Basic vocabulary Roughness. by Piotr Grądkowski home.agh.edu.pl/gradkow

Basic vocabulary Roughness by Piotr Grądkowski home.agh.edu.pl/gradkow

Bush (Panewka) Wheel (Koło) Shaft (Wał) Flange (Kołnierz) Table (Płyta podstawy)

Key (parallel key) (wpust pryzmatyczny) Taper (Przejście stożkowe) Shoulder (Odsadzenie) Key slot (Rowek wpustowy) Keyway (Rowek wpustowy) Centre hole (Nakiełek) Journal (czop)

Dowel (kołek ustalający) Slot (Rowek) Spigot (Czop) Recess (Wgłębienie) Blind hole (Otwór ślepy) Tee groove/ Tee slot (Rowek teowy) Chamfer (Faza) Spot-faced surface (Pogłębienie czołowe) Clearance hole (Otwór przelotowy) Countersunk hole (Otwór z pogłębieniem stożkowym) Counterbored hole (Otwór z pogłębieniem walcowym)

Bush (Panewka) Boss (Tuleja) Collar (Tuleja dystansowa) Rim (Wieniec) Hub (Piasta) Square (Czop kwadratowy) Spoke (Ramię) Rib (Wspornik) Web (Żebro) Bracket base (Podstawa) Lug (Ucho / Łapa) Round (Zaokrąglenie) Fillet (Zaokrąglenie)

Piston Rod Crankshaft Flywheel Cylinder Piston

Machine tools & machining Obróbka skrawaniem Tokarka Nóż tokarski Toczenie Wytaczanie Gwintowanie (gwint zewn.) Gwintowanie (gwint wewn) Frezarka frez Wiertarka Wiercenie Pogłebianie Powiercanie Rozwiercanie Machining Turning lathe Cutter Turning Boring Threading Tapping Milling machine / miller Milling cutter / mill Drill, driller, borer Drilling, boring Counterboring Reboring Reaming

Machine tools & machining Obróbka skrawaniem Dłutownica Dłutowanie Strugarka Struganie Szlifierka szlifowanie Machining Slotting machine Slotting, chiselling Planning machine Planning Grinding machine Grinding

Machine tools & machining Obróbka plastyczna kucie odlewanie matryca forma rdzeń Plastic forming forging casting die mould core

(3) Turn to thread diameter, then (4) Cut the thread (6) Drill 4 holes, then (7) Counterbore Technology 8) Broach or chisel a keyway (5) Bore hole (2) Face the base surface (1) Cast the basic shape

Casting Technology

Technology Facing (Turning lathe) Chuck (US) Spindle (BR) Tool Holder Cross slide

Technology Turning (Turning lathe) Lathe Carriage

Turning the thread/threading (Turning lathe) Technology

Technology Boring (Turning lathe) Boring bar with tool

Drilling (Drill press) Technology

Counterboring (Drill press) Technology

Broaching a keyway Technology

Technology Shaping Grinding

Roughness concern of engineers Some surfaces must be smooth mating & moving wear strength unit pressure inertia vs. centrifugal forces (balance) aesthetics / safety Some faces should be rough static friction porous structure Some don t matter economy

Profilemeters Determining roughness parameters sampling length statistics

Mechanical filtering

Profile Surface profile Shape (form) profile Waviness profile Roughness profile

Profile

y [μm] Roughness parameters - definitions reference line has the shape and position of basic profile; line along which the measurement is taken m centre line y i2 min m x [mm]

y [μm] Roughness parameters - definitions R a average roughness profile deviation R a 1 l l 0 y x dx R a m x [mm] l

y [μm] Roughness parameters - definitions R z ten-point height of irregularities R z 5 i 1 y pi 5 5 i 1 y vi x [mm] l

Rz R a / R z 1800 1600 1400 1200 R z 5 i 1 y pi 5 5 i 1 y vi 1000 800 600 400 200 0 x 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Ra R a 1 l l 0 y dx

y [μm] R p R v R m R c R q Roughness parameters - definitions x [mm]

Annotations General symbol for roughness annotation R a 3,2 Max allowed roughness R a = 3,2μm obtained by ANY means R a 3,2 Max allowed roughness R a = 3,2μm obtained by REMOVING a layer of material (usually machining)

Annotations R a 3,2 Max. allowed roughness must be obtained with methods excluding removing of material sand blasting shot blasting burnishing, roller burnishing Leave the surface UNMODIFIED

Annotations R a 3,2 R a 1,6 The R a roughness should be greater than 1,6 but not greater than 3,2 μm

R a 3,2 R a 3,2 Annotations in drawing The roughness symbol always touches the face (or extension) Symbols read from bottom or right! Aux dim lines and contour lines can be broken Thread always the outer contour R a 3,2 R a 3,2 R a 3,2

Surface finish Lay Unidirectional Parallel Perpendicular Concentric (Circular)

Surface finish Lay Multidirectional Cross-hatched Disordered Radial

Surface finish Lay Nondirectional Pointwise

Example Max. allowable R a Additional technological info Min. allowable R a Sampling length Excess material DO remove layer of material Surface lay

Example

Coating Hvy dotted line

Heat treatment h 1,0±0,2, HRC 60±2

General roughness symbol R a 12,5 R a 1,6 R a 6,3 All the faces should have this roughness except for some faces, which should have another, given

R a or R z? R a is the preferred parameter R z provided only if the manufacturer has no possibilities to measure R a

Possible R a values Ra (μm) 50 25 12,5 6,3 3,2 1,6 0,8 0,4 0,2 0,1 0,05 0,025 0,0125 Sawing Planing, shaping Drilling Milling Boring, turning Broaching Reaming Piłowanie Struganie, dłutowanie Wiercenie Frezowanie Wytaczanie, toczenie Przeciąganie Powiercanie

Superfinishing Dogładzanie Possible R a values Ra (μm) 50 25 12,5 6,3 3,2 1,6 0,8 0,4 0,2 0,1 0,05 0,025 0,0125 Grinding Barrel finishing Honing Electropolishing Electrolytic grinding Polishing Lapping Szlifowanie Docieranie bębnowe Honowanie Elektropolerowanie Szlifowanie elektrolityczne Polerowanie Docieranie

Possible R a values Ra (μm) 50 25 12,5 6,3 3,2 1,6 0,8 0,4 0,2 0,1 0,05 0,025 0,0125 Sand casting Permanent mold casting Investment casting Die casting Forma piaskowa Forma kolikowa Metoda traconego wosku Odlewanie ciśnieniowe

Possible R a values Ra (μm) 50 25 12,5 6,3 3,2 1,6 0,8 0,4 0,2 0,1 0,05 0,025 0,0125 Hot rolling Forging Extruding Cold rolling, drawing Roller burnishing Walcowanie na gorąco Kucie Wyciskanie Walcowanie na zimno, ciągnienie Krążkowanie

Possible R a values Ra (μm) 50 25 12,5 6,3 3,2 1,6 0,8 0,4 0,2 0,1 0,05 0,025 0,0125 Flame cutting Chemical milling Cięcie acetylenowe Obróbka trawieniem Electron beam cutting Cięcie wiązką elektronów Laser cutting EDM Cięcie laserem Obróbka elektroerozyjna

Metal cutting Abrasive Casting Forming Other R a values - comparison

References 1. Dobrzański T.: Rysunek techniczny maszynowy WNT Warszawa 2005 2. French T.E., Vierck C.J.: The Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing & Graphic Technology McGraw-Hill Inc, 1978 3. Ostrowsky O.: Engineering Drawing with CAD Applications. Edward Arnold 1995 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/roughness