ARGENTIFODINA2014 ZBORNÍK PREDNÁŠOK z medzinárodnej konferencie fodina 2014, ktorá sa konala v dňoch 10.-12. septembra 2014 v Banskej Štiavnici
Metallurgy in Middle Ages. Raw materials, tools and facilities in source materials and metallographic research Aldona Garbacz-Klempka Stanisław Rzadkosz Introduction The work presents the research which joined its authors interests and, at the same time, it is a symbol of production and commercial contacts of Krakow and Slovakia. Mediaeval contacts ware confirmed by the distribution routes of copper, lead and iron; the trading of these metals connected mediaeval Europe. The paper presents an interdisciplinary research resulting from the work of archaeologists, metal scientists and specialists from many other fields, representing both humanities and technical sciences. This material is connected with archaeological work at the Main Market Square in Krakow, conducted from 2005. The part connected with archaeometallurgy and metal as raw material is presented, based on archaeological work and historical sources. The metal studies were conducted in the Research Laboratory of Metals, Alloys and Archaeological Artefacts at the Faculty of Foundry Engineering, at the AGH-University of Science and Technology in Krakow. A new stage of archaeological research took place on the Krakow Main Market Square, related to revamping of sewage and water supply systems, power and telecommunication networks within the Old Town centre; it was when all the functional levels of the town were discovered and investigated, the oldest of them being a burial ground from the 10-11th centuries, wooden settlement from 12-13th centuries and remnants of buildings and roads and many artefacts connected with the functioning of the location town in the Middle Ages. The testing methods Among archaeological findings, metal artefacts are important as movable objects and as a source of knowledge. Modern research techniques allow for collecting more and more detailed information about old processes. Metallographic research enables determination of old alloys composition and methods of metal preparation. Examination of surfaces helps to determine damage of metal objects, while isotope-based examination reveals the source of raw material. The testing methods used for this research included observation and assessment of the artefacts condition with naked eye and microscope, investigating the chemical content by X-ray florescence (XRF), conducting chemical content analysis in microareas by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with and energy dispersive analysis system (EDS), and other methods. Metals in Mediaeval Kraków. Traces of mediaeval metallurgy Kraków in the Middle Ages was the centre of trade and metalworking. Written sources and archaeological excavations helped to discover numerous traces of craftsmen activity within the Krakow urban complex dated to this period, like crucibles, parts of casting moulds, metal semi-products and finished products; for example numerous rings. 1 Metalworking activities are seen in The Bell-founder miniature from Balthazar Behem Codex, Kraków 1505, where foundry workers, moulds, casting tools, ladle with liquid metal, finished casts are presented. 2 The size and wealth of Krakow in the Middle Ages were related to metals its trade and metalworking. Apart from the local trade, large-scale transit sale was carried out from Flanders to the Black Sea. Trade routes from the west to east and from the south to north intersected in Krakow. The right of staple (1306) also played an important role. Copper was the focus of trade in Krakow and European ports. 3 The oldest and the longest working exploitation centre of copper ores and pollymetalic ores in Lower Silesia is Miedzianka. Mining activity in this area took place as early as the beginning of the 14th century, the first record from 1311 (Cuprifodina in montubus) is the oldest information concerning copper mining in Poland. 4 Copper from the mines and smelters in Spisz, would be traded in Krakow as early as the 13th century. In the 14th and 15th centuries copper trade in Krakow was very extensive. Local merchants, who enjoyed the sole right of copper purchase, would ship copper from Gdansk to Flanders and England. Lesser Poland exported lead from rich Silesian and Krakow deposits to Slovakian copper smelters, where it was further processed 1 GŁOWA, W., GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A. Z badań nad wytwórczością średniowiecznych ozdób. On the study of the production of ornaments in the Middle Ages. In Krzysztofory: zeszyty naukowe Muzeum Historycznego Miasta. Krakowa: b.v., 2010 roč. 28, č. 2, s. 97 110. 2 PODLECKI, J., FABIAŃSKI, M. Miniatury z Kodeksu Baltazara Behema: Miniatures in the Balthasar Behem Codex. Kraków: b.v., 2000. 3 MOLENDA, D. Eksploatacja rud miedzi i handel miedzią w Polsce. In Przegląd historyczny, 1989, roč. 80, č. 4. 4 GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A., RZADKOSZ, S., STOLARCZYK, T., KOZANA, J., PIĘKOŚ, M. Archaeological Remains of the Copper Metallurgy in Lower Silesia, In Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering, 2013, roč. 39, č. 2, s. 29-36. 99
Figure 1: Main Market Square. The Great Scales building during the archaeological research 2005-2006; photo by. T. Kalarus, based on K.Schejbal-Dereń, A. Garbacz-Klempka, The function of the Great Scales in Kraków in the context of metal science, Krzysztofory 2010 (28) 2. 6 MOLENDA, D. Polski ołów na rynkach Europy Środkowej w XIII-XVII wieku. Warszawa: b.v., 2001; ROZMUS, D. Wczesnośredniowieczne zagłębie hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na obszarach obecnego pogranicza Górnego Śląska i Małopolski. Kraków: b.v., 2014. 100 in silver production. Krakow importance in far-reaching trade was acknowledged through its membership in the Hanseatic League, the most powerful organisation in sea trade. Among 14 most important Hanseatic cities, Krakow was ein Kupfer-Haus, this means a house of copper 5. Lead was another product handled in Krakow for European trade. 6 5 RZADKOSZ, S., GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A., GŁOWA, W. Kupferhaus czyli o miedzi w średniowiecznym Krakowie. Kupferhaus: on copper in medieval Krakow. In Przegląd Odlewnictwa, 2012, č. 5 6, s. 218 226. The Krakow lead trade was legitimized by appropriate legal acts. The city enjoyed privileges and monopolies. The office of the Great Scales ruled over distribution, claimed taxes and guaranteed reliability of goods, in terms of their quality and measurements (Fig 1). Metal trade had its own melting shops and warehouses, operating at the Market Square. The first building housing the Great Scales was made from wood, and the next one was built from stone. 7 7 BUŚKO, C., DEREŃ, M., GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A. Konfekcjonowanie ołowiu i miedzi w krakowskiej Wielkiej Wadze. Lead and copper confectioning in Kraków Wielka Waga (the Great Scales). In Archaeologia Historica Polona 2010, roč. 18, s. 7-20.
Research of materials The research materials, found during the excavations, were concentrated in one place in great amount. That attracted the attention to the Great Scales at the Main Market Square and it pointed to the fact that this was a significant place in the historical development of copper metallurgy. Detailed examination of the metal findings from the Great Scales House was undertaken. From the history of metallurgy point of view, this House was a focal architectural object on the Main Market Square since it supervised metal distribution. Archaeological research helped to discover a large amount of metals and alloys in historical strata: small bits (identified as copper) and clippings (identified as lead). At the 5 metres depth, a cross-section of the town development from modern times to the early Middle Ages became accessible. Numerous metal scraps of waste, such as half-products or fragments of ingots, the relics connected with metallurgical processes, were found in the Great Scales House. On the Great Scales plan, after removing the upper layers, the mediaeval room functions were marked, including the main Scales Room, warehouses and metal melting shops. On the same plan, there were marked the sites where many metals were found, such as copper, lead and iron. 8 An ingot of lead found in the warehouse may attest to the storage of raw materials in this area, similarly in the case of metal remains found in the paving in front of the Weigh House and its proximity. These were identified provisionally as lead artefacts. The ingot of lead and some metal artefacts linked to lead and silver casting technology, were subjected to detailed metallographic examination. This lead ingot is exceptional it weights almost 800 kilograms and it is preserved whole, as the only object of this kind. Because the Great Scales served for preparing the material for trade and that means actually cutting the ingots of this kind. 9 The presence of copper at the medieval market of Krakow is attested by the numerous finds of small copper fragments and two big ones: a whole ingot and a quarter of another one (Fig 2). Because in historical documents there are different names of copper connected with town names (Gelnica, Smolnik) in Slovakia, so we can assume that is where the material came from. 10 Figure 2: Main Market Square, the Great Scales. The quarter of copper ingot, photo by. T. Kalarus. Based on K.Schejbal-Dereń, A. Garbacz-Klempka, The function of the Great Scales in Kraków in the context of metal science, Krzysztofory 2010 (28)2. Similar ingots were found in the wreck of the Copper Ship. Goods found (in 1975 and 2011) as cargo on the Copper Ship contained around two tonnes of copper, formed as oval and round plates (ingots) of various sizes (Fig 3). Copper ingots and their trimmings were subjected to metallographic analyses in order to identify and assess the material. They were investigated and sorted both on the ship, straight after recovering it from the wreck, with the portable research equipment, as well as in the laboratory. 11 Figure 3: Gdańsk Bay in the Baltic Sea. The copper ingots in underwater archaeology research from the Copper Ship by W. Ossowski 2011, photo by A. Garbacz-Klempka. 8 SCHEJBAL-DEREŃ, K., GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A. Działalność krakowskiej Wielkiej Wagi w kontekście badań metaloznawczych. The function of the Great Scales in Kraków in the context of metal science. In Krzysztofory: zeszyty naukowe Muzeum Historycznego Miasta Krakowa ; 2010, roč. 28, č. 2, s. 31 50. 9 GŁOWA, W., GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A., ROZMUS, D. Olkuski ołów na Rynku Głównym w Krakowie. In Ilcusiana, 2010, roč. 3, s. 17-39. 10 KUTRZEBA, S. Finanse i handel średniowiecznego Krakowa. Kraków: b.v., 2009. Identification by the lead isotope research method allowed us to connect the material examined with respect to its origin. It would be important to compare our research results with the local material, which would help us to determine and confirm the issue of the origin of historical, raw copper; which was found both in the mediaeval shipwreck in Gdańsk Bay and in Krakow. 12 11 GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A., RZADKOSZ, S., KLEMPKA, R., OSSOWSKI, W. Metallographic and corrosion research of copper from archaeological sites. In Metalurgija, 2015, roč. 54, č. 1, s. 217-220. 12 GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A. Charakterystyka archeologicznych zabytków metalurgicznych i odlewniczych w oparciu 101
In Krakow, in the Great Scales, half-products were found and their metal science analysis indicates that they come from different stages of metallurgical production (Fig 4). 13 In the pictures their chosen microstructures are presented, as well as their chemical content analysis in microareas (Figs 5 and 6). Chemical elements (wt. %) Reserch microarea Cu S Sb Pb 1 78,14 21,86 0,00 0,00 2 57,68 3,95 38,37 0,00 3 3,59 6,03 0,00 90,37 Table 2: Chemical content of the copper-smelting half product by EDS (wt.%) for SEM from Fig 6. In the material there were noticed faults in the form of porosity and fissures. The sample has dendritic structure, which is shown as dark branching shapes visible against grey background. Chemical content of metallic elements was analysed with the help of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and the results are presented in Table 1. Figure 4: Main Market Square, building of the Great Scales metallurgical half-products; photo by T. Kalarus. Based on C. Buśko, M. Dereń, A. Garbacz-Klempka, Lead and copper confectioning in Kraków Wielka Waga (the Great Scales), Archaeologia Historica Polona 2010 (18) An exemplary material coming from the deposits of the Great Scales was subjected to a number of analyses. The material is interesting because it represents a group of objects, discovered at the same level, differing from others in significant content of copper and lead with low content of iron and high percentage of impurities. The microstructure was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Figs 5 and 6). The research showed that in the material there were identified: copper (47,90%), antimony (24,50%) and lead (20,81%), also arsenic (5,54%). The average content of silver was 0,28% (max. 0,37 % Ag). This analysis enabled us to determine the bulk composition. The micro-analysis technique (SEM-EDS), on the other hand, related the composition to the structure and allowed the chemical analysis of particular areas, phases and inclusions. The microstructure image and the results of chemical content analysis in microareas are presented in Table 2. Próba Chemical elements (wt. %) Cu Fe Zn As Ag Sn Sb Pb Bi Ni Co Ga W1 47,90 0,11 0,11 5,54 0,28 0,00 24,50 20,81 0,09 0,08 0,09 0,06 Table 1: Average chemical content of metallic elements of a copper-smelting half product from the Great Scales deposits by XRF (wt.%). o techniki badań metaloznawczych i korozyjnych. Characteristics of archaeological metallurgical and foundry artefacts based on metal science and corrosion research methods. Doctoral Dissertation supervised by Stanisław Rzadkosz, PhD. associate professor. Krakow: AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, 2012, unpublished. 13 GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A., RZADKOSZ, S. Metallurgy of copper in the context of metallographic analysis of archaeological materials excavated at the Market Square in Krakow. In Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 2009, roč. 54, č. 2, s. 281 288. 102
Figure 5: SEM image of a copper-smelting half product from the Great Scales deposits. Metallurgical activities conducted within or in the vicinity of the Great Scales seem to be confirmed by the written sources, telling about a silver melting shop operating here. A melting shop for metals was already established here in the 13th century, which is indirectly confirmed by the location document of the town of Krakow (1257). The right to possess a silver melting shop was given to the town by Casimir the Great in 1358. The King granted to the community of Krakow, among others: silver melting and gold smelting workshops with all their belongings; two scales for all goods with their benefits 14. The silver melting shop was connected with the operation of the mint. Figure 6: SEM image of a copper-smelting half product from the Great Scales deposits, with the marked microareas for EDS analysis. Based on the analyses and stoichiometric calculations, dendrites of copper sulphides (Cu2S) were identified (microarea 1); the grey matrix of the material is an intermetallic phase, built of copper and antimony (microarea 2). Bright, irregular precipitates are connected with the presence of lead in the sample (microarea 3). The melting shop activity resulted from the process of obtaining precious metals. Silver was obtained form the lead ores, but also from copper ores. Mediaeval methods of of smelting the ores did not allow for obtaining a significant amount of metal. A modern, more effective technology made it possible to separate silver from copper using lead. This method was learned and made more common by Jan Thurzo. 15 14 WYROZUMSKA, B. Przywileje ustanawiające gminy miejskie wielkiego Krakowa (XIII XVIII wiek). Kraków: b.v., 2007. Privilages Establishing the Municipal Communities in Greater Krakow (from the 13th to the 18th century). 15 MOLENDA, D. W sprawie badań huty miedzi w Mogile pod Krakowem w XV i XVI wieku. In Przegląd Historyczny, 1975, roč. 66, č. 3, s. 369-382. 103
He used this new method in his copper smelter in Banska Bystrzyca and then he established a similar smelter in 1469 in Mogiła, near Krakow. Jan Thurzo became a rightful citizen of Krakow and since then he could conduct a free copper trade in Poland and have an access to lead from the local deposits. His smelter allowed him to obtain high quality copper and also separated silver. The raw material came from the mines near Banska Bystrzyca. The research revealed microstructure of copper slags from Jan Thurzo s smelter in Mogiła as an example of old copper metallurgy (Fig 7 and 8). 16 the Great Scales building, near the quarter of copper ingot, an axe was found, which was probably used for dividing metal ingots. 17 Moreover, a lot can be learnt Figure 7: Copper slag from archaeological site in Mogiła from the Archaeological Museum in Krakow. Figure 9: Tools used for casting and handling lead ingots (cakes) based on Agricola (16th century): E-Masses of lead, L-Moulds, M-Ladle, N-Pick, O-Cakes. Georgius Agricola, De Re Metallica, New York 1950 104 Figure 8: Microstructures of the spherical and dispersive inclusions in the Mogiła slag, with visible chemical inhomogeneity within the metallic precipitates. The operation of the Great Scales was connected with the presence of metallurgical furnaces and tools. The remains of furnaces were discovered in the Great Scales building, but they are so fragmentary that they do not allow reconstruction of the facility. In the main room of 16 GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A., KARWAN, T., RZADKOSZ, S. Od topni Kazimierza Wielkiego do huty miedzi Jana Turzo : metalurgia miedzi od początku XVI wieku. From the melting shops of Casimir the Great to the copper smelter of Jan Turzo: copper metallurgy till the beginng of the 16 th century. In Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne, 2014, roč. 59, č. 1, s. 22 29. from city records, especially the account books, about functioning of the municipal scales in Krakow used for weighing raw materials (copper, lead and iron) and the local melting shop. The presence of tools is documented there; there must have been tools for cutting and breaking. In the sources there is a note preserved regarding expenses for tools and facilities for the Great Scales for repairing the axes for cutting lead and purchasing the new ones (Item Albertus circa rationem posuit exposuisse sex secures pro seccione plumbi per sex gr. et alie due nove dedit per 12 gr.). For example, in the 1530 and 1531 it was necessary to repair 15 axes and purchase new ones; it was similar in successive years in the documents there are mentioned purchases of chains, Hungarian iron for making the Great Scale pans, ropes for the pans, as well as sulphur, saltpetre and wood. 18 17 SCHEJBAL-DEREŃ, K. DEREŃ, M. Świadki ziemne świadkami historii. Znaczenie badań archeologicznych dla poznania dziejów Wielkiej Wagi i przeszłości południowo-wschodniego rejonu Rynku Głównego w Krakowie - Baulks as Witness to History: On the Significance of Archaeological Investigation for Learning About the History of the Great Scales and the Past of the South- Eastern Section of Rynek Główny in Kraków In Krzysztofory: zeszyty naukowe Muzeum Historycznego Miasta Krakowa, 2011, roč. 29, s. 61-94. 18 Archiwum Państwowe w Krakowie, Akta miasta Krakowa, (The National Archives in Krakow, City Deeds of Krakow) rkps 1599, s. 110, rkps 1600, s.22, rkps 1601, s.98, rkps 1602, s.89, za: Źródła do dziejów zabudowy związanej z handlem we wschodniej
tals were prepared for trade and distribution but also a certain stage of metal processing took place here, namely melting and refining. The analysis of various materials allowed to determine some characteristic products of metallurgical processes: copper matte, black copper and others. Moreover, in the course of our research, it was established that the materials discussed are interrelated, both historically and technologically. In spite of having examined a significant volume of materials, there is a need of further research, especially of comparative kind, with respect to the raw materials origin, production processes and copper artefacts on the routes and centres of mediaeval Europe. Figure 10: Tools used for breaking cooper ingots (cakes) based on Agricola (16th century): E The cakes arranged, G Rocks, H Rabble with two prongs, I Hammers. Georgius Agricola, De Re Metallica, New York 1950 Key words: archaeometallurgy, copper, lead, silver, iron, microstructure, SEM-EDS The reconstruction of the process as well as the tools can be done based on Georgii Agricolae De Re Metallica libri XII (Basileae: Froben 1556), where many tools are described and illustrated (Figs 9 and 10). For example, describing handling lead ingots: (...) then sticks the pointed pick into it and pulls it out. The pointed end of the pick is three palms long and the round end is two digits long; or for breaking copper ingots there is a hammer: ( ) the head of the hammer is three palms long and one wide, and sharpened at both ends, and its handle is of wood three feet long. 19 Based on our research we prepared a reconstruction, both virtual and material, of copper ingot. 20 The original metals and our reconstructions are exhibited as part of The Rynek Underground exhibition, Following the traces of European identity of Kraków tourist route. 21 Conclusions Investigating the traces of historical metal-smelting processes, it is necessary to employ integrated studies examining the written sources, using archaeological methods and specialist material science techniques. From the perspective of metal science investigations, the building of the Great Scales in the Market Square in Krakow, where a great number of metal artefacts was preserved, shows itself not only as a place where meczęści Rynku Głównego w Krakowie (XIV XIXw.). Ze zbiorów Archiwum Państwowego w Krakowie. Ed. K. Follprecht, K. Jelonek-Litewka. Kraków: b.v, 2007, nr 27. 19 AGRICOLA, G. De Re Metallica. Ed. Herbert Clark Hoover, Lou Henry Hoover. New York: Dover Publications., 1950. 20 GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A., SZUCKI, M. Computer modelling in visualisation and reconstruction of archeological relicts. In Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 2009, roč. 54, č. 2, s. 339 345. 21 FIRLET, E., KOMOROWSKI, W., MAŁECKI, J., ROKOSZ, M. Rynek krakowski odkryty na nowo. Kraków: b.v., 2014. Authors: Aldona Garbacz-Klempka, D.Sc. Agh-University Of Science And Technology Faculty Of Foundry Engineering, Kraków Poland e-mail: aldona.garbacz-klempka@wp.pl Dr.hab.inz. Stanislaw Rzadkosz associate professor AGH-University of Science and Technology Fakulty of Foundry Engineering, Kraków Poland 105
Abstract Metallurgy in Middle Ages. Raw materials, tools and facilities in source materials and metallographic research The studies of copper, lead and iron were conducted to identify old metallurgical processes. Comparatively, bearing the historical context in mind, historical raw materials were investigated, coming from the mediaeval archaeological sites in Krakow, as well as from the local deposits (Miedzianka) and from the cargo of the sunken Copper Ship (Miedziowiec). The archaeological research which was conducted at the main Market Square in Krakow, unearthed, inter alia, the Great Scales rooms with many metal artefacts inside, bearing evidence of production of metal and preparing it for merchandising. The establishment of the Great Scales was connected directly with the right to store copper, which Krakow obtained in 1306. Copper from the mines and smelters in Spisz, via Krakow and Toruń it got to Gdańsk, and from there, by sea, to Flanders. A lot can be learnt from city records, especially the account books, about functioning of the municipal scales in Krakow used for weighing raw materials (copper, lead and iron) and the local melting shop. In the sources there is a note preserved regarding expenses for tools and facilities for the Great Scales, for repairing the axes for cutting lead and purchasing the new ones. Also, under the entry of Purchases for the Great Scales there are expenses for copper, lead and white iron (ferrum album). The reconstruction of the process as well as the tools used can be done based on G. Agricola De re metallica libri XII (1556). References: AGRICOLA, G. De Re Metallica. Ed. Herbert Clark Hoover, Lou Henry Hoover. New York: Dover Publications., 1950. BUŚKO, C., DEREŃ, M., GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A. Konfekcjonowanie ołowiu i miedzi w krakowskiej Wielkiej Wadze. Lead and copper confectioning in Kraków Wielka Waga (the Great Scales). In Archaeologia Historica Polona 2010, roč. 18, s. 7-20. FIRLET E., KOMOROWSKI W., MAŁECKI J., ROKOSZ M. Rynek krakowski odkryty. Kraków: b.v., 2014. GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A. Charakterystyka archeologicznych zabytków metalurgicznych i odlewniczych w oparciu o techniki badań metaloznawczych i korozyjnych. Characteristics of archaeological metallurgical and foundry artefacts based on metal science and corrosion research methods. Doctoral Dissertation supervised by Stanisław Rzadkosz, PhD. associate professor. Krakow: AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, 2012, unpublished. GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A., KARWAN, T., RZADKOSZ, S. Od topni Kazimierza Wielkiego do huty miedzi Jana Turzo : metalurgia miedzi od początku XVI wieku. From the melting shops of Casimir the Great to the copper smelter of Jan Turzo: copper metallurgy till the beginng of the 16 th century. In Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne, 2014, roč. 59, č. 1, s. 22 29. GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A., RZADKOSZ, S. Metallurgy of copper in the context of metallographic analysis of archaeological materials excavated at the Market Square in Krakow. In Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 2009, roč. 54, č. 2, s. 281 288. GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A., RZADKOSZ, S., KLEMPKA, R., OSSOWSKI, W. Metallographic and corrosion research of copper from archaeological sites. In Metalurgija, 2015, roč. 54, č. 1, s. 217-220. GARBACZ-KLEMPKA A., RZADKOSZ S., STOLARCZYK T., KOZANA J., PIĘKOŚ M. Archaeological Remains of the Copper Metallurgy in Lower Silesia. In Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering, 2013, roč. 39, č. 2., s. 29-36. 106
GARBACZ-KLEMPKA A., SZUCKI M. Computer modelling in visualisation and reconstruction of archeological relicts. In Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 2009, roč., 54, č. 2, s. 339 345. GŁOWA, W., GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A. Z badań nad wytwórczością średniowiecznych ozdób. On the study of the production of ornaments in the Middle Ages. In Krzysztofory: zeszyty naukowe Muzeum Historycznego Miasta. Krakowa: b.v., 2010 roč. 28, č. 2, s. 97 110. GŁOWA, W., GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A., ROZMUS, D. Olkuski ołów na Rynku Głównym w Krakowie. In Ilcusiana, 2010, roč. 3, s. 17-39. KUTRZEBA, S. Finanse i handel średniowiecznego Krakowa. Kraków: b.v., 2009. MOLENDA, D. Eksploatacja rud miedzi i handel miedzią w Polsce. In Przegląd historyczny, 1989, roč. 80, č. 4. MOLENDA, D. Polski ołów na rynkach Europy Środkowej w XIII-XVII wieku. Warszawa: b.v., 2001. MOLENDA, D. W sprawie badań huty miedzi w Mogile pod Krakowem w XV i XVI wieku. In Przegląd Historyczny, 1975, roč. 66, č. 3, s. 369-382. PODLECKI, J., FABIAŃSKI, M. Miniatury z Kodeksu Baltazara Behema: Miniatures in the Balthasar Behem Codex. Kraków: b.v., 2000. ROZMUS, D. Wczesnośredniowieczne zagłębie hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na obszarach obecnego pogranicza Górnego Śląska i Małopolski. Kraków: b.v, 2014 RZADKOSZ, S., GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A., GŁOWA W. Kupferhaus czyli o miedzi w średniowiecznym Krakowie. Kupferhaus - on copper in medieval Krakow. In Przegląd Odlewnictwa, 2012, č. 5 6, s. 218 226. SCHEJBAL-DEREŃ, K., GARBACZ-KLEMPKA, A. Działalność krakowskiej Wielkiej Wagi w kontekście badań metaloznawczych. The function of the Great Scales in Kraków in the context of metal science. In Krzysztofory: zeszyty naukowe Muzeum Historycznego Miasta Krakowa, 2010, roč. 28, č. 2, s. 31 50. SCHEJBAL-DEREŃ, K. DEREŃ, M. Świadki ziemne świadkami historii. Znaczenie badań archeologicznych dla poznania dziejów Wielkiej Wagi i przeszłości południowo-wschodniego rejonu Rynku Głównego w Krakowie - Baulks as Witness to History: On the Significance of Archaeological Investigation for Learning About the History of the Great Scales and the Past of the South-Eastern Section of Rynek Główny in Kraków In Krzysztofory: zeszyty naukowe Muzeum Historycznego Miasta Krakowa, 2011, roč. 29, s. 61-94. WYROZUMSKA, B. Przywileje ustanawiające gminy miejskie wielkiego Krakowa (XIII XVIII wiek). Kraków: b.v., 2007. Privilages Establishing the Municipal Communities in Greater Krakow (from the 13th to the 18th century). Archiwum Państwowe w Krakowie, Akta miasta Krakowa, (The National Archives in Krakow, City Deeds of Krakow) rkps 1599, s. 110, rkps 1600, s.22, rkps 1601, s.98, rkps 1602, s.89, za: Źródła do dziejów zabudowy związanej z handlem we wschodniej części Rynku Głównego w Krakowie (XIV XIXw.). Ze zbiorów Archiwum Państwowego w Krakowie. Ed. K. Follprecht, K. Jelonek-Litewka. Kraków: b.v, 2007, nr 27. 107