Zajęcia dokształcające z języka angielskiego w chemii nr. 3 (opracował - P. Przybylski)

Zajęcia dokształcające z języka angielskiego w chemii nr. 3 (opracował - P. Przybylski) Zajęcia mają na celu przyswojenie bazy słownictwa dotyczącego bezpiecznej pracy w laboratorium /poniżej zostały przedstawione przykładowe teksty do wyboru /: EXPLOSION AND FIRE HAZARDS GENERAL ASPECTS HAZARDS DUE TO TOXIC CHEMICALS ELECTRICAL SAFETY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION LABORATORY SAFETY

EXPLOSION AND FIRE HAZARDS GENERAL ASPECTS (Vogel s Textbook of practical Organic Chemistry 5 th edition p. 35) Explosive and highly flammable substances or mixtures of substances quite commonly have to be used in organic chemistry laboratories. Ignorance of the hazards which are likely to be encountered all too frequently leads to explosions and fires, but these may usually be avoided and the experiment conducted with a reasonable measure of safety if, in addition to the general rules for laboratory practice mentioned under Sections 2.1 and 2.2, the following guidelines are followed. 1. The use of a substance known to be explosive should be avoided if a safer alternative can be used. 2. If an explosive or dangerously reactive substance has to be used, then it should be used in the smallest possible quantity and with all the appropriate precautions which are indicated below. 3. Workers should try to foresee and avoid the situation where a dangerously reactive chemical is likely to come into contact with combustible material, or where an explosive substance is likely to be subjected to the stimulus of shock or excess heat. 4. Reactions known or likely to involve explosion or fire hazards should always be tried out on a small scale first, and only then carefully scaled up in stages if no warning signs of danger are apparent (e.g. no undue rise in temperature or evolution of gas, etc.). Since for a reaction vessel the surface area per unit volume decreases with increasing volume, scaled-up reactions may exhibit unexpectedly large and possibly dangerous temperature rises. If a small-scale reaction procedure is known to be safe, it is better to repeat it several times to acquire the required stock of product, rather than to attempt to scale-up the process to achieve this in one step. 5. For notably exothermic reactions involving dangerously active reagents, the safest procedure is to add the reagent dropwise, with rapid stirring, at the same rate as it is used up. Overcooling must be avoided since this may inhibit the reaction sufficiently to allow a dangerous accumulation of the reagents; if the temperature is then allowed to rise, a violent reaction may occur. It may actually be safer to heat such a reaction to ensure complete consumption of each drop of reagent as it is being added. EXPLOSIVE COMPOUNDS

The following compounds or groups of compounds are likely to be dangerously explosive in their own right. They may explode under the stimulus of heat, impact or friction, or apparently spontaneously. 1. Acetylene gas and the acetylide salts of heavy metals; silver and copper acetylides are extremely shock-sensitive. Polyacetylenes and some halogenated acetylenes. 2. Hydrazoic acid and all azides, both organic and inorganic (only sodium azide is-safe); aryl azides and silver azide may be inadvertently formed during some reactions (see below, p. 37). 3. Diazonium salts (when solid) and diazo compounds. 4. Inorganic nitrates, especially ammonium nitrate. The nitrate esters of polyhydric alcohols. 5. Polynitro compounds, e.g. picric acid (and heavy metal picrates), trinitrobenzene (TNB), trinitrotoluene (TNT); all these substances are safe when damp with water. 6. Metal salts of nitrophenols. 7. Peroxides; these are a common cause of explosions due to their formation in ether solvents (see below, p. 404). Concentrated aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution, see Section 4.2.41, p. 439. 8. Nitrogen tribromide, trichloride and triiodide; these are all highly sensitive and violently explosive, and should never be prepared or used unless absolutely necessary. POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS MIXTURES Powerful oxidants are particularly dangerous when mixed with easily oxidised organic substances such as simple alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, carbohydrates and cellulosecontaining materials such as paper, cloth or wood. They are also dangerous when mixed with elements such as sulphur and phosphorus, and with finely divided metals such as magnesium powder. The following are common examples: 1. Perchloric acid, chlorates and perchlorates. 2. Chromium trioxide ('chromic anhydride'), chromates and dichromates. Concentrated nitric acid and nitrates. 3. Permanganates. 4. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide. 5. Liquid oxygen and liquid air. Glossary:

highly flammable wysoce łatwopalny explosions wybuchy, eksplozje fires - pożary safer - bezpieczniejszy in the smallest possible quantity w jak najmniejszej możliwej ilości foresee - przewidywać avoid the situation uniknąć sytuacji reactive - reaktywny excess heat nadmierne ciepło on a small scale na małą skalę (reakcja) reaction vessel naczynie reakcyjne dangerous temperature rises niebezpieczne wzrosty temperatury to acquire the required stock of product uzyskać odpowiedni (wymagany) zapas produktu exothermic reactions reakcje egzotermiczne reagents reagenty is to add the reagent dropwise jest dodać reagent kroplami rapid stirring bardzo szybkie mieszanie Overcooling przechłodzenie inhibit the reaction wstrzymać (spowolnić) reakcję violent gwałtowny impact or friction wpływ tarcia Acetylene - acetylen acetylide salts of heavy metals acetylenki metali ciężkich silver and copper acetylides acetylenki srebra i miedzi extremely shock-sensitive ekstremalnie wrażliwe na wstrząs Hydrazoic acid kwas azotowodorowy azides - azydki silver azide azydek srebra Diazonium salts sole diazoniowe Inorganic nitrates nieorganiczne azotany ammonium nitrate azotan amonu nitrate esters estry azotanów alcohols - alkohole

picric acid kwas pikrynowy trinitrobenzene trinitrobenzen Metal salts of nitrophenols metaliczne sole nitrofenoli Peroxides nadtlenki ether solvents - rozpuszczalniki eterowe Concentrated stężony hydrogen peroxide nadtlenek wodoru Nitrogen tribromide trójbromek azotu Nitrogen trichloride trójchlorek azotu Nitrogen triiodide trójjodek azotu oxidants - utleniacze carbohydrates cukry sulphur siarka phosphorus fosfor magnesium powder pył magnezowy Perchloric acid kwas nadchlorowy Chromium trioxide trójtlenek chromu chro- dichromates chromiany i dwuchromiany nitric acid - kwas azotowy Permanganates nadmanganiany Liquid oxygen ciekły tlen HAZARDS DUE TO TOXIC CHEMICALS (Vogel s Textbook of practical Organic Chemistry 5 th edition p. 44) A very large number of compounds encountered in organic chemistry laboratories are poisonous, i.e. 'toxic'. Indeed, nearly all substances are toxic to some extent and the adoption of safe and careful working procedures which prevent the entry of foreign substances into the body is therefore of paramount importance, and should become second nature to all laboratory workers. Toxic substances can enter the body by the following routes: Ingestion (through the mouth). This is fortunately not common in laboratories, but can occur through the accidental contamination of food, drink or tobacco, and by misuse of mouth pipettes. It is strongly recommended that no one should ever eat, drink or smoke in a laboratory. The practice of storing bottles of milk or beer in laboratory refrigerators is to be strongly condemned. Workers should always wash their hands thoroughly on leaving a

laboratory and before eating, All pipetting by mouth should be avoided since there are excellent rubber bulb and piston-type pipette fillers available commercially. In addition to the ingestion hazard associated with smoking, the vapours of many volatile compounds yield toxic products on pyrolysis when drawn through a lighted cigarette or pipe (e.g. carbon tetrachloride yields phosgene). Inhalation (into the lungs). This is a more common pathway for the absorption of toxic chemicals; these may be in the form of gases, vapours, dusts or mists. All toxic powders, volatile liquids and gases should only be handled in efficient fume cupboards. The practice of sniffing the vapours of unknown compounds for identification purposes should be conducted with caution. Direct absorption (through the skin into the bloodstream). This is also a common route for the absorption of a toxic substance whether liquid, solid or gaseous. The danger may be reduced by wearing rubber or plastic gloves, in addition to the usual laboratory white coat. However, clean and careful working procedures are still necessary despite these precautions. Protective gloves are often per meable to organic solvents and are easily punctured; they should therefore be frequently inspected and replaced when necessary. If a toxic substance is accidentally spilled on the skin, it should be washed off with copious quantities of cold water with the aid of a little soap where necessary. The use of solvents for washing spilled chemicals off the skin is best avoided since this may hasten the process of absorption through the skin. Repeated contact of solvents and many other chemicals with the skin may lead to dermatitis, an unsightly and irritating skin disease which is often very hard to cure. In addition, sensitisation to further contact or exposure may occur. The toxic effects of chemical compounds can be classified as either 'acute' (short term) or 'chronic' (long term). Acute effects, as exemplified by powerful and well-known poisons such as hydrogen cyanide and chlorine, are immediately obvious, well appreciated by most laboratory workers, and are therefore fairly easily avoided. However, many chemicals exhibit chronic toxic effects which may only come to light after long-term exposure to small quantities. This type of insidious poisoning is harder to detect (and therefore prevent) since the results may only manifest themselves after months or even years of exposure (or even long after exposure has ceased). Chronic poisoning may also cause symptoms which are not easily recognisable as such, e.g. sleeplessness, irritability, memory lapses and minor personality changes. It must be stressed, however, that the final results of chronic poisoning may be very serious and can lead to premature death. Every effort should be made by the laboratory worker to guard against these possibilities by adopting a rigorous approach to the avoidance of breathing all vapours and dusts, and of any contact between the skin and liquids or powders.

Glossary: compounds związki (chemiczne) organic chemistry laboratories laboratoria chemii organicznej poisonous trujący toxic - toksyczny paramount importance najwyższej wagi laboratory workers - pracownicy laboratoryjni route - droga ingestion spożycie, wchłonięcie contamination - zanieczyszczenie condemned - potępiony pipetting by mouth- pipetowanie ustami rubber bulb naciągacz gruszkowy cieczy do pipet piston-type pipette fillers naciągacze automatyczne do pipet carbon tetrachloride czterochlorek węgla phosgene - fosgen inhalation wdychanie, inhalacja gas gaz vapours - opary dust pył, kurz mist - mgła powder proszek volatile liquids łatwolotne ciecze fume cupboard /or fume hood/ - wyciąg laboratoryjny caution uwaga through the skin into the bloodstream przez skórę do układu krwionośnego rubber or plastic gloves gumowe lub plastikowe rękawiczki ochronne white coat fartuch ochronny spilled on the skin rozlany na skórze washed off - zmyty copious quantities of cold water obfite ilości zimnej wody hasten - przyspieszać

dermatitis is an unsightly and irritating skin disease zapalenie skóry jest szpecącą i podrażniającą skórę chorobą hard to cure trudne do wyleczenia sensitisation uwrażliwienie acute ostry, przenikliwy, silny chronic chroniczny, notoryczny hydrogen cyanide - cyjanowodór chlorine chlor long-term exposure długoterminowe wyeksponowanie, wystawienie insidious zdradziecki, podstępny ceased zaprzestawać, przerywać recognisable - rozpoznawalny sleeplessness senność irritability drażliwość premature death przedwczesna śmierć ELECTRICAL SAFETY (Vogel s Textbook of practical Organic Chemistry 5 th edition p. 51) Concern with the hazards associated with the use of flammable and toxic chemicals in the laboratory often causes the dangers from electrical equipment to be overlooked. However, many accidents are caused by the malfunctioning of electric appliances and by thoughtless handling. New equipment should be carefully inspected to check that the plug has been correctly fitted, otherwise a 'live' chassis will result. International standards for Great Britain and Europe stipulate the following colours for electric cables: Live, Brown; Neutral, Blue; Earth, Green/yellow. In the USA (and for equipment imported from the USA) the colours are: Live, White; Neutral, Black; Earth, Green. Before any electric appliance is used, it should be inspected to ensure that: (a) it is in good condition with no loose wires or connections; (b) it is properly earthed; (c) it is connected to the correct type of plug by good quality cable with sound insulation; and (d) that it is protected by a fuse of the correct rating. Loose or trailing electric cables should be avoided and if the appliance has to be sited some way from the power source, the cable should run neatly along the side of a bench and preferably be secured with adhesive tape. Cable hanging across the aisle between two benches should never be permitted. Any items of equipment (e.g. stirrer motors or heating mantles) which have had any chemicals spilled on

them should not be used until they have been thoroughly cleaned and dried. In the handling and setting up of electrical equipment, the operator must ensure that the apparatus is set up on a dry bench. It is essential to assemble the apparatus first, and only then to plug into the mains and switch on. The apparatus should be switched off before any attempts are made to move or adjust it. High voltage equipment (e.g. for use in electrophoresis, or in the generation of ozone) requires special precautions. Ideally, such apparatus should be isolated within an enclosure equipped with an interlocking device so that access is possible only when the current is switched off. Glossary: hazard niebezpieczeństwo, zagrożenie flammable łatwopalny toxic chemicals toksyczne chemikalia (odczynniki chemiczne) electrical equipment sprzęt, wyposażenie elektryczne accident wypadek malfunctioning of electric appliances niesprawność urządzeń elektrycznych plug - wtyczka stipulate ustalić, określić electric cables- elektryczne przewody electric appliance urządzenie elektryczne wire przewód earthed - uziemniony insulation - izolacja fuse bezpiecznik the power source źródło zasilania secured - zapezpieczony adhesive tape taśma klejąca aisle- przejście stirrer motors - mieszadła heating mantles płaszcze grzejne dry bench - suchy stół electrophoresis - elektroforeza precautions - zabezpieczenia

interlocking device urządzenie - przełącznik current prąd ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION (Vogel s Textbook of practical Organic Chemistry 5 th edition p. 52) Ultraviolet (u.v.) lamps, arcs and other high intensity light sources which emit U.V. radiation should never be viewed directly or eye damage will result. Special close-fitting goggles which are opaque to U.V. radiation should be worn, and protective screens placed around the apparatus assembly (e.g. in a photochemical reaction) which incorporates the U.V. source; the need to avoid the inadvertent viewing of reflected U.V. light should also be borne in mind and the viewing of chromatographic columns or plates may be hazardous. Exposure of the skin to intense U.V. radiation gives rise to burns (cf. sunburn) and prolonged exposure may give rise to more extensive tissue damage. Protective gloves should therefore be worn during work involving such exposure risks. Adequate ventilation must also be provided to prevent possible build-up of the highly irritant and toxic ozone which is produced when oxygen is irradiated with U.V. light in the 185 nm region. Glossary: U.V. lamp lampa U.V. arc - łuk U.V. radiation promieniowanie UV eye damage uszkodzenie oczu close-fitting goggles dobrze dopasowane gogle opaque to U.V. radiation nieprzeźroczysty dla promieniowania UV protective screens ekrany ochronne apparatus assembly zestaw aparaturowy photochemical reaction reakcja fotochemiczna U.V. source źródło promieniowania UV inadvertent nieuważny, nieumyślny reflected U.V. light odbite promieniowanie UV chromatographic columns kolumny chromatograficzne chromatographic plates płytki chromatograficzne

hazardous niebezpieczny burns poparzenia extensive tissue damage rozległe uszkodzenie tkanek protective gloves rękawice ochronne ventilation wentylacja to prevent zapobiegać to build-up wytwarzać, gromadzić highly irritant wysoce drażniący toxic - toksyczny irradiated with U.V. light napromieniowany światłem U.V.

Zajęcia mają na celu pracę z tekstami dotyczącego nazewnictwa aparatury szklanej - LABORATORY GLASSWARE (przykładowe teksty poniżej). GLASSWARE APPARATUS WITH INTERCHANGEABLE GROUND GLASS JOINTS LABORATORY GLASSWARE basic glossary (on pictures): GLASSWARE (Vogel s Textbook of practical Organic Chemistry 5 th edition p. 30) Glass apparatus should be carefully examined before use and any which is cracked, chipped, flawed or dirty should be rejected. Minute cracks in glassware for use in evacuated systems are particularly dangerous. Many apparently simple manipulations such as

the cutting of glass tubing or rod, the insertion of glass tubing or thermometers into rubber bungs or bark corks, or the removal of tight stoppers from bottles, can lead to serious cuts. Care should be taken to adopt the correct procedures (Sections 2.9 and 2.10). All apparatus and clean glassware not in use should be stored away and not allowed to accumulate on benches. Glossary: Glass apparatus aparatura szklana cracked stuknięty, zbity, pęknięty chipped - wyszczerbiony flawed wadliwy, ze skazą minute cracks minimalne, drobne zarysowania in evacuated systems w układach, zestawach pod próżnią cutting of glass cięcie szkła thermometer termometr rubber guma bark kora cork korek tight stoppers from bottles dopasowany korek, zatyczka fabryczny np. na butelce. benches stoły laboratoryjne APPARATUS WITH INTERCHANGEABLE GROUND GLASS JOINTS (Vogel s Textbook of practical Organic Chemistry 5 th edition p. 30) In considering the following typical standard units of equipment fitted with ground glass joints, it must be borne in mind that while a particular piece of glass equipment of certain capacity or dimensions may be fitted with alternative joint sizes, the range is usually restricted in relation to their relative proportions. When equipping a laboratory, it is usually convenient to limit the range of socket sizes thus permitting interchangeability with the minimum number of adapters. For example, with Quickfit, 14/23, 19/26, 24/29 and 34/35 joints are suitable for macro scale experiments, and 10/19 and 14/23 for semimicro scale experiments; a similar selection would be appropriate from the USA coded sizes. In Fig.

2.8(a)-(d), the various designs of flasks are collected. Type (a) is a pearshaped flask, the capacity range being usually 5 m1 to 100ml, the joint sizes are in the range 10/19 to 24/29. Type (b) is a round-bottomed flask (short-necked), the capacity range being 5ml to 10 litres, joint sizes being in proportion; medium- and long-necked designs are also available. Type (c) illustrates a range of wide-necked reaction flasks which are useful in semimicro and in pilot scale experiments and which are fitted with large diameter flat-flange joints, the capacities range from 250 ml to 20 litres, the flange bore being 75 mm to 100mm respectively; the multi-socket lids are illustrated in Fig. 2.18(a) and (b). The advantages of this type of reaction vessel are that (i) the lids are easily detachable, (ii) large stirrers are readily accommodated, (iii) the vessels are cleaned readily and (iv) the removal or addition of solids and viscous fluids is facilitated; the ground flange joints are fully interchangeable. Special clamps are available for the support of such flasks. Type (d) of Fig. 2.8 is a jacketed flange flask which is ideally suited for reactions requiring accurate temperature control. Various types of multi-necked round-bottomed flasks are illustrated in Fig. 2.9(a)-(d); designs with pear-shaped flasks are available. The centre socket is usually the larger and the side sockets are generally smaller; type (d) shows the side socket being employed for the insertion of a capillary tube necessary in a vacuum distillation assembly (see Section 2.27). Ground glass stoppers of all standard sizes are available and may be of the design shown in Fig. 2.10; the flat head is preferred since the stopper may be stood on end when not in use, thus avoiding contamination of the ground surface; an additional refinement is the provision of a finger grip.

Often in the assembly of apparatus, joint adapters are required if the joint sizes of the various parts are not compatible. A reduction adapter is illustrated in Fig. 2.1 1 and an expansion adapter in Fig. 2.12; numerous combinations are of course possible, but it must be emphasised, however, that in a well-designed assembly of apparatus the number of adapters should be reduced to a minimum and, best of all, completely eliminated. Distillation heads (or still-heads) are shown in Fig. 2.13 (a)-(c). Type (a) is a bend ('knee-tube') which is frequently employed for those distillations which merely require the removal of solvent. Type (b) is a simple distillation head; when fitted into a flask with a ground glass socket, the assembly is virtually a distillation flask. For some purposes, a thermometer may be fitted into a one hole rubber stopper of correct taper and then inserted into the socket; the area of rubber which is exposed to the organic vapour is relatively so small that the amount of contamination thus introduced is negligible. If, however, all rubber stoppers must be absent because of the highly corrosive nature of the vapour, a thermometer fitted with an appropriate size cone is employed. Alternatively the socket of a distillation head may be fitted with a screw-capped adapter (see Fig. 2.32) through which a thermometer may be inserted. Type

(c) is a Claisen distillation head; the left-hand socket accommodates the capillary tube for use in distillations under vacuum (see Section 2.27) and the right-hand socket a suitable thermometer. Frequently for semimicro and micro work it is more convenient to use the pearshaped flask designs which incorporate the distillation heads (e.g. Fig. 2.14(a) and (b). Multiple adapters provide for additional entries into a single-necked flask when a multinecked flask is not available. Either double-necked or triplenecked adapters (Fig. 2.15 and Fig. 2.16(a) and (b) are commonly used having a range of socket and cone sizes. The 'swanneck adapter' of Fig. 2.17 is useful for vacuum distillations as it permits the insertion of a capillary tube through the screw thread joint. This joint may also be used for insertion of a thermometer or a gas inlet in the narrow neck and a reflux condenser into the ground joint; this device virtually converts a three-necked flask into a four-necked flask. Multiple socket lids for fitment to the flange flasks (illustrated in Fig. 2.8(c)) are shown in Fig. 2.18(a) and (b). These allow for the introduction of a great variety of standard equipment for stirring, temperature measurement, the inlet of gas, etc. The sockets may be vertical or angled at 5, 10 or 15 degrees from the vertical axis. Several types of condensers are widely

used (Figs 2.19-2.23). An improved form of Liebig's condenser, sometimes termed a West condenser, is shown in Fig. 2.19; it has an inner tube with very thin walls and the space between it and the heavy-walled outer tube is small, consequently there is a rapid heat transfer to the fast-flowing cooling water leading to greater efficiency. The length of the jacket is usually 6 to 50 cm and the design is available in a range of joint sizes. Figure 2.20 (Davies type) and Fig. 2.21 (double coil type) are examples of efficient double surface condensers. Figure 2.22 depicts a 'screw' type of condenser (Friedrich pattern); this highly efficient condenser is employed for both reflux and downward distillation. The ice or dry iceacetone condenser (Fig. 2.23) is useful for volatile liquids. The water inlet and outlet sidearms on the condensers illustrated are of the standard olive all-glass type. Breakage can easily occur, often resulting in serious hand injury, when attaching or detaching rubber or plastic

water hoses. A recent design (Bibby Science Products) incorporates a screw-thread at sidearm ends on to which a plastic hose connector may be screwed to give a watertight seal. Not only is this safer in the hands of less experienced workers, but it allows for more rapid apparatus assembly. Various forms of receiver adapters or connectors for attachment to the end of condensers when used in a distillation assembly are shown in Figs 2.24-2.26. The simplest form (Fig. 2.24) carries glass hooks for securing it to the condenser by means of a rubber band from the side tube to the hook; an improved form, incorporating two glass joints, is shown in Fig. 2.25. A useful adapter is illustrated in Fig. 2.26; when employed at atmospheric pressure, a drying tube may be attached to the side tube, if desired; in a distillation under reduced pressure, the side tube is connected to a vacuum pump. Cone/ rubber tubing adapters ('take-of adapters), shown in Fig. 2.27(a) and (b), fulfil a number of useful purposes in preparative organic operations, for example where very small volumes of solvents need to be rapidly removed. A calcium chloride guard-tube is illustrated in Fig. 2.28 which is widely used for protecting apparatus assemblies from the ingress of moisture.

For many operations the globular form of dropping, addition or separatory funnel having a suitable cone joint fitted to the stem is convenient, but when required on either a multiplenecked flask or with a multiple adapter, the cylindrical design (Fig. 2.29) is preferred; this is similarly provided with a cone on the stem and a ground socket. Figure 2.30 illustrates a cylindrical funnel with pressure-equalising tube; this is invaluable for reactions which are conducted in an atmosphere of inert gas. Either funnel may be fitted with an all-glass or a Rotaflo stopcock; the latter gives excellent liquid flow control. Jacketed dropping funnels for use with ice-water or dry ice-acetone slurry coolants are available and are useful when reagents to be added to a reaction mixture need to be kept at low temperatures. Dropping funnels are also available with a design of stopcock which allows infinite control of the rate of addition. The two designs of the Dean and Stark apparatus (Fig. 2.31(a) and (b); available from Bibby Science Products) carry a flask on the lower cone and a reflux condenser on the upper socket. They are used for the automatic separation of two immiscible components in a distillate and the subsequent return of the upper layer (a) or the lower layer (b) to the reaction flask. Glossary: ground glass joints połączenia na szlif glass equipment wyposażenie szklane capacity - przepustowość

dimensions rozmiary joint sizes rozmiary szlifów (od np. korków łączników) socket sizes - rozmiary szlifów (od np. kolb) interchangeability zamienność, wymienność adapters łączniki, nasadki flasks kolby pearshaped flask kolba gruszkowa round-bottomed flask kolba okrągłodenna short-necked - krótkoszyjna long-necked z długą szyją wide-necked reaction flasks kolby reakcyjne z szeroką szyją large diameter flat-flange joints łączniki na płaski kołnierz o dużej średnicy flange bore średnica otworu kołnierza multi-socket lids pokrywy z wieloma wejściami (otworami) detachable - zdejmowalny, odłączalny stirrer mieszadło accommodated zamontowane, przystosowane vessel naczynie solid ciało stałe viscous fluids lepkie ciecze clamp łapy accurate temperature control dokładna, ścisła kontrola temperatury multi-necked wieloszyjne centre socket środkowe wejście, otwór side sockets boczne wejścia capillary tube kapilara vacuum distillation destylacja pod próżnią ground glass stoppers korki na szlif design projekt (w sensie wyglądu) ground surface powierzchnia szlifu provision zabezpieczenie

assembly of apparatus zestaw aparaturowy reduction adapter reduktor (z większej średnicy na mniejszą) expansion adapter ekspander (z mniejszej średnicy na większą) distillation heads nasadki destylacyjne bend zginać solvent rozpuszczalnik distillation flask kolba destylacyjna thermometer termometr organic vapour - opary organiczne corrosive powodujący korozję screw-capped adapter nasadka z nagwintowaną nakrętką swan-neck adapter nasadka z tzw. łabędzią szyją screw thread joint nagwintowana szyja nasadki gas inlet wlot gazu reflux condenser chłodnica zwrotna vertical or angled pionowe lub pod kątem inner tube wewnętrzna rurka heavy-walled outer tube grubościenna rura zewnętrzna rapid heat transfer szybkie przekazywanie ciepła fast-flowing cooling water - szybko-przepływająca woda chłodząca length of the jacket - długość płaszcza chłodzącego 'screw' type of condenser chłodnica śrubowa ice or dry ice-acetone condenser chłodnica chłodzona lodem lub mieszaniną suchego lodu z acetonem volatile liquids - ciecze lotne injury ciężkie obrażenia water hoses węże od chłodnic receiver adapters - nasadki odbieralnikowe connectors łączniki glass hooks szklane haczyki

atmospheric pressure ciśnienie atmosferyczne drying tube rurka ze środkiem suszącym reduced pressure obniżone ciśnienie vacuum pump pompa próżniowa cone/rubber tubing adapters - nasadki typu stożek-rurka gumowa calcium chloride guard-tube rurka z chlorkiem wapnia moisture wilgoć dropping funnel wkraplacz separatory funnel rozdzielacz with a cone on the stem and a ground socket posiadający na nóżce szlifowaną tulejkę cylindrical funnel wkraplacz cylindryczny atmosphere of inert gas atmosfera gazu obojętnego all-glass or a Rotaflo stopcock kran szklany lub typu Rotaflo jacketed dropping funnels wkraplacze z płaszczem coolants mieszaniny chłodzące reaction mixture mieszanina reakcyjna Dean and Stark apparatus aparat Dean a -Stark a immiscible components - składniki niemieszalne ze sobą upper/ lower layer górna/dolna warstwa