RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUES

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1 L INSTITUT D ARCHEOLOGIE DE L UNIVERSITE JAGELLONNE DE CRACOVIE RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUES NOUVELLE SERIE 3 KRAKÓW 2011

2 L INSTITUT D ARCHEOLOGIE DE L UNIVERSITE JAGELLONNE DE CRACOVIE RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUES NOUVELLE SERIE 3 KRAKÓW 2011

3 Copyright by Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University, Kraków 2011 RÉDACTEUR EN CHEF Marek Nowak SECRÉTAIRE DE LA RÉDACTION Marcin S. Przybyła COMITÉ DE RÉDACTION Jan Chochorowski, Krzysztof Ciałowicz, Piotr Kaczanowski, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Ulla Lund Hansen, Vjacheslav I. Molodin, Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Jacek Poleski, Pál Raczky, Paweł Valde-Nowak RÉDACTEURS DU SUJET Wojciech Blajer, Renata Madyda-Legutko, Janusz Ostrowski, Krzysztof Sobczyk, Joachim Śliwa COMITÉ DE LECTURE Renata Abłamowicz, Justyna Baron, Urszula Bugaj, Sylwester Czopek, Anna Gawlik, Jacek Górski, Morten Hegewisch, Stan Hendrickx, Sławomir Kadrow, Tobias Kienlin, Michał Kobusiewicz, Przemysław Makarowicz, Jerzy Piekalski, Marián Soják, Marcin Wołoszyn RÉDACTEUR STATISTIQUE Łukasz Kosiński ÉDITEURS DE LANGUE Aeddan Shaw, Piotr Godlewski MAQUETTE DE COUVERTURE Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna PROFIL-ARCHEO Magdalena Dzięgielewska MISE EN PAGES Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna PROFIL-ARCHEO Magdalena Dzięgielewska EN COUVERTURE Les types de statuettes en terre cuite mycéniennes de région au Bas-Danube (les répliques modernes), et la reconstruction du spécimen découvert sur l hameau fortifié de l Âge du Bronze à Maszkowice (Carpates occidentales extérieures) (Réalisation et photo par E. Przybyła et M. Przybyła) ADRESSE DE LA RÉDACTION Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, ul. Gołębia 11, PL Kraków mniauj@interia.pl mszprzybyla@gmail.com La version originale des Recherches Archéologique Nouvelle Serie est la version papier ISSN

4 CONTENU ÉTUDES Marcin S. Przybyła, Magdalena Skoneczna: The fortified settlement from the Early and Middle Bronze Age at Maszkowice, Nowy Sącz district (Western Carpathians). Preliminary results of studies conducted in the years Łukasz Mrówka: Development of pottery style on the Bronze and Early Iron Age cemetery at Kietrz, Głubczyce district, in the light of statistical analyses...67 Болтрик Юрий Викторович: Элитные курганы как маркеры территориальной структуры Cкифии Tobias L. Kienlin, Klaus Cappenberg, Marta M. Korczyńska, Jakob Ociepka: Vorläufiger Bericht über die Prospektionsarbeiten der Jahre 2010 und 2011 im Umfeld der Höhensiedlung von Janowice (AZP Nr. 61) im mittleren Dunajectal, Kleinpolen RAPPORTS Michał Wojenka, Jarosław Wilczyński, Dobrawa Sobieraj: Archaeological excavations in Żarska Cave (Żary, Krzeszowice commune, Kraków district) in Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz: Excavations in the Western Kom at Tell el-farkha Mariusz A. Jucha: The Polish archaeological survey in the north-eastern part of the Nile Delta (season 2010) the pottery from Tell el-murra and Tell Abu el-halyat Joanna Zagórska-Telega, Jan Bulas, Jacek Pikulski, Anita Szczepanek: Excavations of multicultural site 1 at Michałowice, Czarnocin commune, Świętokrzyskie province, in the years Ulana Gocman, Igor Pieńkos: Studies on the Lusatian culture settlement and animal husbandry on site 1 at Zagórzyce, Kazimierza Wielka district, based on the materials from seasons Dariusz Niemiec, Przemysław Nocuń, Kajetan Nowak, Agata Sztyber, Michał Wojenka: Stratigraphy of cultural deposits in the western part of the Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski in Kraków...241

5 Recherches Archéologiques NS 3, 2011, ISSN Dariusz Niemiec 1, Przemysław Nocuń 2, Kajetan Nowak 2, Agata Sztyber 2, Michał Wojenka 2 Stratigraphy of cultural deposits in the western part of the Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski in Kraków Abstract: In the western part of the Professors Garden of the Jagiellonian University, traces of a moat were discovered that could be related to the line of Cracow s oldest fortifications, built during the reign of Leszek the Black The remains of a corner of a later wooden building, with preserved oak foundations (the trees were cut down in 1490 or 1491) and traces of repair (from ), were preserved in the covering rubble and can be identified as the remains of the German Bursa (Dormitory) (after ). Key words: Professors Garden of the Jagiellonian University, Collegium Nowodworski, German Bursa (Dormitory), city moat from the times of Leszek the Black From 1 April 2 to September 2007, a team from the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University conducted excavations (trench I/07, 15 3 m) in the western part of Ogród Profesorski (Professors Garden) (Fig. 1). The explored area was situated between the northern wing of the Witkowski College and the southern façade of the Nowodworski College, next to the western enclosure wall. Below the level of 150 cm, the excavated area was reduced to 10 2 m. The exploration was then continued only in the part lying west of the wall fragments (dated to the second half of the 19 th century) which had been discovered in the eastern part of the trench (Fig. 1). All 1 Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University; Gołębia St. 11, Kraków, Poland; niemiecdarek@poczta.onet.pl 2 Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University; Kraków, Poland. depth measurements referred to the ceiling of a concrete band at the Nowodworski College building. This benchmark s height was ± 0 = m a.s.l. In the southern part of the trench, 440 cm from the present day border between Ogród Profesorski and Planty, the remains of a rotten wooden fence (or maybe rather the wall of a building?) were discovered at the depth of cm, together with a destruction layer (fig. 6). The fence was settled in a shallow ditch (50 60 cm deep). In the northern part, any potential remains of such construction must have been destroyed due to the digging of a sewerage trench in modern times. We can assume that these are the relics of a wooden wall belonging to a backhouse of the Nowodworski College. The backhouse was completely rebuilt in the 18 th century and was still in use in the 19 th century. Such dating can be suggested by the fact that the location of the

6 242 Dariusz Niemiec, Przemysław Nocuń, Kajetan Nowak, Agata Sztyber, Michał Wojenka Fig. 1. Kraków, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski. Location of trench I/07 and the relics of archaeological features. Drawing by D. Niemiec discovered relics corresponds to the oldest plans of the backhouse, dated to the years (Sławiński 2006, plate 27 28), and that the plan of the University Quarter from 1856 situates the backhouse in exactly the same place (Estreicher 1968, fig. 13). To determine the chronology of this feature it is also important to note that the relics of the 18 th century backhouse were covered with deposits which were raised in this part of Ogród Profesorski before 1912, in connection with the construction (in the years ) of the Witkowski College (Bogdanowski 1997, 168; Sławiński, Hiżycka 1998, 29; 2000, 27). The layer destruction of the backhouse (at the depth of cm) must reflect the ground level in the 18 th or the 1 st half of the 19 th century. Similar although older relics of a wall, settled in a shallow ditch (60 cm deep), were uncovered at the depth of 280 cm in the northern part of the trench, 720 cm from the present day border between Ogród Profesorski and Planty (fig. 7). The destruction layer/level lay at the depth of cm on the western side of rotten wall remains (which were preserved in situ), while on the eastern side it was deposited slightly higher between 230 and 240 cm. This indicates that the wooden elements of the wall must have been embedded in the ground, which was noticeably sloped towards the south west. It can be assumed that the destruction of the remains of that phase of wall/ fence in the southern part of the trench can be explained by slope processes (arrangement of layers distinctly follows lowering of the slope towards west and south) and by flood damage during some of the numerous inundations of the Vistula. The described older phase of the wooden wall/ fence (?) can be cautiously dated to the 17 th century. Such dating can be supported by pottery material found nearby as well as by

7 Stratigraphy of cultural deposits in the western part dendrochronological analyses of older, late 16 th century constructions (discovered beneath the discussed feature), which had already been destroyed by the time the wall in question was constructed (Fig. 2, 7). There Fig. 2. Kraków, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski, trench I/07, part A. Drainage ditch from mid-16 th century; places where dendrochronological samples were collected are marked. Drawing by D. Niemiec are serious reasons to believe that, rather than being the remains of a fence, the relics discovered in that place are traces of a wall of a low rise building in skeleton construction. Most likely, it was a backhouse with latrines (compare Barycz 1988, 181) belonging to the early Baroque complex of the Nowodworski College, which is believed to have been built in the years (Tomkowicz 1912, 67 73; Estreicher 1973, 26; Bąk 1976, 39 40; Barycz 1984, 75 78; 1988, ; Bogdanowski 1997, 168; Sławiński, Hiżycka 1998, 27; Niemiec 2007, 74). Large pieces of daub found in the layers connected with destruction of the alleged wall can speak for such interpretation. In the eastern, reduced part of trench I/07, the layers formed in the first half of the 16 th century were discovered at the depth of cm, beneath the relics mentioned above (Fig. 6, 7). These layers covered the ruins of a corner of a wooden building, with oak elements dated to the years (Krąpiec 2008). Fragments of the building s foundations in cross lap notch construction (made of oak cut down after 1452 and in 1491 Krąpiec 2008) were discovered in situ beneath these ruins, at the depth of cm (Fig. 1, 3). Dendrochronological analyses yielded a precise date of the building construction, i.e. the year Foundations of another, adjacent building were made of oak cut down in 1490 (Krąpiec 2008). The chronology and localization of the discovered relics allow us to conclude that these are the remains of a wooden house of the so called Bursa Germanorum (German Hall, also known as Bursa Nova New Hall), founded and erected after 1487 on the order of Master Jan of Głogów (Tomkowicz 1900, 126; Barycz 1935, 118; Estreicher 1973, 46 47; Sławiński, Hiżycka 1994, 23; 1995, 28; 1998, 22; 2000, 26; Włodartek 2000, 44). The original residence of Bursa Germanorum was destroyed in May 1523 by the fire which engulfed adjoining university buildings (Tomkowicz 1900, 126; Barycz 1935, 118; Sławiński, Hiżycka 1994, 25, 26; 1995, 36; 1998, 22; Włodartek 2000, 44). The hall was reconstructed in 1534 and from that moment on it gained the name Bursa

8 244 Dariusz Niemiec, Przemysław Nocuń, Kajetan Nowak, Agata Sztyber, Michał Wojenka Fig. 3. Kraków, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski, trench I/07, part B. Plans and the location of a corner of Bursa Germanorum. Drawing by D. Niemiec: A) Relics of Bursa Germanorum discovered at the depth of 310 cm; B) Relics of Bursa Germanorum s walls at the depth of 350 cm; C) Foundations of Bursa Germanorum s walls uncovered in situ at the depth of 390 cm; places where dendrochronological samples were collected are marked

9 Stratigraphy of cultural deposits in the western part Fig. 4. Localisation of Bursa Germanorum (after ). Reconstruction of the city plan in the first half of the 16th century according to D. Niemiec and S. Sławiński. Drawing by M. Goras and D. Niemiec Nova (Barycz 1935, 118; Estreicher 1973, 47; Sławiński, Hiżycka 1994, 27; 1995, 37; 1998, 22; Włodartek 2000, 44). The last information referring to that building comes from It unequivocally implies that the courtyard of Bursa Germanorum/Nova must have bordered on the back of Stanisław Goły s house which was located in the western part of the parcel at 12 Św. Anna street (Tomkowicz 1900, 126 Sławiński, Hiżycka 1994, 28; 1995, 38). This means that Bursa Germanorum/Nova was situated in the peripheral part of Ogród Profesorski (see notice from 1503 Sławiński, Hiżycka 1994, 25; 1998, 32), close to the city wall and, at the same time, between the buildings standing along Św. Anna and Gołębia streets (see notice from 1512 Sławiński, Hiżycka 1994, 26; 1995, 34 35). In light of written accounts quoted above, we are convinced that the anonymous building discovered in the identical location (Fig. 1, 3, 4), with preserved foundations made of wood cut down in and with traces of renovations discovered in its ruins, can be identified with the remains of original Bursa Germanorum (after ). In the feature s fill, a splendid Gothic buckle for fastening attire was found, as well as large number of leather shoes. The above buckle, circular and decorated with pseudo heraldic small discs, was manufactured from a tin and lead alloy. The discovered garment Fig. 5. Kraków, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski, trench I/07, part A. Plan at the depth of 650 cm, with wooden elements of what may be Kraków s fortifications built after 1285? Drawing by D. Niemiec

10 246 Dariusz Niemiec, Przemysław Nocuń, Kajetan Nowak, Agata Sztyber, Michał Wojenka Fig. 6. Kraków, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski. Southern profile of trench I/07, with the relics of the oldest city moat from the years (?). Drawing by D. Niemiec

11 Stratigraphy of cultural deposits in the western part Fig. 7. Kraków, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski. Northern profile of trench I/07, with the relics of the oldest city moat from the years (?). Drawing by D. Niemiec

12 248 Dariusz Niemiec, Przemysław Nocuń, Kajetan Nowak, Agata Sztyber, Michał Wojenka Fig. 8. Places where archaeological excavations revealed relics of the oldest city moat from the years (?), shown on the map of the University Quarter; according to T. Dębowski, E. Kwaśniewska, R. Myszka and D. Niemiec. Reconstruction of city plan in the 13 th /14 th century according to S.Sławiński. Drawing by M. Goras and D. Niemiec can be additional proof of the building s residential function. In 1553, the deserted building of Bursa Nova was taken on a lease as a sculptor s atelier by Gianmaria Mosca (known as Padovano), an Italian artist working for Royal Court at the Wawel Castle (Barycz 1935, 119; Estreicher 1968, 75, footnote 2). His activity is perhaps reflected in the 16 th century clay anatomical model discovered in that part of the site (Fig. 12). In the years , a group of Hungarian students are believed to have lived in Bursa Nova after they were evicted from the house at Bracka Street (Barycz 1935, 119, 122). Several Hungarian coins from that period (Fig. 13) discovered in the vicinity of the discussed wooden building are most likely connected with that episode. Beneath the supposed wooden house of Bursa Germanorum, down to the level of bedrock sand, lay slightly older cultural deposits from the second half of the 15th century (Fig. 6, 7), as is testified by a Fig. 9. Kraków, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski, trench I/07. Late Medieval clay rattle. Prepared by U. Bąk

13 Stratigraphy of cultural deposits in the western part Fig. 10. Kraków, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski, trench I/07. Fragment of a late Medieval clay lamp (vessel s handle?) with representation of the head of a Jew (photo by G. Zygier) single oak plank dated after 1467 (Krąpiec 2008) which was found in the ceiling part of these deposits. Perhaps it is not a coincidence that the oldest element of wooden construction discovered here was made of an oak which was cut down in One should remember that, until 1469, two synagogues which were used by the local Jewish community are believed to have been situated in this area (Niemiec 2007, 71 72; 2008, 38 39). The lack of deposits or remains dated to the 14 th mid 15 th century should be attributed to the specific character of the neighbouring buildings. Before 1469, the place was not a background part of typical citizen s lot, but the well kept and systematically cleaned surroundings of a Medieval Jewish synagogue constructed before 1411 (Zaremska 1999, 125, footnote 106; Niemiec 2007, 72 73, footnote 12; 2008, 38 39). The above interpretation can be further supported by an interesting find discovered as a secondary deposit in trench I/07 a fragment of late Medieval clay lamp or vessel handle (Fig. 10) with the representation of the head of a Jew (with such attributes as the so called horned skullcap and hairlocks). In this part of the trench, undisturbed soil was recorded at the depth of 450 cm in the eastern part and deeper than 527 cm further to the west (Fig. 6, 7). Twice during the second half of the 16 th century, a narrow ditch (faced with wood and sealed with loamy sand from outside) was dug into layers sloping down to the old moat. The ditch was repeatedly repaired and cleaned (Fig. 6, 7). This structure might be a drainage ditch intended to separate the buildings on citizens parcels from a small street functioning on the filled moat (in the place of the Planty Park of today). The structure may also have protected the street (situated lower) from being flooded by rain and ground waters. The older phase of the drainage ditch (Fig. 2, 6, 7) was faced with fir and oak cut down after 1565 (Krąpiec 2008). Therefore, the younger phase (Fig. 1, 6, 7) should be dated to the 16 th /17 th century at the earliest, even though older timber (dendrodates 1494, 1549 and 1554 Krąpiec 2008), originating most likely

14 250 Dariusz Niemiec, Przemysław Nocuń, Kajetan Nowak, Agata Sztyber, Michał Wojenka from the demolition of other constructions, was used in its formwork. It should also be noticed that the younger ditch was dug into deposits which yielded demolition timber dated to 1589 (Krąpiec 2008). Stratigraphical analysis allows us to conclude that the younger drain (constructed some years after 1589) probably functioned as drainage for the foundations of a backhouse built before the mid 17 th century (perhaps in the years ) on a background of the proper building of academic college called Szkoły Nowodworskie. To the west of the drainage ditch, a ceiling of late Medieval cultural layer must have lain deeper than 650 cm (Fig. 6, 7). Pitch black clay deposits occurring down to the depth of 610 cm, containing rotten organic remains and loose fragments of timber (of oak and fir wood Krąpiec 2008) cannot Fig. 11. Kraków, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski, trench I/07. Gothic buckle for fastening attire, with a circular bow decorated with heraldic discs. Tin and lead alloy. The views before (above prepared by U. Bąk) and after conservation (below photo by G. Zygier)

15 Stratigraphy of cultural deposits in the western part Fig. 12. Kraków, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski, trench I/07. Clay anatomical model from the 16 th century. Prepared by U. Bąk be dated earlier than to the years (Krąpiec 2008). This is indicated by dendrochronological analyzes as well as by pottery fragments (i.a. white Iłża pottery from the 16 th century) and renaissance stove tiles found there. The above mentioned wooden elements were not part of any construction discovered in situ. Their clearly random distribution proves that they come from the demolition of some other structures. Thus we should accept that deposits which yielded those elements should be rather dated to the 17 th century. This can be additionally confirmed by the few shards from 17 th 18 th century discovered in this context. The final demolition of the ruined 16 th century wooden buildings may be associated with the construction of a nearby edifice of Szkoły Nowodworskie (Korta 1938, 13 14; Estreicher 1973, 26; Bąk 1976, 39 40; Barycz 1984, 75 78; 1988, ; Sławiński, Hiżycka 1998, 27; 2000, 26; Niemiec 2007, 74). The numerous timber elements dating to the 16 th century discovered as a secondary deposit are most likely connected with the demolition works in three houses which in the 16 th century stood on the site of the later Nowodworski College (Tomkowicz 1900, ; Bąk 1976, 39; Barycz 1988, 179; Sławiński, Hiżycka 1994, 24, 26, 28, 64; 1995, 36; 1998, 24, 25, 26; 2000, 26, footnote 60). The analysis of written accounts indicates that the mentioned houses were built of a mixed construction masonry from the front side and wooden from the back. However, in the very beginning of the 17 th century they were rebuilt as masonry houses, as they are listed

16 252 Dariusz Niemiec, Przemysław Nocuń, Kajetan Nowak, Agata Sztyber, Michał Wojenka Fig. 13. Kraków, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski, trench I/07. Coins from the 16 th century (photo by G. Zygier)

17 Stratigraphy of cultural deposits in the western part Fig. 14. Kraków, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski, trench I/07. Fragment of imported stoneware with heraldic motif. 16 th /17 th century. Prepared by U. Bąk in the tax census for the years as townhouses (Barycz 1988, 179; Sławiński, Hiżycka 1998, 25, 26). By 1611, a wooden backhouse was built behind them and whose windows looked out on the Professors Garden (Sławiński, Hiżycka 1998, 26). In the western part of the trench, deposits formed in the 16 th or in the first half of the 17 th century were explored to the depth of 650 cm (Fig. 6, 7). Two test drills made from that level showed that in this area the older, organic formations filled a deep depression reaching the depth of cm. It was only at that level ( m a.s.l.) that the undisturbed soil was recorded in the form of pure sand (Fig. 6, 7). As was observed over the whole explored area, layers distinctly sloped down towards the hollow shaped ditch discovered in the western part of the trench. It was even recorded that the slope of the supposed moat, cut in the bedrock, was reinforced with plaiting wall and transversal poles. At the distance of 180 cm, small stakes of birch trunks were found, perhaps the remains of another Fig. 15. Kraków, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski, trench I/07. Fragment of a stylus (or a large pin?) with the ending carved into the shape of seahorse s head. 16 th /17 th century. Prepared by U. Bąk plaiting wall (Fig. 5, 6, 7). We did not manage to verify dendrochronologically a hypothesis connecting these elements with the oldest Kraków fortifications from the times of Leszek the Black (see Widawski 1973, 197; Pianowski 1991, 56 57; Wyrozumski 1992, ; Dębowski 1996, ; Sławiński, Hiżycka 2000, 22, footnote 13; 2001, 124, footnote 7; Kwaśniewska, Myszka 2001, 5, 13; Niewalda, Rojkowska, Zaitz 2001, 11, 63, footnote 29; Niemiec 2007, 70, footnote 5; 2009, ). However, the lack of the 14 th century deposits near this moat seems significant. This fact provides the basis for the assumption that these deposits were used to fill the ditch which was the relic of a city moat from the 13 th /14 th century. As we found out, the digging of the ditch for the moat was started from the level

18 254 Dariusz Niemiec, Przemysław Nocuń, Kajetan Nowak, Agata Sztyber, Michał Wojenka Fig. 16. Kraków, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Jagiellonian University s Ogród Profesorski, trench I/07. Golden engagement ring with inscription NIE ZAPOMINAY ( do not forget in old Polish). 17 th century (photo G. Zygier)

19 Stratigraphy of cultural deposits in the western part of buried humus, that is (depth of 4.4 m), and the bedrock sand was excavated to the depth of m a.s.l. (8.23 m). Therefore, it can be assumed that the supposed town moat, 6 metres wide, could reach the depth of 3.7 m. A fragment of the same moat, with analogical dimensions (7.5 m wide and 3.7 m deep) was earlier discovered close to the northern wing of Nowodworski College (Fig. 8; Kwaśniewska, Myszka 2001, 5, 13, fig. 8, 9, 13, 14). Slightly further to the north, the moat was dug in bedrock sand from the buried humus level ( m a.s.l.) to the bottom at the depth of m a.s.l. (Kwaśniewska, Myszka 2001, 5, 13, fig. 14). Within the contemporary embankments, that is on a secondary deposit, an interesting sequence of 17 th century artefacts was discovered. They must be the remnants of the original fixtures of the Nowodworski College. With the early period of the functioning of the famous Szkoły Nowodworskie, one can connect an assemblage of manneristic stove tiles with floral motifs, manufactured in the first half of the 17 th century. Fragments of imported stoneware, including a vessel bearing a manneristic heraldic motif from the 16 th /17 th century (Fig. 14) and a white violet fragment of German Westerwald, are most likely part of the impressive kitchen service used in this academic college. From the same school kitchen may also come analogically dated fragments of spoons and tiny wooden spice containers. One can also assume that some of the elite portable finds originally belonged to rich college students who represented the most prominent Polish magnate families, like Jan and Andrzej Sobieski the most famous graduates of that school (Barycz 1939, 17 59; 1984, 35 36, 75 78; Graff 2008, 25 26). One such unique find is a golden engagement ring (Fig. 16) with the inscription NIE ZAPOMINAY ( do not forget in old Polish). Another exceptional find from the epoch is a fragment of a splendid stylus (or, alternatively, large bone pin) with the ending carved into the shape of a seahorse s head (Fig. 15). Stratygrafia nawarstwień kulturowych w zachodniej części Ogrodu Profesorskiego Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w Krakowie W 2007 r. ekipa Instytutu Archeologii UJ przeprowadziła badania archeologiczne w wykopie I/07 o wymiarach 15 3 m, zlokalizowanym w zachodniej części Ogrodu Profesorskiego, gdzie na głęb cm odkryto pozostałości narożnika budynku drewnianego z zachowanymi dębowymi podwalinami ściętymi w latach oraz śladami napraw z lat zachowanymi w przykrywającym go rumowisku. Relikty te można z pełnym przekonaniem identyfikować z pozostałościami pierwotnej Bursy Niemieckiej (po ). W obrębie całego wykopu zaobserwowano wyraźne opadanie warstw w kierunku nieckowatego rowu odkrytego w części zachodniej wykopu, a nawet stwierdzono, że wycięty w calcu stok domniemanej fosy umocniono ścianką plecionkową i poprzecznie wbitymi palami, a w odległości 180 cm na ich przedpolu zaobserwowano słupki z pni brzozowych, być może pozostałość kolejnej ścianki plecionkowej. Są to najprawdopodobniej elementy umocnień najstarszych fortyfikacji Krakowa lokacyjnego pochodzących z czasów Leszka Czarnego (z lat ), zachowanych przede wszystkim w postaci fosy. Stwierdzono, że kopanie rowu pod fosę rozpoczęto z poziomu humusu kopalnego, tj. poz. 205,01 (głęb. 4,4 m) wybierając piasek calcowy do poz. 201,28 m n. p. m. (głęb. 8,23 m). Na tej podstawie należy sądzić, że domniemana fosa miejska o szerokości ponad 6 m dochodzić mogła do głęb. 3,7 m.

20 256 Dariusz Niemiec, Przemysław Nocuń, Kajetan Nowak, Agata Sztyber, Michał Wojenka References Barycz H., 1935 Historia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w epoce humanizmu, Kraków Lata szkolne Marka i Jana Sobieskich w Krakowie, Biblioteka Krakowska 98, Kraków Rzecz o studiach w Krakowie dwóch generacji Sobieskich, Kraków Historia Szkół Nowodworskich od założenia do reformy H. Kołłątaja, Kraków. Bąk J., 1976 Semper in altum. Z dziejów Szkół Nowodworskich, Kraków. Bogdanowski J., 1997 Parki i ogrody Krakowa w obrębie Plant z Plantami i Wawelem, Warszawa. Dębowski T., 1996 Archeologiczny ślad najstarszych umocnień Krakowa lokacyjnego, Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, 48, pp Estreicher K., 1968 Collegium Maius dzieje gmachu, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego 170, Prace z historii sztuki, 4, Kraków Dawne budynki Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, (in:) Gospodarka i budynki Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego od XV do XVIII wieku, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego 333, Prace Historyczne, 45, pp Graff T., 2008 Szkoły Nowodworskie w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów do reformy kołłątajowskiej w 1777 roku, (in:) T. Graff, G. Urbanek (eds.) 420 lat Szkół Nowodworskich , Kraków, pp Korta K., 1938 Gimnazjum św. Anny w Krakowie, Biblioteka Krakowska, 97, Kraków. Krąpiec M., 2008 Wyniki analizy dendrochronologicznej drewna z badań archeologicznych prowadzonych na terenie Ogrodu Profesorskiego przy ul. Gołębiej 11/13 w Krakowie w 2007 r., Kraków, (typescript in Instytut Archeologii UJ and Laboratorium Dendrochronologiczne AGH at Kraków). Kwaśniewska E., Myszka R., 2001 Kraków, ul. św. Anny 12. Collegium Medicum. Wyniki nadzoru archeologicznego budowlanych prac ziemnych prowadzonych w latach , Kraków (typescript, archive of WOSOZ and archive of Department of Medieval and Modern Era Archaeology, Muzeum Archeologiczne). Niemiec D., 2007 Krakowski kwartał uniwersytecki w krajobrazie urbanistycznym średniowiecznego miasta lokacyjnego, (in:) G. Lichończak Nurek (ed.), Kraków europejskie miasto prawa magdeburskiego , Kraków, pp Najstarsze krakowskie synagogi, Alma Mater, 99/2008, pp Archeologia w badaniach nad średniowiecznymi miastami Ziemi Krakowskiej, Kraków (typescript of PhD thesis, Biblioteka Jagiellońska). Niewalda W., Rojkowska H., Zaitz E., 2001 Średniowieczne fortyfikacje Krakowa. Odcinek północny w świetle ostatnich badań, Krakowska Teka Konserwatorska, 2, Kraków.

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