmyìikdide(d`xwie) `xw xn`c.zgèzg`lklr maiigledlek``niiwdxitkopixn``le.seqalextkeewzyelit`zg``l`miaiigoi`.mrhdn.zecedlexefgloilekieid`laeydpey`xmrtaoicziaaextkeliè.lièd :zgèzg`lklr `lèxtk`lcablrs`jkldmicibnemixfegoiàeye.zecrmeyelmirceimpi`yecibdxaky mpiàey.ìddxitkdpey`xawzyydnm`c.dpey`xdonueg.dlhaleidzereaydlkseqal ik jgxk lr.dreay lr dreay ef dne.oicnere oirayen ixd dxitk dpi` mè oriaydl miie`x zialuegczereaycaizkc"aaextkec"aluegdreay`.zgèzg`lklraiiglzg`laizk dpey`xa my extk m`y wlgl zeie`xe.dlhal e`vi `le ecirie c"al eàiy oriayn didy oic dfoiadidy.dfxg`dfa :xeac ick jeza.zg`k mdipy extk c :oriaydle xefgl ie`x did

3 fn 47 denied]oneaftertheother,thefirstis cg` xtm.xeht ipxde aig ofw`xd,df liable and the second is exempt[since,micriykiyweid. aig xtfmd,cg` dcfde the first denied knowledge, there is,dipxd dxtm KM xgè dpfw`xd dxtm only one witness left, and one witness dlfki zecrdw iprn,zfaig mdiyw is not liable, since the testimony m` mkilr ip` riawn d:odiywa miwzdl requires two witnesses]. If one denied ofctripflrciailwiwipecirzee`faz`l Ÿ and one admitted, the one denying is Ep` oi`w dreaw.dcaè lfbe ci zneuze liable. If there were two sets of.zg` `N` oi`, oircfi witnesses, and the first [set] denied ipflrciallwiwoircfiepòi`w dreaw and afterwards the second[set] denied, lmlroiaig,dcaèlfbecizneuzeofctr they both are liable, because the E`Faz`lm`mkilrip`riAWn.zgèzg` Ÿ testimony could have been upheld by oihg ofcwr ipflr cia il WIW ipecirze [either of] them. oi`w dreaw.oinqke ª oixfrue (5)[If a person says to witnesses:] I oi`w dreaw.zg` `N` oi`, adjure you that you come and bear oihgipflrciallwiwzecrlloircfiep` witness that I have in the possession of :zgè zg` lm lr,oinqke ª oixfrue so-and-so a deposit[for safekeeping], ipecirze E`Faz `l Ÿ m` mkilr ip` riawn e loan, theft, or lost object, [and the witnesses reply:] We swear that we know no testimony for you, they are liable only[for]one[oath].[butiftheysaid:] Weswearthatwedonotknowthatyou have in the possession of so-and-so a deposit, loan, theft, or lost object, they are liablefor eachone. [Ifapersonsaysto witnesses:] I adjureyou thatyou comeandbearwitnessthatihaveinthepossessionofso-and-soadeposit[of] wheat, barley, and spelt, [and the witnesses reply:] We swear that we know no testimonyforyou, theyareliableonly[for]one[oath].[butiftheysaid:] We swear that we know no testimony for you that you have in the possession of so-and-so wheat, barley, and spelt, they are liable for each one. (6)[Ifapersonsaystowitnesses:] Iadjureyouthatyoucomeandbearwitness ie`xipydoiàeyoey`xdxtkyoeikyn.xehtipydla`.aiig oey`xd :xeac ickn xzei dfl dne.diipyzk`niiw`dzaiigi`n`dpey`xjixt`xnba.zeaiig odizy:icigi èdy.cirdl odizeypa miaexw diipy zk ly micrd eidy oebk ixii`'ipznc ipyne mzxitka mipey`xd ciqtd miqqeb aex l"iiwc oeik `nizc edn.zeqqeb odizeype dpey`x zk dxtkyk cirdl mixyk eid `ly aiky `l `din `zyd l"nw.diipy `niiw `dc dpey`x zk xhtze ezn eli`k edl eed.dzinl dèld.ci zneyz d :oiaiig jkitle cala dpey`x zk `l` dxitk zryamydid`ly`vnpe zeriaze cg` oin opireny` `yix.oinqeke oixerye oihg:izca` `vny.dcaè:oenn ecia myy

4 gn 48 that so-and-so owes me full inelwz,wfp ivge wfp ipflr cia il WIW compensation for damages, [or...] Wi` qp`we,dxnge drax` inelwy,ltk half compensation for damages, [or,ipaipmdwe,iyaz`dyte,iyazìpflr...] double indemnity, [or...] mfia iwicb z` wilcdwe,ixag ia lagwe paymentoffourorfivetimes, or[...] ip` riawn f : ixd,mixermd that so-and-so forcibly had relations,odk Ÿ ip`w ipecirze E`Faz `l Ÿ m` mkilr with my daughter, or [... that oa ipi`w,dwexb oa ipi`w,iel ip`w so-and-so] seduced my daughter, or,iel ipflr Wi`W,odk Ÿ ipflr Wi`W,dvElg [... that my son struck me [without qp`w,dvelg oa Fpi`W,dWExb oa Fpi`W causing a wound], or [...] that my lagwe,fyaz`dyte,fyazìpflr Wi` fellowinjuredme, or[...]thatheset iwicb wilcdwe,ixag ia lagwe,ipa ia firetomyhaystackonyomkippur theyareliable[asacrificefortheoathoftestimony,sinceinallofthesecases they deprive the claimant of his money]. (7)[Ifapersonsaystowitnesses:] Iadjureyouthatyoucomeandbearwitness thatiamapriest, [or...]thatiamalevite, [or...]thatiamnottheson of a divorcee, [or...] that I am not the son of a halutzah, [or...] that so-and-so is a priest, [or...] that so-and-so is a Levite, [or...] that [so-and-so]isnotthesonofadivorcee, [or...]that[so-and-so]isnottheson of a halutzah, [or...] that so-and-so forcibly had relations with the daughter [of so-and-so], [or... that so-and-so] seduced the daughter[of so-and-so], or [...]thatmysonstruckme[causingawound],or[...]thatmyfellowstruck me[onthesabbath], or[...]that[myfellow]setfiretomyhaystackonthe wfp ivga.wfp ivge wfp e :miwelg mipine.oecwt mlek zg` driaz opireny` `tiqe.zewelg 'c inelyze ltk inelyz :oiaiig oi` qpw ly zecra opixn`c `qpw `le èd `pennc zexexv ipkdye :èd `pennc mbte zya meyn.iza z` dzite ipelt yi` qp`y :`pxw meyn.'de ia lagye :oenn `ki` dzin `kilc oeike.dzin dilr aiig epi`y dxeag da oi`y d`kd.ipa micrd oi`y.oixeht odk ip`y f :oenn aiig zxk yeprc ab lr s`c dl hwpe.k"dia ixag.ipelt ly eza dzite` ipelt yi` qp`y :oenn zeriaz eayiy xaca extkyk`l` oiaiig dyexboaepiè.ieleòdkipeltyi`ydipinlirl`pzc)i`wlirlcodkipeltyi`ìpzwcezae.mixeht:`zydcrdiaixii`cipelteze`lyezazìpeltyi`qp`yoriaydye`.(i`wdilre miaiigeidiedxgòennzriaziè.d`yxdaàadliwen`xnbae.raezditnernyiyopirac dicilìhn`llèyèdyoenncoeikcoennx`ykdfaoiclradyxendaygpoi`copirenyè edecird m`y.oixeht:dxeagìd.dlag.ipaialagye:dilrd`yxdazknlivn`lmlern aeig ediiexzc.zaya iyicb z` wilcdye ixag ia lagye :oenn `le.dzin aiigzn did

5 hn 49 Sabbath theyareexempt[inallof ip` riawn g :oixeht ixd,zaxa these, the issue is not monetary, since Wi` xn`w ipecirze E`Faz `l Ÿ m`,mkilr in the latter cases when the death ENìxd,ilozp`lefEfmiz`niloYlipFlR Ÿ penalty is inflicted, there is no ofnn zriay lr `N` oi`w,mixeht monetary payment]. il oercywm,mkilr ip` riawn h:ofctrm (8)[If a person says to witnesses:] I,mixEht ixd,ipecirze E`FaYW adjure you that you come and bear ziaa cnr i :zecrl dreaw dnctw iprn witness that so-and-so said that he my`m`wmkilrip`riawn,xnèzqpmd wouldgivemetwohundredzuz,buthe ixd,ipecirze E`FaYW il mircfi did not give me, [and the witnesses xn` ì :(mdl oemzn didiw cr) oixeht denied knowledge,] they are exempt, ipflr Wi` mkilr ip` riawn,mipwl for they are liable only for a monetary E`FaYW il oircfi my` m`w ipflte claim involving a deposit [i.e., where oi`w dreaw,ipecirze there is a definite liability, however in the case above, the defendant can merely say I changed my mind]. (9) [If a person says to witnesses:] I adjure you that when you know any testimony for me, you will come and give testimony for me, [and they said: Amen andatalatertimetheywitnessedsomethingforhim,andwhenheasked them to testify, they denied knowledge,] they are exempt, because the oath preceded the[knowledge of] testimony. (10)IfapersonstoodintheSynagogueandsaid: I adjureyouthatwhen[any of]youknowanytestimonyforme,thatyouwillcomeandgivetestimonyfor me, [and those who had knowledge denied it, swearing that they had no knowledge] they are exempt, unless he directs himself to them. (11)If apersonsaid to two: I adjureyou, so-and-so and so-and-so, thatwhen youknowanytestimonyforme,thatyouwillcomeandgivetestimonyforme, [andtheyreplied:] Weswearthatwehavenotestimonyforyou, andtheydo zreaya aizkc.mixeht 'eke il ozil ipelt yi` xn`y g :oennd on mixehte edpip dzin.exaglrelyiyoennzriazlroecwtdzreaydn.`hgzoecwtdzreayaaizke`hgzzecrd.ozilipeltyi`xn`yorehydfe.eilrelyiyoennzriazlrdidzyjixvzecrdzreays` el oziy exag el xn`y eixack èd elit`y exag lr el yiy oenn zriaz dpi` fef miz`n il `pngxe.zecrl dreay dncwy iptn h :efdxin`liayamelkelaiigexagoi`fefmiz`n dncwy`le.dreaylzecrddncwyrcie`d`xe`crèdedl`lewdrnye(d`xwie) xn` :eicrz`cgiiycrcrèdeaizkc.oixeht'ekezecrilmz`mirceim` i :zecrl dreay elzlrenozecrdzid`ledecirdm`y.mixeht'ekecritncrzecrelmirceimde ì

6 p 50 know testimony for him,[but] from the F` crirncr zecrfloircfimde,( mouth of other witnesses[i.e., indirect ixd,leqt F` afxw odn cg` didw evidence], or one of them was a odl xn`w F` FCar cia gnw ai :oixeht relative or ineligible [as a witness], oircfi my` m`w mkilr ip` riawn razpd then they are exempt. oixeht ixd,edecirze E`FaYW Fl (12) If a person sent his servant as ip` riawn bi :rafyd irn ErnWIW cr agent [to adjure them], or the ixd,ip`mkxqf`,mkilrip`devn, mkilr defendant said to them: I adjure you,.oixeht ixd,uxàe minxa.oiaig thatifyouknowanytestimonyforme,,zfàva,icwa,`"d c"eia,z"lc s"là that you will come and give testimony lkae,cqg axe mir` KxÀ,mEgxe oepga for me, then they are exempt, unless,aig,onka ª lnwnd.oiaig ixd,oiiepmd they hear [the adjuring] from the lnwnd.oixhfr minkge,xi`n iax ixac mouth of the claimant. (13) If a person,xi`n iax ixac,aig,onka ª FOè eia` said [to witnesses]: I adjure you if,onka ª Fxage Fnvr lnwnd.oixhfr minkge youknowanytestimonyforme,come andbearwitness, [orhesaid:] Icommandyou[byoath],... [or] Ibindyou [byoath],... theyareliable[foranoathoftestimony].[ifhesaid:] Byheaven and earth [I adjure that if you know...], they are exempt. [If he said:] By alef-dalet [i.e, the Name of God, as it is spoken], [or] By yud-keh [i.e., the Tetragrammaton], By Sha-kai, By Tzva-kot [Hosts], By Merciful and Compassionate, BySlowtoWrathandAbundantinMercy, orbyanyofthe Appellations [of God], then [this is an oath, and] they are liable. If a person curses [God] with any of them, he is liable [death bystoning]; the opinion of Rabbi Meir, but the Sages exempt[they hold that the prohibition of cursing liable to the death penalty is only with the Tetragrammaton]. If a person curses his fatherorhismotherwithanyofthem,heisliable;theopinionofrabbimeir, butthesagesexempt.ifapersoncurseshimselfandhisfellowwithanyofthem, m`.ikdyxcnls"lèe"iea`lncibièlm`(my) aizkc.raezd itn ernyiy cr ède.'eke.mkilr ip` devn bi ai :melk :xeht.cibi`lxg`lm`mdeper`yperaezlxnelkcibi`lel cgà myd z` jxan.mleka llwnd :dreaya ip` mkxqe` dreaya mkilr ip` devn xnìy (ck `xwie) aizkc.dliwqa `wec cgeind my lrc.oixhet minkge :dliwq.aiign n"x :mdn minkg micen zecrd zereayae(ak zeny) llwz`lmidl`cdxdfàmiiepkdlrezneimyeawpa drnye (d `xwie) aizk [zecr] zereayac.cgeind myd lr aiigy enk miiepkd lr aiigc n"xl epi`.lè.ot.xnydlke.c`njytpxenyejlxnyd(cmixac) aizkc.envr llwnd:dl` lew citw `le rneyepi`y yxg elit`yxg llwz`l (hi `xwie) aizkc.exag llwnde :z"l `l`

7 `p 51 he [however] transgresses a prohibition. [If he said, to each witness:] May the Lord smite you[if youwillnottestify], or[hesaidafter hearing the reading of the rebukes in dkmi oke,midl` Ÿ dkmi.durz `la Ÿ xafr l`.dxfya daezmd dl` ìd Ff,midl` Ÿ aign xi`n iax,kl aihiie,lkxaie,lmi :oixhfr minkge Deuteronomy,] MaytheLord smiteyouif...; thisisthecursewritteninthe Torah[andisavalidoath].[Orifhesaid: MaytheLord]notsmiteyou[ifyou testifyforme], or:[ MaytheLord]blessyou[ifyoutestifyforme], or[ifhe said: Maythe Lord] do good for you [if you testifyfor me] Rabbi Meir declares liable[for an oath of testimony, since you may deduce the opposite, for the opposite,] but the Sages exempt. xn`m`.midl`dkkiokemidl`dkki :citwernycmc`lkx`yy"ke.llwz`lezllw` xnè.midl`dkkidxezayzellwa`xewycg`rnyye`.ipecirz`lm`midl`dkkimicrl 'djkxaieìpecirzm`midl`dkkil`xn`ye`.ipecirz`lm`midl`dkkiokemicrlèd dkkilòdrneydzè`lllkncaiignn"xel`lka.ipecirzm`midl`jlahiie.ipecirzm`.ipecirz `lm``d ipecirzm`midl` jkxaioke.dkki ipecirz`lm` `dipecirzm` midl` :n"xkdkldoièl`lkaejllwi