Karst of the Częstochowa Upland and of the Eastern Sudetes

Faculty of Earth Sciences University of Silesia Zoological Institute University of Wrocław Karst of the Częstochowa Upland and of the Eastern Sudetes palaeoenvironments and protection Edited by Krzysztof Stefaniak, Andrzej Tyc, Paweł Socha Sosnowiec Wrocław 2009

Studies of the Faculty of Earth Sciences University of Silesia No. 56 Editors of this issue Krzysztof Stefaniak, Andrzej Tyc, Paweł Socha Linguistic Editor Beata M. Pokryszko Advisory Board and Board of Reviewers Radosław Dobrowolski (Institute of Earth Sciences, University of M. Curie-Skłodowska in Lublin), Michał Gradziński (Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Kraków), Beata M. Pokryszko (Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław), Barbara Rzebik- Kowalska (Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków), Paweł Valde-Nowak (Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków) Cover design Mariusz Jeziorko Cover photos Krzysztof Blejczak, Tomasz Karpiński, Paweł Socha Cover drawings Jakub Zbyszyński, Magdalena Sudoł Colour maps in the text Bartłomiej Szypuła & Andrzej Tyc Computer typesetting Mariusz Jeziorko & Andrzej Tyc Proofreading Wioletta Tomala-Kania Publication financed by the Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environmental Management and the Zoological Institute, University of Wrocław (grant no. 2987/W/IZ/08, 1018/S/IZ/09) with financial support of the Centre of Nature Heritage of Upper Silesia (Katowice), the District Council of Ogrodzieniec and of the Lower Silesian Foundation of Sustainable Development Eko-Raj (Wrocław) Published in the year of 35th anniversary of foundation of the Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia Copyright 2009 by Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia Zoological Institute, University of Wrocław ISBN 978-83-61644-01-9 ISSN 1895-6777 Printed by Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawniczo-Reklamowe Top-Art. ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 17a, 42-450 Łazy www.drukarnia-topart.pl

Contributors Preface Contents 5 7 Karst and palaeoenvironments of the Częstochowa Upland Karst and caves of the Częstochowa Upland morphology and the outline of speleogenesis Andrzej Tyc Upper Jurassic deposits in the Częstochowa Upland Marcin Krajewski, Jacek Matyszkiewicz Cenozoic development of the Częstochowa Upland disputable problems Józef Lewandowski Clastic cave sediments in the Częstochowa Upland Teresa Madeyska Palaeontological studies in the Częstochowa Upland Krzysztof Stefaniak, Adam Nadachowski, Teresa Tomek, Paweł Socha Archaeological studies in caves of the Częstochowa Upland Krzysztof Cyrek The Upper Jurassic fissured-karst-porous aquifer of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland Jacek Różkowski Early Pleistocene fauna and sediments of the Żabia Cave Krzysztof Stefaniak, Adam Nadachowski, Adrian Marciszak, Adam Szynkiewicz, Paweł Socha Archaeology, stratigraphy and palaeoecology of the Biśnik Cave Krzysztof Cyrek, Joanna Mirosław-Grabowska, Krzysztof Stefaniak, Paweł Socha Small mammals (Erinaceomorpha, Soricomorpha, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Pleistocene sediments of the Biśnik Cave Paweł Socha Large mammals (Carnivora, Ungulata) from Pleistocene sediments of the Biśnik Cave Krzysztof Stefaniak, Adrian Marciszak Studies in the caves of the Zegarowe Rocks Krzysztof Stefaniak, Błażej Muzolf, Joanna Mirosław-Grabowska, Paweł Socha Archaeology and stratigraphy of the Jasna Strzegowska Cave Joanna Mirosław-Grabowska, Krzysztof Cyrek Multiculturate sites on Mt. Birów in Podzamcze Błażej Muzolf, Krzysztof Stefaniak, Teresa Tomek, Krzysztof Wertz, Paweł Socha, Krzysztof Cyrek, Joanna Mirosław-Grabowska, Teresa Madeyska, Adam Nadachowski Protection of karst phenomena in the Częstochowa Upland Andrzej Tyc 11 37 57 67 85 145 161 173 191 215 225 255 273 283 295 3

Caves, rock shelters and palaeontological sites in quarries of the Częstochowa Upland catalogue of important speleological features Krzysztof Stefaniak, Paweł Socha, Andrzej Tyc, Krzysztof Cyrek, Adam Nadachowski 307 Karst and palaeoenvironments of the Eastern Sudetes Geomorphology of karst terrains in the Śnieżnik Massif Piotr Migoń Groundwater of karst terrains in the Sudetes Wojciech Ciężkowski, Sebastian Buczyński, Bartłomiej Rzonca, Henryk Marszałek, Mirosław Wąsik, Stanisław Staśko Karst waters in the Krowiarki Range (Eastern Sudetes) Henryk Marszałek, Mirosław Wąsik Palaeogeographic and palaeoecological analysis of sediments of the Niedźwiedzia Cave in Kletno Jerzy Bieroński, Krzysztof Stefaniak, Helena Hercman, Paweł Socha, Adam Nadachowski The Niedźwiedzia Cave in the climatic environment of the Kleśnica Valley (Śnieżnik Massif) Jacek Piasecki, Tymoteusz Sawiński Palaeogeographic, archaeological and palaeozoological studies in the Radochowska Cave Jerzy Bieroński, Jan Michał Burdukiewicz, Helena Hercman, Paweł Socha, Krzysztof Stefaniak, Adam Nadachowski Caves in Rogóżka origin, sediments and fauna Bieroński Jerzy, Socha Paweł, Stefaniak Krzysztof, Helena Hercman, Michał Gąsiorowski Solna Jama Cave state of knowledge and research perspectives Krzysztof Stefaniak, Jerzy Bieroński, Paweł Socha, Helena Hercman, Adam Nadachowski A review of studies on the circulation and chemistry of the waters of the Jaskiniec catchment area (Złote Mts) Sebastian Buczyński, Bartłomiej Rzonca Caves and karst forms in the Eastern Sudetes threats and protection Jerzy Bieroński Caves and rock shelters of the Eastern Sudetes catalogue of important speleological features Krzysztof Stefaniak, Jerzy Bieroński 357 371 385 401 423 455 477 491 497 507 515 4

Contributors Jerzy Bieroński Institute of Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Earth Science and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland, bieronski@geogr.uni.wroc.pl Sebastian Buczyński Institute of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Earth Science and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Pl. Maksa Borna 9, 50-204 Wrocław, Poland, sebastian.buczynski@ing.uni.wroc.pl Jan Michał Burdukiewicz Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Wrocław, ul. Szewska 48, 50-139 Wrocław, Poland, jan.burdukiewicz@archeo.uni.wroc.pl Wojciech Ciężkowski Institute of Mining, Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, wojciech.ciezkowski@pwr.wroc.pl Krzysztof Cyrek Institute of Archaeology, University of Mikołaj Kopernik in Toruń, Szosa Bydgoska 44/48, 87-100 Toruń, Poland, paleo@umk.pl Michał Gąsiorowski Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland, mgasior@twarda.pan.pl Helena Hercman Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland, hhercman@twarda.pan.pl Marcin Krajewski Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, kramar@geol.agh.edu.pl Józef Lewandowski Department of Fundamental Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, ul. Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland, jozef.lewandowski@us.edu.pl Teresa Madeyska Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland, tmadeysk@twarda.pan.pl Adrian Marciszak Department of Palaeozoology, Zoological Institute, University of Wrocław, ul. Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland, marcisz@biol.uni.wroc.pl Henryk Marszałek Institute of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Earth Science and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Pl. Maksa Borna 9, 50-204 Wrocław, Poland, henryk.marszalek@ing.uni.wroc.pl Jacek Matyszkiewicz Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, jamat@geol.agh.edu.pl Piotr Migoń Institute of Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Earth Science and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wrocław, migon@geogr.uni.wroc.pl Joanna Mirosław-Grabowska Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, jmirosla@twarda.pan.pl 5

Błażej Muzolf Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum in Łódź, Pl. Wolności 14, 91-415 Łódź, Poland, blazejmuzolf@maie.art.pl Adam Nadachowski Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland, nadachowski@isez.pan.krakow.pl Department of Palaeozoology, Zoological Institute, University of Wrocław, ul. Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland, nadachowski@biol.uni.wroc.pl Jacek Piasecki Department of Climatology and Atmosphere Protection, Institute of Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Earth Science and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland, piasecki@meteo.uni.wroc.pl Jacek Różkowski Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, ul. Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland, jacek.rozkowski@us.edu.pl Bartłomiej Rzonca Department of Hydrology, Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, ul. Gronostajowa 7, Poland, b.rzonca@geo.uj.edu.pl Tymoteusz Sawiński Department of Climatology and Atmosphere Protection, Institute of Geography and Spatial Development, Faculty of Earth Science and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland, t_sawinski@meteo.uni.wroc.pl Paweł Socha Department of Palaeozoology, Zoological Institute, University of Wrocław, ul. Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland, sochap@biol.uni.wroc.pl Stanisław Staśko Institute of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Earth Science and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Pl. Maksa Borna 9, 50-204 Wrocław, Poland, stanislaw.stasko@ing.uni.wroc.pl Krzysztof Stefaniak Department of Palaeozoology, Zoological Institute, University of Wrocław, ul. Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland, stefanik@biol.uni.wroc.pl Adam Szynkiewicz Institute of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Earth Science and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, ul. W. Cybulskiego 32, 50-205 Wrocław, Poland, aszyn@ing.uni.wroc.pl Teresa Tomek Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland, tomek@isez.pan.krakow.pl Andrzej Tyc Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, ul. Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland, andrzej.tyc@us.edu.pl Mirosław Wąsik Institute of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Earth Science and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Pl. Maksa Borna 9, 50-204 Wrocław, Poland, miroslaw.wasik@ing.uni.wroc.pl Krzysztof Wertz Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland, wertz@isez.pan.krakow.pl 6

Stefaniak K., Tyc A., Socha P. (Eds) 2009. Karst of the Częstochowa Upland and of the Eastern Sudetes: palaeoenvironments and protection. Studies of the Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, No. 56, Sosnowiec - Wrocław, 536 pp. Multiculturate sites on Mt. Birów in Podzamcze Błażej Muzolf, Krzysztof Stefaniak, Teresa Tomek, Krzysztof Wertz, Paweł Socha, Krzysztof Cyrek, Joanna Mirosław-Grabowska, Teresa Madeyska, Adam Nadachowski Because of its location and form, the massif of Mt. Birów located near Podzamcze has long been of interest to researchers (Fig. 1). The name of the hill Birów is among the oldest geographical names in our country and probably originates from the whole range of Jurassic rocky hills, which was marked on maps as Asbiruensis Mons as early as in the 15th c., but its origin is probably even older. Students of the past of our territory located on its top a hypothetical rampart of the Łużyce culture (Hensel 1979) and medieval castle (Bogdanowski 1964; Żaki 1974). Systematic archaeological studies in the site started as late as in 1990. The work of several years, directed by B. Muzolf (Muzolf 1993, 1994 a-c,1997a-d, 1998, 1999), was possible due to the involvement and financial support of the Authorities of the Jurassic Landscape Parks, Katowice Voivodeship (recently Complex of Landscape Parks of the Silesian Voivodeship). During exploration on the top of the hill, and in the caves, a complex of archaeological sites was discovered; they varied in character and chronology, starting with the Palaeolithic till the Middle Ages. The sites ranged from short-lasting camps through flint workshops and long-lasting settlements to a rampart. The oldest archaeological materials were obtained during exploration of caves and rock shelters of Mt. Birów. In the cave inventory by Kowalski (1951) they are described as: rock shelters on Mt. Birów near Podzamcze Eastern (no 420), Western (no 421) and a multi-entrance rock shelter in Mt. Birów near Podzamcze, Northern (no 422). 283

Fig. 1. Location of the Mt. Birów IV Cave The so-called Cave IV, i.e. the northern shelter according to K. Kowalski (1951) (no 422), because of its size and the presence of a fairly large chamber with many entrances, was of special interest to us and thus subject to detailed archaeological studies. Exploration of its sediments revealed, in the middle part of layer 5, numerous animal bones and flint artifacts made with upper Palaeolithic technology and style. The absence of forms characteristic for particular cultural units of the upper Palaeolithic renders difficult cultural identification of the artifacts. Also its stratigraphic position within the sediments, dated as the main stadial of the last glaciation (see below), does not facilitate the task. Among numerous fragments of reindeer antlers several bore traces of tooling. A fragment of a small object with surface ornamented with rows of delicate pits deserves special attention. The ornamentation clearly resembles the style found in artifacts of the Aurignacian culture. Such similarities, assuming that the ornamented antler fragment comes from the same phase of human occupancy of the cave as the flint artifacts, make it possible to assign the latter to the Aurignacian culture. It is one of the few instances of finding Palaeolithic art in Poland. A considerable accumulation of various animal remains suggests that the cave was repeatedly occupied by Palaeolithic hunting groups. The Pleistocene age of sediments is also confirmed by two 14 C AMS dates: 27 980±220 years BP (Poz-27279, obtained for remains of Vulpes vulpes) and 12 590±60 years BP (Poz-27244, obtained from the bone of Alopex lagopus) * Among other objects, the oldest relics of a Neolithic camp of the Funnel Cup culture from the classic and later blade phase dated as ca. 5 000 BC were found at the foot of Mt. Birów. Relics of a flint workshop of the Corded Ware culture from the periods I-II of the Bronze Age, where stone axes were probably made, were found on the top. * The research was supported by grant No. 3307832/2589 of Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland 284

An important chronological discovery was finding of an intensely used settlement of the Łużyce culture from the 6th c. BC on the naturally defensive top of the outcrop; with smaller settlements situated around Mt. Birów it formed a local settlement complex. Besides numerous fragments of clay pots, it yielded numerous ornaments of bronze and iron, in the form of pins to fasten clothes, e.g. a unique pin with three poppy-heads on swan-like bent necks (only two analogous object are known from Lower Silesia, discovered between the wars; Gedl 1991), bracelets and small fragments of ornaments (e.g. clay beads, buttons, bronze tags etc.). The settlement might be destroyed by nomadic Scythian tribes which may be indicated by two arrowheads of Scythian type (Muzolf 1994a-c). Finds associated with settlements of people of the Przeworsk culture from the 4th-5th c., at present identified with Germanic tribes, are no less significant. Perhaps the character of the settlement was refugial and it existed during some kind of external peril. Besides numerous hand-made pots, also numerous rounded and lathed vessels were in use. Because of the numerous inventory of metal objects in the form of bronze and iron clasps, buckles, belt trimmings, it can be said that the settlement was among the youngest in the territory and is of special scientific significance (Muzolf 1994a-c, 1997a-d). Also in the Middle Ages Slavonic people chose the top of the outcrop as the site for a settlement and at the foot of the mountains they established a small mound burial ground. These finds can be dated as the 8th-10th c. (Muzolf 1994ac, 1999). The whole sequence of archaeological finds ends with a medieval rampart on the top of Mt. Birów; its presence was pointed out by J. Bogdanowski (1964) and A. Żaki (1974). Built perhaps at the end of the 13th c., but more likely at the beginning of the 14th c., it was a part of the fortification line of the Polish Kingdom, along the border with Silesian principalities occupied by the Czech Kingdom. The rampart preceded building, in the second half of the 14th c., of the nearby royal castle Ogrodzieniec in Podzamcze. The relics of the earlier rampart indicate that it was intermediate between a classic wood-earth-and-stone rampart and a stone castle. Its basic fortifications were built as a sectioned rampart and two towers of wood-earth structure, but fragments of a stone wall with a lime-sand mortar, with a gate and a probable water cistern carved in stone were also discovered there. The rampart was destroyed by a huge fire which could be a consequence of a war, most likely the Polish-Czech war in the first half of the 14th c. The military significance of the rampart is indicated by a vast number of military implements found in its embers, in the form of arrowheads, arrows, long knives, axes, spurs etc. (Muzolf 1994a-c, 1997a-d, 2005). Especially noteworthy is the mace head cast in bronze, of an eastern European origin the only such object in Poland (Muzolf 1998, 2005). Based on archaeological documentation the team of architects and builders led by B. Muzolf created building plans of the rampart, enabling its hypothetical reconstruction in situ (Fig. 2). The reconstruction of the rampart with the tourist route including the outcrop (with caves) and its surroundings will provide an additional tourist attraction for the region. Mt. Birów is dissected by a network of fissures along which caves and rock shelters developed. In the northern shelter (the so-called Cave IV) a profile ca. 1.5 285

Fig. 2. Reconstruction of ramparts on Mt. Birów. Photo by A. Rostański Fig. 3. Profile of sediments from Cave IV on Mt. Birów (after Mirosław-Grabowska 1995; see text for explanations) m thick was uncovered (Fig. 3), where flint tools and very numerous animals bones were found. Based on the preliminary analysis, particular layers of the sediments were found to be much varied lithologically (Mirosław-Grabowska 1995). The amount of limestone rubble decreases towards the bottom and the fragments become increasingly weathered. In the higher situated layers fragments of sinter, calcite druses and crystals are frequent. Probably this is not their original position; they were displaced as a result of prospecting for calcite spar. The bottom of the sediments is formed by sandy, erosion silt of brown-rusty colour, occurring between the rock blocks (Fig. 3, layer 1). It contains eroded lime- 286

stone fragments covered by mineral precipitates. No faunal remains were found in the silt. Such silts, of erosional origin, formed during the Pliocene and early Pleistocene. Higher situated sediments are composed of strata with irregular boundaries and secondary deformations. A lens of fine-grained rusty-coloured sand lies on the rock substratum, partly interdigitating with the erosion silt (layer 2). The sediment is multilayered which suggests its fluvial origin. It does not contain limestone rubble or bone fragments. The next layer is formed of sandy and dusty loams of beige colour (layer 3), with small quantities of fine limestone rubble (up to 3%). The considerable proportion of sandy and dusty material indicates the influence of fluvial and eolic processes on the formation of this layer. Numerous bones and teeth were found in the sediment. Higher situated brown loam forms a fairly continuous layer (layer 4). The sediment contains much (up to 50%) limestone rubble with almost no secondary mineral precipitates. Fragments of the fraction exceeding 20 mm have smooth surfaces and smoothed edges. Fragments of the finer fraction have varied surfaces and sharp edges. Faunal remains were found in these sediments. The degree of smoothing of the surface of larger fragments suggests a rather warm climate during the loam formation. Towards the top the loam passes into dusty loam and sandy dust of beige colour (layer 5). The quantity of limestone fragments in the loam decreases and they are absent in the dust layer. The limestone fragments are sharp-edged, of varied surface. Numerous faunal remains were found in this layer. The considerable proportion of dusty material is characteristic of loess. Sediments of this type formed in conditions of periglacial climate during the main stadial of the Vistula glaciation. The top of the profile constitutes a medieval cultural layer of grey colour (layer 6). Traces of hearths were found in its bottom part. The described sediments, except their bottom layers, contained a rich bone material of birds and mammals. A preliminary analysis of bird remains resulted in assigning 1925 bones or their fragments to 40 taxa (Table 1). In the table remains classified as indet. were only roughly identified (usually to ordinal level) and may represent either taxa known from the cave or taxa new for the site. Birds whose remains were present in the cave are forms associated with waters or wetlands (17), forests (12), open areas: tundra, steppe-tundra (5), or euryoecious forms (3), species dwelling among rocks (1) and domesticated birds (birds occurring in various habitats were assigned to that most typical for their species). Most studied bone remains represented medium-sized birds, of body weight ranging from 0.1 kg (spotted crake, ruff) to 1.4 1.7 kg (black grouse, mallard). They are mostly birds which usually were (and still are) the object of hunting by humans and predators (mammals or larger birds). It can be suspected that they were brought to the cave as prey. Only one bone belonged to the domestic hen Gallus gallus, which in Poland occurs as domesticated species. The remaining bones represented wild birds. Most remains (1564, i.e. ca. 81% of all analysed material) belonged to three species (willow grouse Lagopus lagopus, mute grouse Lagopus muta and black grouse Tetrao tetrix). 287

288 The small number of bones (7 bones representing only one species partridge Perdix perdix) of open-country species (fields and meadows) is noteworthy. Other caves of the Częstochowa Upland, such as Deszczowa (Cyrek et al. 2000), Krucza Skała (Bocheński, Tomek 2004), Komarowa (Tomek, Bocheński 2005) and Biśnik (in preparation), held remains of skylark Alauda arvensis, a common bird even today. Their absence in the discussed site may result from the way of exploring the sediments (without washing on fine-meshed sieves). Particular body parts were also represented disproportionately in the studied material. Tarsometatarsus was the most abundant, followed by carpometacarpus. Among the bones of the most numerously represented birds, i.e. Tetraonidae, tarsometatarsus constituted ca. 43%, and carpometacarpus ca. 14% of all studied remains. The other parts of the skeleton were much less numerous, each not exceeding a few percent. The uneven representation of various skeleton parts (like the significant predominance of tetraonid remains) indicates a selective accumulation. Bone remains, left by birds of prey (prey remains), were always characterised by predominance of other skeletal components with smaller proportion of tarsometatarsus (Bocheński 2005). Likewise, components of pectoral girdle prevailed among naturally accumulated remains (Ericson 1987). It can be supposed that the bird bones accumulated in the cave were not remains of predators prey and they were not brought by water. They could result from human activities, since the predominance of tarsometatarsus over the remaining skeletal parts was found only in caves used by man (Mourer-Chauvire 1983). However, ascertaining if such bones were really remnants of human activity requires their examination for damage, such as incisions or traces of burning. A more likely explanation of the great prevalence of metatarsal and metacarpal bones in the studied material (and also poor representation of small-sized birds) is the method of extraction of the remains from the sediments. The planned further studies of the bone remains may explain whose prey were the birds whose bones were accumulated in the cave. Probably only euryoecious and rock-dwelling species lived and nested in the cave or the surrounding rocks forming Mt. Birów. Among them noteworthy is the Alpine chough Pyrrhocorax graculus. At present the species inhabits, among other areas, the mountains of southern Europe, in the north reaching only as far as the Alps (Cramp, Perrins 1994). In Poland, in mid 19th c., it still nested in the Tatra Mts (Tomiałojć, Stawarczyk 2003), and only its single remains were found in caves, among others the Komarowa Cave (Tomek, Bocheński 2005) and the Biśnik Cave (in preparation). They indicate that the species appeared in the Częstochowa Upland in the past. About a dozen bones of the chough were found in the examined material; several of them were not completely ossified, indicating juvenile specimens. This suggests existence of a breeding colony in the rocks of Mt. Birów, or in their nearest vicinity. It would be the first evidence of nesting of this bird in Poland outside the Carpathians. Preliminary studies revealed the presence of 27 species and 9 unidentified taxa of mammals in the sediments of cave IV in Mt. Birów (Table 2). Among several thousand bone remains a great majority (over 90%) represented the characteristic mammal assemblage of cold Pleistocene periods steppe-tundra mammals (the so-called mammoth steppe). Reindeer remains predominated in the material (over 70%) and were represented mainly by antlers. The antlers

Taxon NISP Habitat Occurrence 1 2 3 4 Anseriformes Branta bernicla (L.) 2 W - Branta leucopsis (BECHSTEIN) 3 W - Anas platyrhynchos L. 3 W + Anas querquedula L. 3 W + Melanitta nigra (L.) 4 W - Aythya fuligula (L.) 3 W + Aythya marila (L.) 1 W + Mergellus albellus (L.) 1 W - Anseriformes indet. 21 W Falconiformes Falco tinnunculus L. 11 E + Falco cf. subbuteo L. 1 F + Falco cf. rusticolus L. 3 ST - Falconiformes indet. 56 Galliformes Lagopus lagopus (L.) 423 F - Lagopus muta (MONTIN) 79 ST - Tetrao tetrix L. 83 F + Tetrao urogallus L. 4 F - Tetraonidae indet. 967 Perdix perdix (L.) 7 ST + Gallus gallus (L.) 1 D + Gruiformes Grus grus (L.) 1 W + Porzana porzana (L.) 1 W - Fulica atra L. 1 W + Charadriiformes Scolopax rusticola L. 36 F + Pluvialis apricaria (L.) 3 ST - Pluvialis squatarola (L.) 5 ST - Gallinago media (LATHAM) 6 W - Limosa cf. lapponica (L.) 1 W - Numenius sp. 4 W - Philomachus pugnax (L.) 6 W + till 1925 Stercorarius sp. 3 W - Charadriiformes indet. 22 Columbiformes Columba oenas L. 3 F + Columba palumbus L. 11 F + Columbiformes indet. 32 Table 1. Results of preliminary analysis of 1925 bird remains from sediments of Cave IV on Mt. Birów 289

1 2 3 4 Strigiformes Asio flammeus (PONTOPPIDAN) 2 W + til 1954 Piciformes Dryocopus martius (L.) 1 F + Passeriformes - Corvidae Nucifraga caryocatactes (L.) 1 F + Garrulus glandarius (L.) 3 F + Pica pica (L.) 3 E + Pyrrhocorax graculus (L.) 17 R - Corvus monedula L. 22 E + Corvus corone L. 2 F + Corvus corax L. 15 E + Corvidae indet. 45 Passeriformes-other Turdus cf. philomelos C. L. BREHM 1 F + Passeriformes except Corvidae indet. TOTAL 1925 2 E euryoecious; F forest-dwelling; ST steppe-tundra, open country forms; W aquatic or wetland-associated; R montane, rock-dweller; D domesticated; + occurs at present in the Częstochowa Upland; - does not occur at present in the Częstochowa Upland Fig. 4. Ibex Capra ibex/caucasica mandible fragment (Fot. P. Socha) were mainly female; male antlers were few. They resulted partly from shedding and partly came from hunted individuals. The remaining ungulates were mainly large ruminants primitive bison, red deer, Alpine ibex (Fig. 4), odd-toed ungulates horse and woolly rhinoceros. Their remains (teeth and long bones) represented a total of a few individuals, and the mammoth remains are a fragment of a tooth primordium of a juvenile. Lagomorphs and large rodents were numerous. The low number of small mammals (the material contains no remains of insectivores, bats 290

and small rodents) may reflect, like in the case of birds, the fact that the sediment was not washed. The large accumulation of mammal bone remains was associated, like in many other localities, with human activities and predators (birds of prey, cave hyena, canids). The relatively small number of bones of euryoecious forms, especially the cave bear which dominated in many other, also nearby, cave localities, is interesting. It may indicate that Cave IV in Mt. Birów at that time was open, not favouring maintenance of a stable cave climate and thus could not be used by the cave bear for hibernation and reproduction. Also remains of other large carnivores (cave hyena and wolf) are few, and there is no cave lion (found e.g. in caves of the nearby Wodąca Valley) (Wiszniowska et al. 2001a, b, 2002; Stefaniak et al. 2009; Stefaniak, Marciszak 2009). Among carnivores, Arctic fox remains are fairly numerous; the species could be an object of human hunting or, in the absence of larger carnivores, could shelter in the cave. It is not excluded that during most of the sedimentation period, the cave was inhabited by man which could exclude the presence of large carnivores. Further studies on mammals from the site, and especially taphonomic analyses, should answer the question whether man or predators were mainly responsible for the accumulation of remains. However, in view of finding artifacts made of reindeer antlers, with traces of tooling and human tools, it can be said that humans played a significant part in accumulating bone remains in the cave. Among the taxa, 10 represented steppe-tundra forms, 8 species were associated with densely forested areas. Out of 15 euryoecious taxa taxonomic status of 7 was unclear and only future studies may make it possible to assign them to one of ecological groups. The occurrence of the beaver and European water vole indicates the presence of water bodies and streams (Table 2). The occurrence of the Alpine ibex, a species associated with mountainous areas, in Cave IV in Mt. Birów is noteworthy. The site would be the third, next to the Łokietek Cave and Ciemna Cave, locality with remains of this species in Poland (Lipecki et al. 2001; Wojtal 2007). During glacial periods the form, like the chamois, extended its range considerably to occupy lowlands and uplands of Europe. Another species rare in the fauna of Poland is the steppe polecat Mustela eversmanni LESSON, 1827, associated with open areas (Świerski 2008). It is the second record of the species from Poland, next to the Biśnik Cave (Wiszniowska et al. 2002). Holocene mammal remains (wild boar, red deer) and bones of domesticated animals (goat or sheep) were found in the topmost layer. Preliminary palaeoecological analysis based on mammal remains indicates that during the deposition of the two main layers containing bone remains (3 and 4), the environment around the cave was a mosaic of habitats with the prevalence of open areas (stony tundra), and with some forested areas, wetlands, lakes and streams. The conclusion is supported by the co-occurrence of open country, forest and water-associated forms with the dominant steppe-tundra taxa (Tab. 2). Likewise, the species composition of birds (Tab. 1) suggests the presence of a wet steppe-tundra with lakes and streams. The faunistic and palaeoecological observations presented above should be regarded as preliminary. Only a complete analysis of the bone remains will make it possible to supplement the fragmentary data and draw broader conclusions. 291

TAXON Habitat Occurrence 1 2 3 Rodentia Castor fiber L. F, W + Arvicola terrestris (L.) E, W + Lemmus lemmus (L.) ST - Dicrostonyx gulielmi (SANFORD) ST - Cricetus cricetus L. ST + Lagomorpha Lepus timidus L. ST + Carnivora Ursus arctos (L.) F + Ursus spelaeus ROSENMÜLLER E + Canis lapus L. E + Alopex lagopus (L.) ST - Vulpes vulpes (L.) E + Lynx lynx (L.) F + Felis silvestris SCHREBER. F + Crocuta crocuta spelaea (GOLDFUSS) E + Meles meles (L.) F + Mustela erminea L. E + Mustela nivalis L. E + Mustela eversmani L. ST + Martes martes (L.) F + Artiodactyla Equus caballus (L.) ST + Coelodonta antiquitatis (BLUMENBACH) ST + Proboscidea Mammuthus primigenius (BLUMENBACH) ST + Artiodactyla Sus scrofa L. F + Cervus elaphus L. F + Rangifer tarandus (L.) ST - Bison priscus (BOJANUS) ST +? Capra ibex/caucasica R - Table 2. Mammal species found in sediments of Cave IV on Mt. Birów E euryoecious; F forest-dwelling; ST steppe-tundra, open country forms; W forms associated with waters or wetlands; R montane, rock-dweller; D domesticated, synanthropic; + occurs at present in Poland; - does not occur at present in Poland; + extinct 292

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