PRODUCTIVITY OF MIXTURES OF FIELD PEA (Pisum sativum L. sensu lato) WITH SPRING BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.) DEPENDING ON THE POSITION IN CROP ROTATION

Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 13(2) 2014, 23-31 PRODUCTIVITY OF MIXTURES OF FIELD PEA (Pisum sativum L. sensu lato) WITH SPRING BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.) DEPENDING ON THE POSITION IN CROP ROTATION Marta K. Kostrzewska, Magdalena Jastrzębska, Maria Wanic University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn 1 Abstract. The effects of legume-cereal mixtures are usually expressed in the yield of seeds and total protein, sometimes in the yield of straw and post-harvest residues. Species composition and proportion of components in the mixture are a factor that strongly varies it. The aim of the research was determining productivity (the yield of seeds and straw as well as of the biomass of post-harvest residues) of a mixture of field pea with spring barley on the plot after potato, spring barley and after itself. The studies were carried out based on a statistical field experiment set up on rusty-brown soil, developed from silty loamy sand, deposited on slightly loamy sand and sand. The legume-cereal mixture was cultivated in six 4-plot crop rotations with its 25- and 50% proportion. In the growing season, no chemical protection was applied against diseases and weeds, however, zoocides were used against pests. It was indicated that yield of the seed mixture was similar compared to plots with crop rotation. Selection of the forecrop also did not have an effect on the straw yield, while it significantly varied the biomass of post-harvest mixture of barley with pea. The smallest quantity of residues was found after potato, while the largest in the crop rotation with field pea. In the structure of residual biomass, roots constituted lower proportion than the aboveground parts. The total of the biomass of legume-cereal mixture, expressed in the total aboveground and underground biomass of mixture canopy was significantly higher in the crop rotation with field pea than after potato, where there occurred a significant reduction in biomass of the aboveground vegetative part of the plant. Key words: forecrop, legume-cereal mixture, post-harvest residues, seed yield, straw yield INTRODUCTION In agroecosystems, one-species stands are prevalent, not necessarily one-cultivar stands. There can also be found interspecific mixtures, among whom the largest area of Corresponding author Adres do korespondencji: dr hab. Marta K. Kostrzewska, Department of Agricultural Systems of University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, pl. Łódzki 3, 10-718 Olsztyn, e-mail: marta.kostrzewska@uwm.edu.pl

24 M.K. Kostrzewska, M. Jastrzębska, M. Wanic stand is taken up by cereal mixtures [Szempliński and Budzyński 2011]. Legume-cereal mixtures, which to a slight degree complete the national feed balance, arouse smaller interest in agricultural practice, [Księżak and Staniak 2009], though obtained feed contains more protein [Buraczyńska and Ceglarek 2009, Staniak et al. 2012] and is more efficiently used by animals than feed from cereals only [Borowiecki and Księżak 2000]. Straw and post-harvest residues are a valuable residue after harvesting mixtures. The use of straw may be multidirectional, however under conditions of a negative balance of organic matter on yields, it may be, like post-harvest residues, a significant, continuous source of an organic substance in arable land, from which humus is formed in the process of humification. Straw and post-harvest residues are also a reservoir of biogenic elements released in the process of mineralization and left at a disposal of successive crops [Buraczyńska and Ceglarek 2011]. Sustained quantity of the harvested plant matter in a form of yield with the quantity of plant material for regenerating humus resources, gives stable conditions in agroecosystem [Ryszkowski 1988]. In recent years, there have been a lot of publications on the effects of legume-cereal mixtures. The issue most frequently discussed is the yield level, sometimes supplemented with straw yield and biomass of post-harvest residues depending on the selection and proportion of the components [Ceglarek et al. 2000, Jaskulski and Kotwica 2000, Agegnehu et al. 2006, Buraczyńska and Ceglarek 2008, 2011]. There are no reports on the effect of crop rotation and selection of forecrops on the productivity of legume-cereal mixtures, expressed in both the aboveground biomass, and the underground biomass of such stands. This paper is an attempt to complete information concerning this issue. The aim of the study was determination of productivity of field pea mixture with spring barley on the stand after potato, spring barley and after itself. Evaluation included seed yield, straw yield and biomass of post-harvest residues. MATERIAL AND METHODS The studies were carried out based on statistical field experiments set up in 1999 at the Educational and Research Station in Tomaszkowo (53 o 43 N; 20 o 25 E) belonging to the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. The experiment was set up on rusty-brown soil, developed from silty loamy sand deposited on a slightly loamy sand and sand. This soil in the plough layer (0-20 cm) contains 14% silt and clay fractions and 36% silt. In terms of agricultural usefulness it is qualified as a good rye complex (5), class IVb. Before setting up the experiment, the soil contained 6.96-8.06 g C org. kg -1, 65.5-78.6 mg P kg -1 (high content), 150-166 mg K kg -1 (high content) and 29-33 mg kg -1 (low to average content); it was characterized by acidic reaction (ph in 1 M KCl 4.8-5.5). Mixture of field pea (cv. Grapis) with spring barley (cv. Start) was cultivated in six 4-plot crop rotations with its 25- and 50% proportion and various location: crop rotation A: mixture (A/1 ) spring barley field pea spring barley; crop rotation B: mixture (B/1) spring barley spring barley spring barley; crop rotation C: mixture (C/1) mixture (C/2) spring barley spring barley; crop rotation D: mixture (D/1) spring barley mixture (D/3) spring barley; designation of crop rotation and fields with cultivation of legume-cereal mixture Acta Sci. Pol.

Productivity of mixtures... 25 crop rotation E: potato mixture (E/2) spring barley spring barley; crop rotation F: potato spring barley mixture (F/3) spring barley. The experiment was carried out in 4 replicates on plots of an area for harvest 20 m 2. This study includes research results from a 4-year period 2003-2006, involving II crop rotation. Plough tillage system was used in the experiment. Fertilization with NPKMg was 230 kg ha -1, except plot C/2, where the dose was increased up to 250 kg NPKMg because of the deteriorating value of the plot as a result of cultivating mixture after itself. The mixture was sown in mid April at a rate of 41 germinating pea seeds and 175 barley grains per 1 m 2, which constitutes 41% and 50%, respectively, of pure sowing density of these species. To determine proportions and sowing density, estimated mixture composition was used according to Rudnicki [1997]. In the growing season, no chemical protection was carried out against diseases and weeds, however zoocides were used against pests. The evaluation of productivity of the legume-cereal mixture stand included: seed yield (barley grain along with field pea seeds), straw yield and biomass of post-harvest residues (divided into the aboveground part and roots). Post-harvest residues were evaluated after harvesting the crop. Soil samples along with post-harvest residues were collected to a depth of 30 cm with a specially designed steel cylinder [Malicki 1968]. After washing the plant material on screen under a stream of running water and after removing contaminants, it was divided into roots and stubble, dried to an air dry mass, and after weighing, it was calculated per area of 1 ha. Obtained results were used to determine biomass of the aboveground part (seed yield and biomass of the aboveground vegetative parts) and the underground one (biomass of roots). The study presents research results in the form of means from the years 2003-2006 (II crop rotation). The results were elaborated statistically with the analysis of variance, with the use of Duncan s test. Correlation between seed yield and straw yield was expressed with the use of a linear regression equation and a determination coefficient. Statistical analysis assumed error probability of P = 0.05. RESULTS Position in crop rotation had no significant effect on the yield of pea seeds with barley; the average yield of the studied 4-year period was from 2.90 to 3.37 (Table 1). Also, selection of the forecrop did not vary the straw mixture yield, which on the compared crop rotation fields was usually higher than the seed yield. With an analysis of correlation, a significant positive dependence was indicated between these mixture yield components (Fig. 1). After harvesting the legume-cereal mixture, 2.17 to 3.47 post-harvest residues were left (Table 1). This biomass was significantly affected by plant sequence. Most residues were observed in crop rotation A, where the mixture started the 4-year rotation, while the forecrop and the fore-forecrop were spring barley and field pea, respectively. Significantly smaller amount of post-harvest residues of the mixture (statistically confirmed difference) was left as a result of its cultivation after potato (crop rotation E). In the structure of post-harvest residue biomass, roots constituted from 0.86 to 1.48 (Table 2), thus their proportion on all plots with crop rotation was lower than the proportion of stubble. Agricultura 13(2) 2014

26 M.K. Kostrzewska, M. Jastrzębska, M. Wanic Table 1. The yield of seeds and straw, and the dry weight of post-harvest residues of the mixture of field pea with spring barley depending on the position in crop rotation (mean from the years 2003-2006) Tabela 1. Plon nasion, słomy i sucha masa resztek pożniwnych mieszanki grochu siewnego z jęczmieniem jarym w zależności od stanowiska w płodozmianie (średnia z lat 2003-2006) Crop rotation, plot with crop rotation Płodozmian* pole płodozmianowe Primary of the mixture Produkcja pierwotna mieszanki t ha -1 Seed yield Plon nasion % of primary Straw yield Plon słomy % of primary Post-harvest residues Resztki pożniwne % of primary A / 1 9.87 a 3.37 a 34.1 3.03 a 30.7 3.47 a 35.2 B / 1 9.63 ab 2.90 a 30.1 3.55 a 36.9 3.18 ab 33.0 C / 1 8.81 ab 3.02 a 34.3 3.32 a 37.7 2.47 ab 28.0 C / 2 9.44 ab 3.16 a 33.5 3.43 a 36.3 2.85 ab 30.2 D / 1 9.05 ab 2.96 a 32.7 3.37 a 37.2 2.72 ab 30.1 D / 3 9.21 ab 3.03 a 32.9 3.33 a 36.2 2.85 ab 30.9 E / 2 8.43 b 3.23 a 38.3 3.03 a 35.9 2.17 b 25.7 F / 3 9.31 ab 3.03 a 32.5 3.07 a 33.0 3.21 ab 34.5 Mean Średnia 9.22 3.09 33.5 3.27 35.5 2.86 31.0 * explanation of symbols in Methods objaśnienia symboli w metodyce a, b homogenous groups (results denoted with the same letter for a given trait do not differ significantly with P = 0.05) grupy jednorodne (wyniki oznaczone tą samą literą dla danej cechy nie różnią się istotnie przy P = 0,05) Fig. 1. Rys. 1. Relation between the yield of seeds and straw from the legume-cereal mixture Zależność między plonem nasion i słomy mieszanki strączkowo-zbożowej Productivity of pea and barley mixture, evaluated with the total seed yield, straw yield and weight of post-harvest residues was 8.43-9.87 (Table 1). Observed differences were confirmed statistically. The highest total biomass was found in crop rotation A, where the mixture started the 4-year rotation, and in the next years one-year break was introduced in barley cultivation on the same plot, when the field pea was sown. Productivity below 9 was found in the sequence of mixture cultivated after mixture or after potato in crop rotation with 50% proportion of barley (plots C/1 Acta Sci. Pol.

Productivity of mixtures... 27 and E/2) (Table 1). Observed diversification in the total mixture productivity, depending on the position in crop rotation, is analogical to previously indicated differences in the biomass of post-harvest residues. Analysis of the proportion of components in the total biomass of mixture, indicated that weight of the aboveground parts (generative and vegetative ones) constituted 85.0- -90.5% (Table 2). Selection of the plot did not affect the seed yield, however it significantly affected the biomass of the aboveground vegetative parts. This biomass in a sequence after spring barley sown after itself twice (crop rotation B) was significantly higher (on average by 1.14 ) than biomass indicated on the field after potato (crop rotation E). On the plot after a root crop and after spring barley in crop rotation C and D, in which concentration of this cereal was 50%, and the mixture started the crop rotation plot 1, a poorer development of the root system was observed (biomass below 1 ). However, when sowing field pea instead of barley (crop rotation A), an increase in the root biomass was observed (to 1.48 ), and at the same time in its proportion (to 15.0%) in the primary of the mixture. Indicated differences in the biomass of the root system in legume-cereal mixture depending on the crop sequence were not confirmed statistically. Table 2. Structure of the aboveground and underground biomass of mixture of field pea with spring barley depending on the position in crop rotation (mean from the years 2003-2006) Tabela 2. Struktura biomasy nadziemnej i podziemnej mieszanki grochu siewnego z jęczmieniem jarym w zależności od stanowiska w płodozmianie (średnio z lat 2003-2006) Crop rotation, plot with crop rotation Płodozmian* pole płodozmianowe Primary of the mixture Produkcja pierwotna mieszanki Generative part Część generatywna weight of pea seeds and barley grain masa nasion grochu i ziarna jęczmienia % of primary aboveground mass masa części nadziemnej Vegetative part Część wegetatywna % of primary underground mass masa części podziemnej % of primary A / 1 9.87 3.37 34.1 5.02 ab 50.9 1.48 a 15.0 B / 1 9.63 2.90 30.1 5.45 a 56.6 1.28 a 13.3 C / 1 8.81 3.02 34.3 4.89 ab 55.5 0.90 a 10.2 C / 2 9.44 3.16 33.5 5.07 ab 53.7 1.21 a 12.8 D / 1 9.05 2.96 32.7 5.23 ab 57.8 0.86 a 9.5 D / 3 9.21 3.03 32.9 5.00 ab 54.3 1.18 a 12.8 E / 2 8.43 3.23 38.3 4.31 b 51.1 0.89 a 10.6 F / 3 9.31 3.03 32.5 4.97 ab 53.4 1.31 a 14.1 Mean Średnia 9.22 3.09 33.5 4.99 54.1 1.14 12.4 * explanation of symbols in Methods objaśnienia symboli w metodyce a, b homogenous groups (results denoted with the same letter for a given trait do not differ significantly with P = 0.05) grupy jednorodne (wyniki oznaczone tą samą literą dla danej cechy nie różnią się istotnie przy P = 0,05) DISCUSSION The main purpose of cultivating crops is obtaining a high basic yield (of grains, seeds, roots, green matter) and this aspect is most frequently included in conducted Agricultura 13(2) 2014

28 M.K. Kostrzewska, M. Jastrzębska, M. Wanic research. Abundant literature indicates that the final effect of cultivating legume-cereal mixtures depends on the selection of components and proportion of sowing [Ceglarek et al. 2000, Noworolnik and Dworakowski 2010]. According to Księżak [2007], type of soil is a factor significantly affecting plant development in mixtures, especially of spring barley sown with field pea and their yield level. Taking into consideration seed yield, yielding stability and energetic value of the yield, as well as protein yield and content, Kotwica and Rudnicki [2004] evaluated mixture of spring barley with pea as averagely useful in cultivation on soil of a good rye complex. In the author s studies, the total seed and grain yield, depending on crop rotation, on average for the 4-year period (2003-2006) was 2.90-3.37, and was similar to the one presented by Staniak et al. [2012]. Noworolnik and Dworakowski [2010], however, observed productivity of the mixture of field pea with spring barley above 4 on soil of a good rye complex, and above 5 on soil of a good wheat complex. According to these authors, barley is a better component than oats, for cultivation in mixture with pea, especially under better soil conditions. Kotwica and Rudnicki [2004] as well as Ceglarek et al. [2000], indicated that productivity of the mixture of pea with spring barley may be 4 Mg ha -1 and more. Lower yields obtained in the author s research are probably the result of lack of plant protection in crop rotation against weeds and water deficiency [Kostrzewska 2009], above all, at the stage of germination and plant emergence (years 2005 and 2006) and grain filling (in 2006). Rudnicki and Wenda- Piesik [2007] as well as Staniak et al. [2012], found that seed yields of legume-cereal mixtures are strongly modified by the amount and distribution of rainfall in growing seasons, while Buraczyńska and Ceglarek [2011] add that the course of weather conditions (temperature and rainfall) also affects productivity of straw and post-harvest residues of mixed stands. No effect of the plot on the weight of straw from the mixture of pea with barley was indicated in the author s research. Forecrop is rarely analyzed as a factor affecting plant biomass development in mixed stands. Straw yields of legume-cereal mixtures are most often compared with straw yields obtained from pure species stands. Buraczyńska and Ceglarek [2011] indicated that straw yield of the mixture of spring wheat with field pea was higher than straw yield of wheat in the pure sowing. The amount of post-harvest residues determines the crop species [Malicki 1997, Maikštėnienė and Arlauskienė 2003, Pałys et al. 2003, Wanic et al. 2004, Pietola and Alakukku 2005]. The research of Malicki [1997] indicated that the highest amount is left by papilionaceous perennials, and next, in the order of decreasing values: winter rape, legumes, cereals and root crops. This issue is rarely studied with reference to mixed stands. Buraczyńska and Ceglarek [2008] found that the weight of post-harvest residues of mixtures of spring wheat with field pea was significantly higher than weight of residues of spring triticale with field pea. Moreover, the same authors [Buraczyńska and Ceglarek 2011] state that dry weight of post-harvest residues after cultivating mixtures of spring wheat with pea is lower than with wheat, and higher than of pea cultivated in pure sowing. Wanic et al. [2004] indicated that quantity of weight of residues left by the mixture of barley with oats, reached an intermediate level between spring barley and oat in pure sowing. The author s research as well as the one of Wanic et al. [2004] and Kostrzewska [2009], indicated that in the structure of the dry weight of plant residues, root proportion is lower than proportion of stubble and bedding, which is not confirmed in Malicki s results [1997]. Acta Sci. Pol.

Productivity of mixtures... 29 In the author s research, diversification was indicated in the total biomass of the legume-cereal mixture. The lowest primary was observed on the plot after potato. This observation is partially confirmed in other studies. Zawiślak et al. [1990] indicated that the system of plant sequence (crop rotation, monoculture) significantly reduced biomass of the aboveground canopy of spring barley (rye stem and weeds), however it did not vary the total aboveground biomass of rye. Ryszkowski and Bernacki [1990] did not find differences in the quantity of primary of rye cultivated in monoculture or in four-plot crop rotation, and the observed lower rye biomass in monoculture was sustained through the weed development and a significant biomass of dying plants. According to Ryszkowski [1988], crop species has little effect on the total primary, if evaluation is done based on annual growing periods and includes all primary components of the field. CONCLUSIONS 1. Position in crop rotation had no effect on the seed yield of the mixture of pea with barley or on the straw yield. 2. Selection of species in crop rotation significantly affected the biomass of postharvest residues of the legume-cereal mixture. The smallest amount of residues was observed in the sequence after potato, and the largest in crop rotation with field pea. 3. Productivity of the legume-cereal mixture expressed in the total of the aboveground and underground biomass was significantly higher in crop rotation with field pea (by 1.44 ) than after potato. On the stand after root plant, there occurred a significant reduction in the biomass of the aboveground vegetative parts in the mixture of field pea with spring barley. REFERENCES Agegnehu G., Ghizaw A., Sinebo W., 2006. Yield performance and land-use efficiency of barley and faba bean mixed cropping in Ethiopian highlands. Europ. J. Agron. 25, 202-207. Borowiecki J., Księżak J., 2000. Rośliny strączkowe w mieszankach ze zbożami w produkcji pasz [Use of leguminous and cereals mixtures in feed ]. Post. Nauk Rol. 284(2), 89-101 [in Polish]. Buraczyńska D., Ceglarek F., 2008. Plonowanie pszenicy ozimej uprawianej po różnych przedplonach [Yield of winter wheat cultivated after various forecrops]. Acta Sci. Pol. Agricultura 7(1), 27-37, www.agricultura.acta.utp.edu.pl [in Polish]. Buraczyńska D., Ceglarek F., 2009. Plon i skład chemiczny nasion mieszanek strączkowo- -zbożowych [Yield and chemical composition of legume/cereal mixture seeds]. Fragm. Agron. 3, 15-24 [in Polish]. Buraczyńska D., Ceglarek F., 2011. Previous crop value of post-harvest residues and straw of spring wheat, field pea and their mixtures for winter triticale. Part. I. Weight and chemical composition of post-harvest residues and straw. Acta Sci. Pol. Agricultura 10(2), 3-18, www.agricultura.acta.utp.edu.pl Ceglarek F., Buraczyńska D., Brodowski H., 2000. Plonowanie i skład chemiczny wybranych mieszanek strączkowo-zbożowych [Yield and chemical composition of the chosen legumecereal mixtures]. Rocz. AR Poznań, Rolnictwo 58, 7-21 [in Polish]. Agricultura 13(2) 2014

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Productivity of mixtures... 31 Wanic M., Nowicki J., Bielski S., 2004. Reakcja mieszanki jęczmienia jarego z owsem na różne przedplony i częstotliwość uprawy w płodozmianie. Cz. II. Masa i jakość resztek pożniwnych [Reaction of spring barley and oats mixture to different forecrops and frequency of cultivation in crop rotation. Part II. Mass and quality of harvest residue]. Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 3(2), 177-186, www.agricultura.acta.utp.edu.pl [in Polish]. Zawiślak K., Adamiak E., Adamiak J., Pudełko J., Grzebisz W., Blecharczyk A., 1990. Produkcja biomasy roślinnej w monokulturach zbóż [Production of plant biomass in cereal monoculture. [In:] Badanie monokultur zbożowych [Studies on cereal monoculture], L. Ryszkowski (ed.), CPBP 04.10, nr 16, SGGW Warszawa, 136-171 [in Polish]. PRODUKCYJNOŚĆ MIESZANKI GROCHU SIEWNEGO (Pisum sativum L. sensu lato) Z JĘCZMIENIEM JARYM (Hordeum vulgare L.) W ZALEŻNOŚCI OD STANOWISKA W PŁODOZMIANIE Streszczenie. Efekty uprawy mieszanek strączkowo-zbożowych wyrażane są przeważnie plonem nasion i białka ogólnego, niekiedy plonem słomy i resztek pożniwnych. Czynnikiem silnie je różnicującym jest skład gatunkowy i udział komponentów w mieszance. Celem badań było określenie produkcyjności (plonu nasion i słomy oraz biomasy resztek pożniwnych) mieszanki grochu siewnego z jęczmieniem jarym w stanowisku po ziemniaku, jęczmieniu jarym i po sobie. Badania prowadzono na podstawie statycznego doświadczenia polowego założonego na glebie brunatno-rdzawej, wytworzonej z piasku gliniastego, pylastego zalegającego na piasku słabo gliniastym i piasku luźnym pylastym. Mieszankę strączkowo-zbożową uprawiano w sześciu 4-polowych płodozmianach z 25- i 50% jej udziałem. W okresie wegetacji nie prowadzono ochrony chemicznej przed chorobami i chwastami, stosowano natomiast zoocydy przeciwko szkodnikom. Wykazano, że plon nasion mieszanki był zbliżony w porównywanych stanowiskach płodozmianowych. Dobór przedplonu nie miał również wpływu na plon słomy, istotnie zaś różnicował biomasę resztek pożniwnych mieszanki jęczmienia z grochem. Najmniej resztek stwierdzono w następstwie po ziemniaku, a najwięcej w płodozmianie z grochem siewnym. W strukturze biomasy resztek mniejszy udział stanowiły korzenie niż części nadziemne. Całkowita produkcja biomasy mieszanki zbożowo-strączkowej wyrażona sumą biomasy nadziemnej i podziemnej łanu mieszanki była istotnie większa w płodozmianie z grochem siewnym niż po ziemniaku, gdzie nastąpiło znaczące ograniczenie biomasy nadziemnej części wegetatywnej roślin. Słowa kluczowe: mieszanka strączkowo-zbożowa, przedplon, plon nasion, plon słomy, resztki pożniwne Accepted for print Zaakceptowano do druku: 19.05.2014 For citation Do cytowania: Kostrzewska M.K., Jastrzębska M., Wanic M., 2014. Productivity of mixtures of field pea (Pisum sativum L. sensu lato) with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) depending on the position in crop rotation. Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 13(2), 23-31. Agricultura 13(2) 2014