Soil moisture retrieval at Bubnow Wetland using L-band radiometer (ELBARA III) Mateusz Łukowski Lublin, 25/05/2017

Why soil moisture is important? Water in soil governs the energy flow and hydrologic cycle of the Earth Information about soil moisture allows predicting floods and droughts Proper amount of water in soil is very important for effective crop production Valuable data in environmental assessments

Problem Soil moisture can be spatially variable in-situ field measurements on a large scale are very time consuming and costly

Problem, cont. Long-lasting measurement easy to lose relevance in temporal scale and in forcing conditions Knowledge about soil moisture spatial distribution and temporal behavior is limited to local up to medium scale

Satellite data Large region of measurement Spatial continuity Consistency Cost effectiveness

l1 Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Launched in November 2009 Parameters: Precision: 4% volumetric water content Pixel area: 40x40 km Revisit period: twice a day

Slajd 6 l1 tu omówić zalety satelity i że Using that frequency of electromagnetic waves gives an opportunity to retrieve dielectric constant of soil lukowski; 2009-05-15

http://www.esa.int

ELBARA single SMOS antenna

ELBARA_PD (Penetration Depth) The team: Mateusz Łukowski, Bogusław Usowicz, Jerzy Lipiec, Edyta Rojek, Radosław Szlązak, Łukasz Gluba, Joanna Sagan, Wojciech Marczewski, Ewa Słomińska, Jan Słomiński, Andrzej Kotarba, Krystyna Stankiewicz II 2013 II 2015 (CCN1 VIII 2016, CCN2 VII 2017) Financed from PECS (Plan for European Cooperating States, between Government of Poland and European Space Agency)

Technical Support for the fabrication and deployment of the radiometer ELBARA-III in Bubnow, Poland The team: Mateusz Łukowski, Bogusław Usowicz, Jerzy Usowicz, Edyta Rojek, Radosław Szlązak, Andreas Wiesmann, Mike Schwank, Charles Werner II 2015 VII 2016 Financed by European Space Agency The ELBARA instrument goes from one research team to another under a loan agreement with ESA. Thanks to this project ELBARA III was built specifically for Poland!

ELBARA ESA (European Space Agency) L-BAnd (band L, microwaves in 1 to 2 GHz range) RAdiometer (instrument recording the intensity of electromagnetic radiation)

Radiometer Very sensitive receiver of heat radiation Remote, passive sensor (as opposed to active radar, FDR, TDR etc.) What is measured? Radiance Thermal radiation in a given wavelength range (microwaves) called brightness temperature T Bp (p = H, V) associated with thermodynamic temperature T. Space-borne radiometer (SMOS) Air-borne (PLMR) Ground-based (ELBARA)

Planck s Law

Rayleigh-Jeans approximation P = k T B 10-13 W (!!!) k = 1.380658 10 23 J K -1 (Boltzmann const.) T 300 K (physical surface temperature) B = 27 MHz (bandwidth)

Why L-band? SMOS, ELBARA

Why 1.4 GHz (λ=21 cm)? f = 1400-1427 MHz is suitable to observe the Earth s surface from space: Protected band (thanks to radioastronomers!) Transparent atmosphere Sensitive to liquid water Relatively large emission depth Strong interaction between liquid water and microwaves! Microwaves are sensitive to water

Soil moisture vs. brightness temperature Shutko, A. M. (1982) "Microwave radiometry of lands under natural and artificial moistening."

ELBARA Detekcja na częstotliwości 1420 MHz, polaryzacje H i V Radiometr przełączany typu Dicke a Podwójna kalibracja (dioda zimna i gorąca ) Dodatkowe rozdzielenie kanałów na 1407.5 MHz oraz 1419.5 MHz ± 12 MHz Szerokość wiązki α = 12 przy -3dB 0,1 0,5 α -10 db -3dB www.wsl.ch

ELBARA Poland Bubnow Wetland

ELBARA III azimuthal and vertical (+improved electronics) North (N) φ = 0 φ H = 6.75 m θ

Bubnow Wetland Meadow Wetland Fallow Cultivated field

The purpose of the projects is to obtain: 1. The radiometric characteristics of wetlands 2. "Penetration Depth" for the L-band?

Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) 7 years on orbit PENETRATION DEPTH?

Brightness temperature from ELBARA + in situ data (collected manually and automatically) + L band emission models + Hydrological models agrometeorological station soil moisture, water potential, temperature, thermal properties 28

Realizowane zadania: Gromadzenie danych SMOS Opracowanie koncepcji głębokości widzenia PD: prawa Kirchoffa i Fresnela where Diel_Const is complex Dielectric Constant of soil retrieved from brightness temperatures measured by SMOS satellite, Re and Im denote real and imaginary part of a complex number.

Global Penetration Depth map from SMOS (no of lambda 21 cm)

SWEX a Albedo

Continuous in situ data for validation purposes: Meteorological data, water content, physicochemical and thermal properties of the soil

Realizowane zadania cd2: Projekt i posadowienie wieży, obrotnicy azymutalnej i wertykalnej Zapewnienie energii elektrycznej, kamer ochrony, nadzoru, ogrodzenia, uziemienia Łącze Internetowe (sterowanie, podgląd) Testy systemu (akceptacja GAMMA RS)

Manual measurements of soil moisture distribution in layers, geostatistical analyses Soil moisture (0-5 cm) [m 3 m -3 ] Soil moisture (0-10 cm) [m 3 m -3 ] Soil moisture (0-17 cm) [m 3 m -3 ] Soil sampling Measurements of soil thermal properties

Soil texture and mineralogical composition

Brightness temperature around ELBARA s tower NIGHT MORNING NOON EVENING Brightness temp. V [K] Brightness temp. H [K]

SMOS vs. ELBARA comparison

SMOS vs. ELBARA comparison 300 280 260 240 220 200 Apr-2016 Jun-2016 Aug-2016 Oct-2016 Dec-2016 Feb-2017 Apr-2017 Date

Poster L-MEB:

Thank you! Website: elbara.pl

sesje będą się odbywać regularnie co ok. pół roku. Ich celem jest upowszechnianie wyników projektów, promowanie pro-projektowego podejścia do badań, poprawa wsparcia ze strony administracji, eliminacja ewentualnych problemów przy realizacji i sprawozdawczości i wreszcie... zapoznanie się najlepszymi badaniami w naszym Instytucie. wytłumaczenie ELBARA Dlaczego pasmo L? Dlaczego na wieży? łączność między satelitarnymi, lotniczymi a naziemnymi Publikacje, postery, konferencje, sprawozdania cząstkowe przyjęte Co ma na celu projekt i co już wykonano? Jak uzyskaliśmy te granty? procedura jest ludzka i rozliczenie też ludzkie oni kupują rzeczy, co ustalone to kupują i nie chcą sprawozdania finansowego!

DZIĘKUJĘ ZA UWAGĘ!