Paired and unpaired image translation with GANs

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Transkrypt:

Paired and unpaired image translation with GANs Phillip Isola, MIT 6/16/19 [Cartoon: The Computer as a Communication Device, Licklider & Taylor 1968]

Image-to-Image Translation Apple 苹果 Apfel Pomme

Image-to-Image Translation Object labeling Edge Detection [Xie et al. 2015] [Long et al. 2015] Season change Artistic style transfer [Laffont et al. 2014] [Gatys et al. 2016]

Paired Image-to-Image Translation Input x Output y Training data n x y o F, n o n,, o argmin F E x,y[l(f(x),y)] Objective function (loss) Neural Network [Zhang, Isola, Efros, ECCV 2016]

Paired Image-to-Image Translation Input x Output y F argmin F E x,y[l(f(x),y)] What should I do How should I do it?

Designing loss functions Input Output Ground truth

Designing loss functions Input Zhang et al. 2016 Ground truth Color distribution cross-entropy loss with colorfulness enhancing term. [Zhang, Isola, Efros, ECCV 2016]

Designing loss functions Be careful what you wish for!

Designing loss functions Image colorization L2 regression Super-resolution [Zhang, Isola, Efros, ECCV 2016] L2 regression [Johnson, Alahi, Li, ECCV 2016]

Designing loss functions Image colorization Cross entropy objective, with colorfulness term Super-resolution [Zhang, Isola, Efros, ECCV 2016] Deep feature covariance matching objective [Johnson, Alahi, Li, ECCV 2016]

) Universal loss?

) Generated images Generative Adversarial Network (GANs) Generated vs Real (classifier) Real photos [Goodfellow, Pouget-Abadie, Mirza, Xu, Warde-Farley, Ozair, Courville, Bengio 2014]

x G G(x) Generator

x G G(x) D real or fake? Generator Discriminator G tries to synthesize fake images that fool D D tries to identify the fakes

x G G(x) D fake (0.9) y D real (0.1) argmax D E x,y [ logd(g(x)) + log(1 D(y)) ]

x G G(x) D real or fake? G tries to synthesize fake images that fool D: arg min G E x,y [ logd(g(x)) + log(1 D(y)) ]

x G G(x) D real or fake? G tries to synthesize fake images that fool the best D: argmin max G D E x,y [ logd(g(x)) + log(1 D(y)) ]

x G G(x) Loss Function D G s perspective: D is a loss function. Rather than being hand-designed, it is learned.

x G G(x) D real or fake? argmin max G D E x,y [ logd(g(x)) + log(1 D(y)) ]

x G G(x) D real! ( Aquarius ) argmin max G D E x,y [ logd(g(x)) + log(1 D(y)) ]

x G G(x) D real or fake pair? argmin max G D E x,y [ logd(g(x)) + log(1 D(y)) ]

x G G(x) D real or fake pair? argmin max G D E x,y[ logd(x,g(x))+log(1 D(x,y)) ]

x G G(x) D fake pair argmin max G D E x,y[ logd(x,g(x))+log(1 D(x,y)) ]

x G G(x) D real pair argmin max G D E x,y[ logd(x,g(x))+log(1 D(x,y)) ]

x G G(x) D real or fake pair? argmin max G D E x,y[ logd(x,g(x))+log(1 D(x,y)) ]

Conditional GAN Training Details: Loss function

Training Details: Loss function Conditional GAN x y G G(x) - Stable training + fast convergence [c.f. Pathak et al. CVPR 2016]

BW Color Input Output Input Output Input Output Data from [Russakovsky et al. 2015]

Input Output Groundtruth Data from [maps.google.com]

Input Output Groundtruth Data from [maps.google.com]

Training data n x y o x G G(x), n o, x G(x) n o G, [HED, Xie & Tu, 2015]

#edges2cats [Chris Hesse]

Ivy Tasi @ivymyt Vitaly Vidmirov @vvid

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sha1_base64="svbkjs/c+hjlwpgmxp0/moyxmvk=">aaab8nicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0le0gpri8ck9gpsudbbtbt0kw27e6we/gwvhhtx6q/x5r9x2+agrq8ghu/nmdmvtkuw6lrftmltfwnzq7xd2dnd2z+ohh61jco04y2mpnldkbourcjbkfdybqo5jupjo+h4duz3hrk2qiupoel5ennhiilbkfrj72kxhchvwj31qzw37s5bvolxkbouaparx72bylnme2ssgun7bopbtjukjvm00ssmtykb0yh3lu1oze2qz0+ekjordeiktk0eyvz9pzht2jhjhnromolilhsz8t/pzzc6dnkrpbnyhc0wrzkkqmjsfziqmjoue0so08lestiiasrqplsxixjll6+s9kxdc+ve/wwtcvpeuyytoivz8oakgnahtwgbawxp8apvdjovzrvzswgtocxmmfyb8/kdwrurjq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="svbkjs/c+hjlwpgmxp0/moyxmvk=">aaab8nicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0le0gpri8ck9gpsudbbtbt0kw27e6we/gwvhhtx6q/x5r9x2+agrq8ghu/nmdmvtkuw6lrftmltfwnzq7xd2dnd2z+ohh61jco04y2mpnldkbourcjbkfdybqo5jupjo+h4duz3hrk2qiupoel5ennhiilbkfrj72kxhchvwj31qzw37s5bvolxkbouaparx72bylnme2ssgun7bopbtjukjvm00ssmtykb0yh3lu1oze2qz0+ekjordeiktk0eyvz9pzht2jhjhnromolilhsz8t/pzzc6dnkrpbnyhc0wrzkkqmjsfziqmjoue0so08lestiiasrqplsxixjll6+s9kxdc+ve/wwtcvpeuyytoivz8oakgnahtwgbawxp8apvdjovzrvzswgtocxmmfyb8/kdwrurjq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="svbkjs/c+hjlwpgmxp0/moyxmvk=">aaab8nicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0le0gpri8ck9gpsudbbtbt0kw27e6we/gwvhhtx6q/x5r9x2+agrq8ghu/nmdmvtkuw6lrftmltfwnzq7xd2dnd2z+ohh61jco04y2mpnldkbourcjbkfdybqo5jupjo+h4duz3hrk2qiupoel5ennhiilbkfrj72kxhchvwj31qzw37s5bvolxkbouaparx72bylnme2ssgun7bopbtjukjvm00ssmtykb0yh3lu1oze2qz0+ekjordeiktk0eyvz9pzht2jhjhnromolilhsz8t/pzzc6dnkrpbnyhc0wrzkkqmjsfziqmjoue0so08lestiiasrqplsxixjll6+s9kxdc+ve/wwtcvpeuyytoivz8oakgnahtwgbawxp8apvdjovzrvzswgtocxmmfyb8/kdwrurjq==</latexit> Compute <latexit sha1_base64="weo/kaiyw2s55yrrte8d9838bki=">aaab73icbvc7sgnbfl0bx3f9rs1tbongfxbtablmyxnbpcbzwuxknhkyj3vmvgghp2fjoyitv2pn3zibbkhrawohc+5l7jlxypmxqfdllty2t7z3yrv+3v7b4vhl+krjvkyjbrpfle7f2fdojg1bzjntpzpiexpajafn3o8+um2ykvd2ltji4lfkcspyoqnnn5vim0uhlwpqc5zaf0lykcouaa0rn4oripmg0hkojemhqwqjodaweu4x/iaznmvkise076jegppovrx3gs6cmkkj0u5ji5bqz405fsbmrowmbbyts+7l4n9ep7pjdtrnmo8kyeqjjopikpshryomkbf85ggmmrlbezlgjyl1ffmuhha98l/sqdfcobbe1aunm6kompzbovxccffqgftoqrsichicf3j1hrxn7817x42wvglnfh7b+/ggoouprw==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="weo/kaiyw2s55yrrte8d9838bki=">aaab73icbvc7sgnbfl0bx3f9rs1tbongfxbtablmyxnbpcbzwuxknhkyj3vmvgghp2fjoyitv2pn3zibbkhrawohc+5l7jlxypmxqfdllty2t7z3yrv+3v7b4vhl+krjvkyjbrpfle7f2fdojg1bzjntpzpiexpajafn3o8+um2ykvd2ltji4lfkcspyoqnnn5vim0uhlwpqc5zaf0lykcouaa0rn4oripmg0hkojemhqwqjodaweu4x/iaznmvkise076jegppovrx3gs6cmkkj0u5ji5bqz405fsbmrowmbbyts+7l4n9ep7pjdtrnmo8kyeqjjopikpshryomkbf85ggmmrlbezlgjyl1ffmuhha98l/sqdfcobbe1aunm6kompzbovxccffqgftoqrsichicf3j1hrxn7817x42wvglnfh7b+/ggoouprw==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="weo/kaiyw2s55yrrte8d9838bki=">aaab73icbvc7sgnbfl0bx3f9rs1tbongfxbtablmyxnbpcbzwuxknhkyj3vmvgghp2fjoyitv2pn3zibbkhrawohc+5l7jlxypmxqfdllty2t7z3yrv+3v7b4vhl+krjvkyjbrpfle7f2fdojg1bzjntpzpiexpajafn3o8+um2ykvd2ltji4lfkcspyoqnnn5vim0uhlwpqc5zaf0lykcouaa0rn4oripmg0hkojemhqwqjodaweu4x/iaznmvkise076jegppovrx3gs6cmkkj0u5ji5bqz405fsbmrowmbbyts+7l4n9ep7pjdtrnmo8kyeqjjopikpshryomkbf85ggmmrlbezlgjyl1ffmuhha98l/sqdfcobbe1aunm6kompzbovxccffqgftoqrsichicf3j1hrxn7817x42wvglnfh7b+/ggoouprw==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="weo/kaiyw2s55yrrte8d9838bki=">aaab73icbvc7sgnbfl0bx3f9rs1tbongfxbtablmyxnbpcbzwuxknhkyj3vmvgghp2fjoyitv2pn3zibbkhrawohc+5l7jlxypmxqfdllty2t7z3yrv+3v7b4vhl+krjvkyjbrpfle7f2fdojg1bzjntpzpiexpajafn3o8+um2ykvd2ltji4lfkcspyoqnnn5vim0uhlwpqc5zaf0lykcouaa0rn4oripmg0hkojemhqwqjodaweu4x/iaznmvkise076jegppovrx3gs6cmkkj0u5ji5bqz405fsbmrowmbbyts+7l4n9ep7pjdtrnmo8kyeqjjopikpshryomkbf85ggmmrlbezlgjyl1ffmuhha98l/sqdfcobbe1aunm6kompzbovxccffqgftoqrsichicf3j1hrxn7817x42wvglnfh7b+/ggoouprw==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="svbkjs/c+hjlwpgmxp0/moyxmvk=">aaab8nicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0le0gpri8ck9gpsudbbtbt0kw27e6we/gwvhhtx6q/x5r9x2+agrq8ghu/nmdmvtkuw6lrftmltfwnzq7xd2dnd2z+ohh61jco04y2mpnldkbourcjbkfdybqo5jupjo+h4duz3hrk2qiupoel5ennhiilbkfrj72kxhchvwj31qzw37s5bvolxkbouaparx72bylnme2ssgun7bopbtjukjvm00ssmtykb0yh3lu1oze2qz0+ekjordeiktk0eyvz9pzht2jhjhnromolilhsz8t/pzzc6dnkrpbnyhc0wrzkkqmjsfziqmjoue0so08lestiiasrqplsxixjll6+s9kxdc+ve/wwtcvpeuyytoivz8oakgnahtwgbawxp8apvdjovzrvzswgtocxmmfyb8/kdwrurjq==</latexit> l< ta xe ti s ah _1 ab es 46 "= Vs kb sj c/ h+ lj Pw mg Px /0 om Xy vm =k >" AA BA n8 ci Vb NB 8S AN JE U3 1r /q hq 96 BL Bb 0U El G0 RP 8i Kc g9 SP DU bb bt 0t wk 72 6E EW g/ vw hh xt q6 x/ r5 x9 +2 ga Qr G8 uh N/ DM vm KT wu L6 fr mt tl Wf zn 7q dx d2 dn z2 o+ hh 16 cj 0o y4 m2 Np dl Bk uo cr bj FK yd qb 5o Uj JP +O 4H ud 3Z rh 2k iq PU EO 5l NE hn ii BL FK Jr 27 xk CH VH jw 13 zq 3W s7 B5 ov Xl Bk Uo Pa ra 7X B2 ly Mn 2E SS ug 7N ob Bp jt KU vj 0m s0 Ms yt bk y0 3H UL o1 Ez Q2 0z e+ jk ro ED ki Kt E0 Vy 9z ZP TH J2 Jh NH Or Om IL HL zs T8 P/ zz 6C nd RK Bp yn Ch W0 ZR kk Mq sj zf QI jm UO 0E os 80 el ts Ii sa Qr lp xs XI Lj 6L S+ k9 dx +c ev W/ tw Vc EP YU TY IO zv O8 KA ng HA WT Bg wa PX A8 vp jd vo rz zv Ws tg co MX fm By /8 Dk rw Ru Qj == /< al et ix >t l< ta xe ti s ah _1 ab es 46 "= Vs kb sj c/ h+ lj Pw mg Px /0 om Xy vm =k >" AA BA n8 ci Vb NB 8S AN JE U3 1r /q hq 96 BL Bb 0U El G0 RP 8i Kc g9 SP DU bb bt 0t wk 72 6E EW g/ vw hh xt q6 x/ r5 x9 +2 ga Qr G8 uh N/ DM vm KT wu L6 fr mt tl Wf zn 7q dx d2 dn z2 o+ hh 16 cj 0o y4 m2 Np dl Bk uo cr bj FK yd qb 5o Uj JP +O 4H ud 3Z rh 2k iq PU EO 5l NE hn ii BL FK Jr 27 xk CH VH jw 13 zq 3W s7 B5 ov Xl Bk Uo Pa ra 7X B2 ly Mn 2E SS ug 7N ob Bp jt KU vj 0m s0 Ms yt bk y0 3H UL o1 Ez Q2 0z e+ jk ro ED ki Kt E0 Vy 9z ZP TH J2 Jh NH Or Om IL HL zs T8 P/ zz 6C nd RK Bp yn Ch W0 ZR kk Mq sj zf QI jm UO 0E os 80 el ts Ii sa Qr lp xs XI Lj 6L S+ k9 dx +c ev W/ tw Vc EP YU TY IO zv O8 KA ng HA WT Bg wa PX A8 vp jd vo rz zv Ws tg co MX fm By /8 Dk rw Ru Qj == /< al et ix >t l< ta xe ti s ah _1 ab es 46 "= Vs kb sj c/ h+ lj Pw mg Px /0 om Xy vm =k >" AA BA n8 ci Vb NB 8S AN JE U3 1r /q hq 96 BL Bb 0U El G0 RP 8i Kc g9 SP DU bb bt 0t wk 72 6E EW g/ vw hh xt q6 x/ r5 x9 +2 ga Qr G8 uh N/ DM vm KT wu L6 fr mt tl Wf zn 7q dx d2 dn z2 o+ hh 16 cj 0o y4 m2 Np dl Bk uo cr bj FK yd qb 5o Uj JP +O 4H ud 3Z rh 2k iq PU EO 5l NE hn ii BL FK Jr 27 xk CH VH jw 13 zq 3W s7 B5 ov Xl Bk Uo Pa ra 7X B2 ly Mn 2E SS ug 7N ob Bp jt KU vj 0m s0 Ms yt bk y0 3H UL o1 Ez Q2 0z e+ jk ro ED ki Kt E0 Vy 9z ZP TH J2 Jh NH Or Om IL HL zs T8 P/ zz 6C nd RK Bp yn Ch W0 ZR kk Mq sj zf QI jm UO 0E os 80 el ts Ii sa Qr lp xs XI Lj 6L S+ k9 dx +c ev W/ tw Vc EP YU TY IO zv O8 KA ng HA WT Bg wa PX A8 vp jd vo rz zv Ws tg co MX fm By /8 Dk rw Ru Qj == /< al et ix >t Objective <latexit sha1_base64="c57ighlvti0mxc7t5zugmsmgad8=">aaab8xicbva9twjbfhyhx4hfqkxnrmjire5otcta2imjgbeuzg95byt7e5fdprjy4v/ywgimrf/gzn/jalcoomkmk5n3sm8msatxxnw/ncla+sbmvng7tlo7t39qpjxq6thvdjssfrf6ckhgwsu2dtcchxkfnaoetopr9cxvj1fphst7m0nqj+ha8pazaqz0wlonnpazpszeuejw3tnikvfyuoecjv75q9upwrqhnexqrtuemxg/o8pwjnba6qyae8pgdiadsywnupvz/oipobnkn4sxsk8amld/b2q00nosbxyyomaol72z+j/xsu146wdcjqlbyryfhakgjiaz+ktplc0rjpzqpri9lbahvzqzw1ljluatr14lrvrvc6vexa1sv8rrkmijnmi5ehabdbibbjsbgyrneiu3rzsvzrvzsrgtopnomfyb8/kdekeqgq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="c57ighlvti0mxc7t5zugmsmgad8=">aaab8xicbva9twjbfhyhx4hfqkxnrmjire5otcta2imjgbeuzg95byt7e5fdprjy4v/ywgimrf/gzn/jalcoomkmk5n3sm8msatxxnw/ncla+sbmvng7tlo7t39qpjxq6thvdjssfrf6ckhgwsu2dtcchxkfnaoetopr9cxvj1fphst7m0nqj+ha8pazaqz0wlonnpazpszeuejw3tnikvfyuoecjv75q9upwrqhnexqrtuemxg/o8pwjnba6qyae8pgdiadsywnupvz/oipobnkn4sxsk8amld/b2q00nosbxyyomaol72z+j/xsu146wdcjqlbyryfhakgjiaz+ktplc0rjpzqpri9lbahvzqzw1ljluatr14lrvrvc6vexa1sv8rrkmijnmi5ehabdbibbjsbgyrneiu3rzsvzrvzsrgtopnomfyb8/kdekeqgq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="c57ighlvti0mxc7t5zugmsmgad8=">aaab8xicbva9twjbfhyhx4hfqkxnrmjire5otcta2imjgbeuzg95byt7e5fdprjy4v/ywgimrf/gzn/jalcoomkmk5n3sm8msatxxnw/ncla+sbmvng7tlo7t39qpjxq6thvdjssfrf6ckhgwsu2dtcchxkfnaoetopr9cxvj1fphst7m0nqj+ha8pazaqz0wlonnpazpszeuejw3tnikvfyuoecjv75q9upwrqhnexqrtuemxg/o8pwjnba6qyae8pgdiadsywnupvz/oipobnkn4sxsk8amld/b2q00nosbxyyomaol72z+j/xsu146wdcjqlbyryfhakgjiaz+ktplc0rjpzqpri9lbahvzqzw1ljluatr14lrvrvc6vexa1sv8rrkmijnmi5ehabdbibbjsbgyrneiu3rzsvzrvzsrgtopnomfyb8/kdekeqgq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="c57ighlvti0mxc7t5zugmsmgad8=">aaab8xicbva9twjbfhyhx4hfqkxnrmjire5otcta2imjgbeuzg95byt7e5fdprjy4v/ywgimrf/gzn/jalcoomkmk5n3sm8msatxxnw/ncla+sbmvng7tlo7t39qpjxq6thvdjssfrf6ckhgwsu2dtcchxkfnaoetopr9cxvj1fphst7m0nqj+ha8pazaqz0wlonnpazpszeuejw3tnikvfyuoecjv75q9upwrqhnexqrtuemxg/o8pwjnba6qyae8pgdiadsywnupvz/oipobnkn4sxsk8amld/b2q00nosbxyyomaol72z+j/xsu146wdcjqlbyryfhakgjiaz+ktplc0rjpzqpri9lbahvzqzw1ljluatr14lrvrvc6vexa1sv8rrkmijnmi5ehabdbibbjsbgyrneiu3rzsvzrvzsrgtopnomfyb8/kdekeqgq==</latexit> Optimizer <latexit sha1_base64="/q7rn/qnvhogsntyh75vuniu5ba=">aaab8xicbva9swnbej2lx/h8ilrahabbktyl0tjoy2ce84hjefy2e8ms3b1jd06iif/cxkirw/+nnf/gtxkfjj4yelw3w8y8kbxcoo9/o4w19y3nrek2u7o7t39qojxqmittldvoihldjohhgivwqi6ctvpniiwea0wj65nfemta8etd4zhlosqdxwnocvrpwb1nkuv+xhsvvpyr/hzekglyuoyc9v7pq9tpacazqiqimz3atzgcei2ccjz1u5lhkaejmmadsxwrzist+cvt78wqfs9otc2f3lz9pteh0pixjgynjdg0y95m/m/rzbhfhhou0gyzootfcsy8tlzz+16fa0zrjc0hvhn7q0ehrboknitxhhasv7xkmtvk4fecu2q5dpxhuyqtoivzcoacanaddwgabqxp8apvjnfenhfny9facpkzy/gd5/mhthgqqq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="/q7rn/qnvhogsntyh75vuniu5ba=">aaab8xicbva9swnbej2lx/h8ilrahabbktyl0tjoy2ce84hjefy2e8ms3b1jd06iif/cxkirw/+nnf/gtxkfjj4yelw3w8y8kbxcoo9/o4w19y3nrek2u7o7t39qojxqmittldvoihldjohhgivwqi6ctvpniiwea0wj65nfemta8etd4zhlosqdxwnocvrpwb1nkuv+xhsvvpyr/hzekglyuoyc9v7pq9tpacazqiqimz3atzgcei2ccjz1u5lhkaejmmadsxwrzist+cvt78wqfs9otc2f3lz9pteh0pixjgynjdg0y95m/m/rzbhfhhou0gyzootfcsy8tlzz+16fa0zrjc0hvhn7q0ehrboknitxhhasv7xkmtvk4fecu2q5dpxhuyqtoivzcoacanaddwgabqxp8apvjnfenhfny9facpkzy/gd5/mhthgqqq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="/q7rn/qnvhogsntyh75vuniu5ba=">aaab8xicbva9swnbej2lx/h8ilrahabbktyl0tjoy2ce84hjefy2e8ms3b1jd06iif/cxkirw/+nnf/gtxkfjj4yelw3w8y8kbxcoo9/o4w19y3nrek2u7o7t39qojxqmittldvoihldjohhgivwqi6ctvpniiwea0wj65nfemta8etd4zhlosqdxwnocvrpwb1nkuv+xhsvvpyr/hzekglyuoyc9v7pq9tpacazqiqimz3atzgcei2ccjz1u5lhkaejmmadsxwrzist+cvt78wqfs9otc2f3lz9pteh0pixjgynjdg0y95m/m/rzbhfhhou0gyzootfcsy8tlzz+16fa0zrjc0hvhn7q0ehrboknitxhhasv7xkmtvk4fecu2q5dpxhuyqtoivzcoacanaddwgabqxp8apvjnfenhfny9facpkzy/gd5/mhthgqqq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="/q7rn/qnvhogsntyh75vuniu5ba=">aaab8xicbva9swnbej2lx/h8ilrahabbktyl0tjoy2ce84hjefy2e8ms3b1jd06iif/cxkirw/+nnf/gtxkfjj4yelw3w8y8kbxcoo9/o4w19y3nrek2u7o7t39qojxqmittldvoihldjohhgivwqi6ctvpniiwea0wj65nfemta8etd4zhlosqdxwnocvrpwb1nkuv+xhsvvpyr/hzekglyuoyc9v7pq9tpacazqiqimz3atzgcei2ccjz1u5lhkaejmmadsxwrzist+cvt78wqfs9otc2f3lz9pteh0pixjgynjdg0y95m/m/rzbhfhhou0gyzootfcsy8tlzz+16fa0zrjc0hvhn7q0ehrboknitxhhasv7xkmtvk4fecu2q5dpxhuyqtoivzcoacanaddwgabqxp8apvjnfenhfny9facpkzy/gd5/mhthgqqq==</latexit> Hypothesis space <latexit sha1_base64="eatzax9lxw9aiubbm3h5hpcs6sa=">aaab+xicbvbns8naen34wetx1koxxsj4kkkveix66bgc/ya2lm122i7dbmlupbbc/4kxd4p49z9489+4bxpq1gcdj/dmdmdemehh0po+na3tnd29/djb+fdo+otupttvmzjvhfo8lrhuhsyafapakfbcn9haolbcj5w+lpzodlqrsxrcliegymmlroiztnladrtzeumejddujizdwk14vw8jukn8glrigeba/eopy55gojblzkzp9ximcqzrcanzcj81yb+esjh0lfusahpky83n9noqqzqkts2fdkn+nshzzewwhbyzyjgx695c/m/rpti6c3khkhrb8dvho1rsjokibjougjjkzblgtbc7uj5hmng0yzvtcp76yzukxav6xtv/rfxq90ucjxjjrsgn8cktqzmgaziw4wrgnskrexny58v5dz5wrvtomxnb/sd5/agmpjol</latexit> <latexit 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sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Deep learning in 2012 Use a hypothesis space that can model complex structure (e.g., a CNN) Learner Objective Data Hypothesis space f<latexit 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[Slide credit: Andrew Ng]

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sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit 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sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> What s the object class of the center pixel? f<latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Bush f<latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Bush f<latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Bench f<latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Bench Fully-factored loss: ψ(ŷ,y)= X i φ i (ŷ i,y i )

<latexit sha1_base64="waqmlf7r74jdrxv+ixm710visia=">aaacchicfvhbahrbeo0db3g8jnexwqdhf0gcldmi6gnqh3wre8huattdqomtmw3sl6g7jnez5hd81v/zn/if6dlsidcsadh96lr3naqivtjtmv4brhfu3rv/yo1h/ojxk6frg5vpjt42tubywgxdqqeeltq4jkkkd2qhoauf+8xr1z6/f4zos2v2affjrqeyspqcqke4hl+hg8n0lc4juqmyfriyvewcbg4mfgzfo9gquod9netryltwjixcluanxxreevq4ddcarp+3y2a75g1gzklpxtigkiv7uaif7f1cf0gpgeb+eq4nb8tngyo/5600dunoxplhzamssknvpjljh4luigaqtozeezehb4lcfokyf8ngxugp8pdpgh2qdvstb1efgxxbxmxf9+h/qmkuhahf3ocjsfqdmbxcwke7aza3xgfjxe3q0tdjtlzz4q6/dxhyrhz97jfb5mmos0fz7sfh9pfvttbys/agvwmz+8s22xe2w8zmsdn7zf6wv4pt6ex0knp9lo0gq5rn7epew2cvzb9u</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="waqmlf7r74jdrxv+ixm710visia=">aaacchicfvhbahrbeo0db3g8jnexwqdhf0gcldmi6gnqh3wre8huattdqomtmw3sl6g7jnez5hd81v/zn/if6dlsidcsadh96lr3naqivtjtmv4brhfu3rv/yo1h/ojxk6frg5vpjt42tubywgxdqqeeltq4jkkkd2qhoauf+8xr1z6/f4zos2v2affjrqeyspqcqke4hl+hg8n0lc4juqmyfriyvewcbg4mfgzfo9gquod9netryltwjixcluanxxreevq4ddcarp+3y2a75g1gzklpxtigkiv7uaif7f1cf0gpgeb+eq4nb8tngyo/5600dunoxplhzamssknvpjljh4luigaqtozeezehb4lcfokyf8ngxugp8pdpgh2qdvstb1efgxxbxmxf9+h/qmkuhahf3ocjsfqdmbxcwke7aza3xgfjxe3q0tdjtlzz4q6/dxhyrhz97jfb5mmos0fz7sfh9pfvttbys/agvwmz+8s22xe2w8zmsdn7zf6wv4pt6ex0knp9lo0gq5rn7epew2cvzb9u</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="waqmlf7r74jdrxv+ixm710visia=">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</latexit> <latexit 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sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Structured prediction Use an objective that can model structure! (e.g., a graphical model, a GAN, etc) Learner Objective Data Hypothesis space f<latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Optimizer

Why structured objectives (cartoon) Structured objective (e.g., GANs) Performance Unstructured (e.g., least-squares regression) Amount of data

Input Unstructured prediction (L1)

Input Structured Prediction (cgan)

Unstructured prediction Input image Output image G Loss

Structured prediction Input image Output image G Loss

GANs Input image Output image G D

Energy-based models, Graphical models Input E Output

Conditional GANs Input Input E G Output

Patch Discriminator D 1/0 N pixels Rather than penalizing if output image looks fake, penalize if each N pixels overlapping patch in output looks fake y [Li & Wand 2016] [Shrivastava et al. 2017] [Isola et al. 2017]

Labels Facades Input 1x1 Discriminator Data from [Tylecek, 2013]

Labels Facades Input 16x16 Discriminator Data from [Tylecek, 2013]

Labels Facades Input 70x70 Discriminator Data from [Tylecek, 2013]

Labels Facades Input Full image Discriminator Data from [Tylecek, 2013]

Patch Discriminator D 1/0 Rather than penalizing if output image N pixels looks fake, penalize if each overlapping patch in output looks fake N pixels Faster, fewer parameters More supervised observations y Applies to arbitrarily large images

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sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> A structured objective is all you need Learner Marr, Poggio Objective Data Hypothesis space f<latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Optimizer All the other considerations data, compute, hypothesis space, optimizer can simply be scaled ;)

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Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks [Zhu et al. 2017], [Yi et al. 2017], [Kim et al. 2017]

Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks

Cycle Consistency Loss

Cycle Consistency Loss

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Space of images Source data Target data

Idea #1: transform the source domain to look like the target domain Data space source data target data (Or vice versa) This is called domain adaptation or calibration

CyCADA: Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Domain Adaptation Source domain Target domain,,? [Hoffman, Tzeng, Park, Zhu, Isola, Saenko, Darrell, Efros, arxiv 2017]

CycleGAN Training data,

CycleGAN Training data,

CycleGAN FCN Training data,

What would it look like if?

What would it look like if? MRI CT [Wolterink et al, 2017] Sim Real [Hoffman et al, 2018]

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