PRACE NAUKOWE Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu RESEARCH PAPERS of Wrocław University of Economics Nr 334 Local and Regional Economy in Theory and Practice edited by Małgorzata Markowska, Dariusz Głuszczuk, Beata Bal-Domańska Publishing House of Wrocław University of Economics Wrocław 2014
Copy-editing: Elżbieta and Tim Macauley Layout: Barbara Łopusiewicz Proof-reading: Barbara Cibis Typesetting: Adam Dębski Cover design: Beata Dębska This publication is available at www.ibuk.pl, www.ebscohost.com, Lower Silesian Digital Library www.dbc.wroc.pl, and in The Central and Eastern European Online Library www.ceeol.com as well as in the annotated bibliography of economic issues of BazEkon http://kangur.uek.krakow.pl/bazy_ae/bazekon/nowy/index.php Information on submitting and reviewing papers is available on the Publishing House s website www.wydawnictwo.ue.wroc.pl All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or in any means without the prior written permission of the Publisher Copyright by Wrocław University of Economics Wrocław 2014 ISSN 1899-3192 ISBN 978-83-7695-496-7 The original version: printed Printing: EXPOL, P. Rybiński, J. Dąbek, sp.j. ul. Brzeska 4, 87-800 Włocławek
Contents Preface... 9 Beata Bal-Domańska: Convergence of Central and Eastern European regions spatial aspect... 11 Barbara Dańska-Borsiak: The determinants of migration outflows from Polish sub-regions in both internal movement and abroad identification and comparison... 22 Anna Golejewska: Rethinking regional competitiveness. The role of productivity... 33 Małgorzata Golińska-Pieszyńska: Intellectual capital as an important element of knowledge management... 43 Piotr Hajduga: Special economic zones in the Lower Silesia region as a regional development stimulator during the crisis... 56 Petr Hlaváček: Analysis of the development processes of the city of Ústí nad Labem as an example of the social and economic transformation of cities in the Czech Republic... 66 Anna Jasińska-Biliczak, Jan Buleca: Participation of economic selfgovernment in the process of the promotion of entrepreneurship case study of Poland, Germany and Slovakia... 78 Małgorzata Karczewska: Diversity of the gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds in Poland against the background of the European Union... 89 Artur J. Kożuch, Janusz Sasak, Kamilla Noworól: Target costing and participatory budget in Territorial Self-Government Units... 97 Alina Kulczyk-Dynowska: National park as an element fostering the sustainable development of the region the example of the Tatra municipalities... 108 Iwona Ładysz: The regional dimension of economic security in the age of globalisation using the example of the Lower Silesian Voivodship... 118 Krzysztof Malik: Smart specialisation and Key Enabling Technologies in the New Regional Development Policy... 128 Štefan Marsina, Pavol Oravský: Utilization of geothermal energy as a renewable source... 141 Anna Mazurek-Kusiak, Julia Wojciechowska-Solis: Noticeability and effectiveness of tourism promotion in Lublin province... 149 Grygorii Monastyrskyi, Tetyana Monastyrska: Modernization of local self-government in Ukraine... 160 Alicja Olejnik: Prospects and frontiers of Multidimensional Panel Spatial Autoregressive Models... 170
6 Spis treści Pavol Oravský, Štefan Marsina: Infrastructure of energetics and its diversification... 180 Alina Piątyszek-Pych: The cluster development policy in Poland... 190 Zbigniew Piepiora: Occurrence of natural disasters in Africa and international cooperation in the field of counteracting their effects... 200 Renata Pisarek: The importance of passenger air transport and high-speed rail for regional development... 210 Małgorzata Rogowska: The quality of public space in the development of urban areas... 223 Joanna Szafran: Public-private partnership in Poland and the European Union... 231 Ewelina Szczech: Is there a creative city in Poland? Defining and measuring the concept in Poland... 242 Andrzej Sztando: Twelve rules for the construction of planning documents prepared by self-government units... 252 Maciej Turała: Institutional capacity in Polish communes. Strategic, financial and spatial planning dimension... 264 Alla Vasina: Management of the investment potential of Ukraine s regions in the process of regional structural policy realization... 275 Svitlana Veleshchuk: Strategic development of the region in the context of the branding concept... 285 Marcin Bogdański, Wioletta Wierzbicka: Socio-economic potential of Polish voivodship cities... 295 Marcelina Zapotoczna, Joanna Cymerman: Application of selected synthetic measures in the assessment of the level of satisfied housing needs in Poland... 306 Summaries Beata Bal-Domańska: Konwergencja regionów (NUTS-2) Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej aspekt przestrzenny... 21 Barbara Dańska-Borsiak: Determinanty krajowych i zagranicznych odpływów migracyjnych z podregionów identyfikacja i porównanie... 31 Anna Golejewska: Rozważania na temat konkurencyjności regionalnej. Rola produkcyjności... 42 Małgorzata Golińska-Pieszyńska: Kapitał intelektualny jako ważny element zarządzania wiedzą... 55 Piotr Hajduga: Specjalne strefy ekonomiczne na Dolnym Śląsku jako stymulator rozwoju regionalnego w dobie kryzysu... 65
Spis treści 7 Petr Hlaváček: Analiza procesów rozwojowych miasta Ústí nad Labem jako przykład społecznych i ekonomicznych transformacji zachodzących w miastach Republiki Czeskiej... 77 Anna Jasińska-Biliczak, Jan Buleca: Partycypacja samorządu gospodarczego w procesie wspierania przedsiębiorczości analiza przypadku Polski, Niemiec i Słowacji... 87 Małgorzata Karczewska: Zróżnicowanie udziału wydatków na B+R w PKB w Polsce według źródeł finansowania na tle krajów Unii Europejskiej... 96 Artur J. Kożuch, Janusz Sasak, Kamilla Noworól: Rachunek kosztów docelowych a budżet partycypacyjny w JST... 107 Alina Kulczyk-Dynowska: Park narodowy jako element wspierający równoważenie rozwoju regionu przykład gmin tatrzańskich... 117 Iwona Ładysz: Regionalny wymiar bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego w dobie globalizacji na przykładzie województwa dolnośląskiego... 127 Krzysztof Malik: Specjalizacje inteligentne i technologie wiodące w Nowej Polityce Rozwoju Regionalnego... 140 Štefan Marsina, Pavol Oravský: Utylizacja energii geotermalnej jako źródła odnawialnego... 148 Anna Mazurek-Kusiak, Julia Wojciechowska-Solis: Zauważalność i skuteczność promocji turystyki w województwie lubelskim... 159 Grygorii Monastyrskyi, Tetyana Monastyrska: Modernizacja samorządu lokalnego na Ukrainie... 169 Alicja Olejnik: Perspektywy i ograniczenia panelowego wielowymiarowego autoregresyjnego modelu przestrzennego... 179 Pavol Oravský, Štefan Marsina: Infrastruktura energii elektrycznej i jej dywersyfikacja... 189 Alina Piątyszek-Pych: Polityka rozwoju klastrów w Polsce... 199 Zbigniew Piepiora: Występowanie katastrof naturalnych w Afryce i międzynarodowa współpraca w zakresie przeciwdziałania ich skutkom... 209 Renata Pisarek: Znaczenie pasażerskiego transportu lotniczego i kolei dużych prędkości dla rozwoju regionalnego... 222 Małgorzata Rogowska: Jakość przestrzeni publicznej w rozwoju aglomeracji miejskich... 230 Joanna Szafran: Partnerstwo publiczno-prywatne w Polsce i w Unii Europejskiej... 241 Ewelina Szczech: Czy w Polsce istnieje miasto kreatywne? Próba definicji i pomiaru zjawiska w Polsce... 251 Andrzej Sztando: Dwanaście zasad budowy dokumentów planistycznych jednostek samorządu terytorialnego... 263 Maciej Turała: Sprawność instytucjonalna polskich gmin. Wymiar planowania strategicznego, finansowego i przestrzennego... 274
8 Spis treści Alla Vasina: Zarządzanie potencjałem inwestycyjnym regionów Ukrainy w realizacji regionalnej polityki strukturalnej... 284 Svitlana Veleshchuk: Strategia rozwoju regionu w kontekście koncepcji brandingu... 294 Marcin Bogdański, Wioletta Wierzbicka: Potencjał społeczno-gospodarczy miast wojewódzkich w Polsce... 305 Marcelina Zapotoczna, Joanna Cymerman: Wykorzystanie wybranych miar syntetycznych do oceny zaspokojenia potrzeb mieszkaniowych w Polsce... 316
PRACE NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU EKONOMICZNEGO WE WROCŁAWIU RESEARCH PAPERS OF WROCŁAW UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS nr 334 2014 Local and Regional Economy in Theory and Practice ISSN 1899-3192 Małgorzata Karczewska Wrocław University of Economics DIVERSITY OF THE GROSS EXPENDITURE ON R&D IN GDP BY SOURCES OF FUNDS IN POLAND AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Summary: The purpose of this article is the analysis of trends estimation of gross expenditure on research and development in gross domestic product by the following sources of funds: the business enterprise sector, the government sector, the higher education sector, the private nonprofit sector and the abroad sector. The research covered Poland and the group of the EU15 and the EU28 countries in the period 1995-2010. Keywords: GERD indicator, expenditureon R&D by sectors of funds, the EU member states. DOI: 10.15611/pn.2014.334.08 1. Introduction The economic and social growth of European Union countries depends mostly on the level of scientific research development, as well as the usage of its results (as the economy s driving force). Nowadays, many countries of the EU are in the forefront of a great challenge, which is to increase the competitiveness and innovativeness of the economy, which will have an impact R&D activities in particular countries. Research and development activity is understood as systematically conducted creative works. They are accomplished with the purpose of increasing knowledge resources, including knowledge about human kind, culture and society, as well as finding new ways of implementing the knowledge which is newly discovered [Nauka i technika 2003, p. 37]. The continuous increase of competitiveness in the world, especially the competitiveness of the emerging countries and the stable competitive dominance of the USA, prompted the European Union to pay particular attention to the gross expenditure on research and development in the economies of the member states. The need for implementing innovations (in a broad meaning of this word), which are the result of research and development activities are described in the Europe 2020 Strategy. The Strategy proposes an increase of expenditure on R&D of the EU member states to 3% of GDP share to the year 2020.
90 Małgorzata Karczewska The aim of the article is the trend estimation analysis of gross expenditure on research and development in GDP by sources of funds in Poland and member states of the EU15 and EU28 in 1995-2010. 2. Sources of funds on research and development activities in European Union countries Financing is an important matter for research and development, implementing innovation and economic growth. Access to the financing of R&D activities is usually an issue which has to be faced by a subject which wants to gain sources for R&D, as well as a subject which is the financing source. Governments of particular countries, seeing the need and advantages of investing in R&D, usually support the research and development activities of companies within their political boundaries. The various forms of support, not only governmental but also from private companies are: bank loans (i.e. technological loan), government grants, business angels, venture capital, crowd funding, different tax incentives. The above mentioned funding sources can help to gain access to fund research and development activities. Moreover, thanks to them it is possible to overcome the problems connected with the risk of some innovation projects because most forms of the given support are used at the beginning phase of R&D activities realization [OECD 2011]. Other financing tools of R&D activities are abroad sources. An example is the European Union and its Operational Program Innovative Economy (Polish: Program Operacyjny Innowacyjna Gospodarka ), prepared for Poland. The purpose of this program is to support companies in research and development activities and also in information and communication technologies. According to the Eurostat database, the following sources of funds on research and development are: business enterprise sector (BES), government sector (GOV), higher education sector (HES), private non-profit sector (PNP), abroad sector (Abroad). The business enterprise sector comprise all companies, organizations and institutions where the activity objective is to produce goods and services (except higher education) in order to sell them on the market. Also, there are private non-
Diversity of the gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds 91 profit institutions, which serve the above mentioned companies, organizations and institutions [Frascati Manual p. 454]. The government sector all departments, offices and other organs which serve the general public (usually for free) and which are not connected with higher education. Those are non-commercial institutions controlled and financed mostly by government but not administrated by the higher education sector [Frascati Manual, p. 656]. The higher education sector covers all universities, technical colleges and other institutions which offer higher education programs, independent from their sources of funds and legal status. This sector includes are all research institutions, experimental stations and clinics working under the direct control of a higher education institution (and which are administrated or created by them) [Frascati Manual, p. 565]. The private non-profit sector comprises all non-market, non-profit private institutions working for households (this means the general public) as well as private persons and households [Frascati Manual, p. 545]. Abroad sector covers all institutions and private persons located outside the political boundaries of the particular country. These also include all international institutions and organizations (besides companies) as well as their activities within the area of a given country [Frascati Manual, p. 777]. In the European Union predominates R&D funding from the business enterprise sector. Funding from the government sector is typical for countries of a lower development, with a lower level of GDP per capita. In more developed countries, the R&D activity is financed mostly by the business enterprise sector [Domańska- -Szaruga, Tomaszycki 2008, p. 43]. 3. Trend estimation models of gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds The study subject of this article is the GERD indicator (gross expenditure on research and development in gross domestic product) by sources of funds. The analysis includes Poland, the European Union (28 countries) and the EU15. The time range of the research covers the period of 1995-2010. The statistical information used in the research was taken from the Eurostat internet database. The research used econometric trend estimation models. For a selection of the analytical trend function we have used: the heuristic method, the visual assessment method and the segment approximation method (in cases when the distribution of empirical points was complicated). On the basis of the GERD indicator value in Poland and the EU (EU15 and EU28), in 1995-2010, trends estimation models were built. The trend lines were marked on them, in most countries this is a linear trend estimation, for some of them a polynomial function was applied. In the case of the business enterprise sector, in
92 Małgorzata Karczewska Poland, the EU15 and the EU28, a segment approximation was made. Because of the high data diversification in the case of Poland in the following sectors: government, higher education and private non-profit, there was no possibility to match the trend function. For this reason, scatter plots are presented. The trend estimation models fulfill the condition of admissibility, which means the coefficient of determination R 2 (the basis measure of model match) is not lower than 0,7 (see Table 1). This means that more than 70% of the gross expenditure on research and development by sources of funds were explained by the trend function. Figure 1 presents the gross expenditure on research and development in the gross domestic product of Poland (GERD indicator) by sources of funds. The trend estimation of R&D funding from the business enterprise sector was very diversified and required the use of the segment approximation method. The first segment (polynomial trend estimation of the third grade, ascending-descending trend) covers 1995-2003, the second segment (polynomial trend estimation of the second grade, ascending-descending) describes changes in 2004-2010. The funding of research and development from the following sectors: government, higher education and private non-profit required to present scatter plots, because in the researched period it was impossible to match the analytical form of trend estimation. On the basis of statistical data concerning R&D funding from the abroad sector, a linear trend estimation model was built. In this sector the gross expenditure on R&D in GDP showed an ascending tendency. In Figure 2, gross expenditure on research and development in gross domestic product of the EU15 by sources of funds is shown. Similarly to Poland, changes of trend estimation of expenditure from the business enterprise sector was very diversified and required the use of the segment approximation method. The first segment (linear, ascending function) covers 1995-2001, the second segment (polynomial trend estimation of the third grade, ascending-descending) 2002-2010. Gross expenditure on R&D in GDP financed by the higher education sector is presented by the ascending linear function, the private non-profit sector by the ascending-descending polynomial trend estimation of the second grade. The trend estimation of gross expenditure on R&D in GDP financed by the abroad sector is shown by the ascending linear function. Figure 3 shows the trend estimation of gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds from five sectors in countries of the EU28. In the business enterprise sector, R&D funding was very diversified (both in Poland and the EU15) and required the use of the segment approximation method. The first segment (polynomial trend estimation of the second grade, ascending-descending) covers 1995-2002, the second segment (ascending-descending polynomial trend estimation of the second grade) 2003-2010. In the researched period, gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds was shaped according to a descending-ascending polynomial trend estimation of the second grade. Tendencies of changes in funding, both in the higher education sector and the abroad sector, were an adopted form of
Diversity of the gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds 93 the ascending linear function. In the private non-profit sector, the best match was the ascending-descending polynomial trend estimation of the second grade. Figure 1. Trend estimations of gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds in Poland 1995-2010 Source: own elaboration on the basis of the Eurostat database. Figure 2. Trend estimations of gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds in the EU15 1995-2010 Source: own elaboration on the basis of the Eurostat database.
94 Małgorzata Karczewska Figure 3. Trend estimations of gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds in the EU28 1995-2010 Source: own elaboration on the basis of the Eurostat database. Table 1 shows the trend functions for gross expenditure on research and development in gross domestic products by sources of funds (five sectors) in Poland, the EU15 and the EU28. Moreover, the Table presents the coefficient of determination R 2 and the significance of the parameters. Because of the lack of the appropriate trend estimation match for the government sector, the higher education sector and the private non-profit sector in Poland, it was not possible to determine the equation and R 2 coefficient. Furthermore, the structural parameters significance of the trends estimation models was tested. These parameters were not statistically significant for both segments of the business enterprise sector in Poland and the EU15, the higher education sector in the EU15 and the EU28, the abroad sector in the EU28. Table 1. Models of trends estimation of gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds in Poland, the EU15 and the EU28 Sector Trend functions R 2 of parameters Significance 1 2 3 4 Poland Business Enterprise Segment 1: t = 1 9 0,74 NO Ŷ = 0,0946t 3 567,49t 2 + 1134622,54t 756169189,34 Segment 2: t = 10 16 0,95 NO Ŷ = 0,6369t 2 + 2555,3t 2563049,34 Government - - - Higher Education - - - Private Non Profit - - -
Diversity of the gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds 95 1 2 3 4 Abroad Ŷ = 0,5268t 1050,5 0,77 YES EU15 Business Enterprise Segment 1: t = 1 7 0,89 NO Ŷ = 0,6t 1143,8 Segment 2: t = 8 16 0,73 NO Ŷ = 0,0208t 3 + 125,08t 2 250839t + 167675862,12 Government Ŷ = 0,0439t 2 175,98t + 17651 0,83 YES Higher Education Ŷ = 0,0321t 63,498 0,92 NO Private Non Profit Ŷ = 0,0037t 2 + 14,893t 14939 0,85 YES Abroad Ŷ = 0,1638t 319,96 0,77 YES EU28 Business Enterprise Segment 1: t = 1 9 0,84 YES Ŷ = 0,1464t 2 + 585,63t 585490 Segment 2: t = 10 16 0,71 YES Ŷ = 0,0821t 2 + 329,66t 330689 Government Ŷ = 0,043t 2 172,67t + 173168 0,82 YES Higher Education Ŷ = 0,035t 69,363 0,85 NO Private Non Profit Ŷ = 0,0039t 2 + 15,451t 15494 0,88 YES Abroad Ŷ = 0,1712t 334,72 0,79 NO Source: own elaboration on the basis of the Eurostat database. 4. Conclusions The research presented in this article allowed us to formulate the conclusions which are shown below. The trend estimations of changes of gross expenditure on research and development by sources of funds for Poland, the EU15 and the EU28 in particular sectors were as follows: the business enterprise sector: decrease in gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds in Poland, the EU15 and the EU28 in the last few years of the researched period; the government sector: lack of trend estimation of gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds in Poland, growing trend estimation of gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds in all member states of the EU15 and the EU28; the higher education sector: it was not possible to determine the trend estimation of gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds in Poland, decreasing trend estimation in all member states of the EU15 and the EU28; the private non-profit sector: lack of trend estimation of gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds in Poland, decreasing trend estimation in all member states of the EU15 and the EU28;
96 Małgorzata Karczewska the abroad sector: growing trend estimation of gross expenditure on R&D in GDP by sources of funds in Poland and all member states of the EU15 and the EU28 which is the only thing in common; for Poland there was irregular diversification for government, higher education and the private non-profit sector the EU15 and the EU28 government sector had a descending-ascending trend, higher education ascending trend and private non-profit ascending-descending trend. Analysis of the trend estimation changes of gross expenditure on research and development in gross domestic product by sources of funds can be the basis for further, more detailed research and differentiation analysis of structures of expenditure on research and development by the sources of funds in European Union countries. References Domańska-Szaruga B., Tomaszycki K., Źródła finansowania projektów badawczo-rozwojowych, Problemy Kryminalistyki nr 262, Wydawnictwo Centralnego Laboratorium Kryminalistycznego Komendy Głównej Policji, Warszawa 2008. Eurostat Database: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. Nauka i technika w 2001 roku, GUS, Warszawa 2003. OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2011, OECD Publishing, Paris 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/sti_scoreboard-2011-en Program Innowacyjna Gospodarka, http://www.poig.gov.pl/wstepdofunduszyeuropejskich/strony/dzialania.aspx. Regional Policy INFOREGI, http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/index_en.cfm. ZRÓŻNICOWANIE UDZIAŁU WYDATKÓW NA B+R W PKB W POLSCE WEDŁUG ŹRÓDEŁ FINANSOWANIA NA TLE KRAJÓW UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ Streszczenie: Celem opracowania jest analiza tendencji rozwojowych udziału wydatków na badania i rozwój w produkcie krajowym brutto według następujących źródeł finansowania: sektor przedsiębiorstw prywatnych, sektor rządowy, sektor szkolnictwa wyższego, sektor prywatny non-profit i sektor zagraniczny. Badaniami objęto Polskę oraz grupy państw UE15 i UE28 w latach 1995-2010. Słowa kluczowe: wskaźnik GERD, sektory finansowania nakładów na B+R, państwa członkowskie UE.