I a Polish reader propose the melancholic reading of the Polish twentieth-century women s. I. Topic and Aims of the Research.

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1 Urszula Chowaniec, Ph.D. School of Modern Languages and Translation Studies University of Tampere Contact: Urszula Chowaniec THE WOMEN S STORIES OF OUR R UINED BODIES THE 20 TH -CENTURY P OLISH WOMEN S WRITING AND F EMINIST S CHOLAR SHIP Table of contents I. Topic and Aims of the Research...1 II. Primary Questions...5 III. Materials...5 IV. Structure of the Research...6 V. Background of the Project...9 VI. Methodological Approach...10 VII. Schedule and Financing...11 VIII. Select Bibliography...12 I. Topic and Aims of the Research Polishness and reading women s writings as a woman I a Polish reader propose the melancholic reading of the Polish twentieth-century women s narratives. I am proposing the interpretation of the selected women s prose from the point of view of the feminist scholarship on human embodiment. I have carefully selected the representative amount of women s writing from the various decades of the 20 th -centuary to show how the literary representation of the body and its role in the perception of women s social, cultural, and psychological position has transformed. I chose the books from the 1920s,1930s and the 1990s with a few exceptions of the most contemporary book, published after the I cannot leave the Polish context unnoticed. These are the Polish texts, about the Polish people, Polish history by Polish authors. I am inclined to read as a Polish reader. Nevertheless, I will not investigate the nationalist clues in these novels. On the contrary I will try to oppose a political and nationalist understanding of Polishness (just as the women s narratives do) and concentrate in displaying and describing the

2 figure of the body as a stranger, the foreigner, the source of pain and suffering, the body which is created by idealist notion of human being, patriarchal idea of gender relation, by political notions and the national borders. My reading of these three novels resembles the meeting of the women, the neighbours. I read the women s writing about the women as a woman, and I recognize my own experiences. I read them as a Pole in English for the international listeners, and this context of the different language puts me in a position of a stranger, the foreigner who suffers because she cannot speak her mother tongue language (Oliver 1993, 136). My counter partners are the heroines with their stories and their bodies that hurt, transform, give birth, want to be beautiful and attractive etc. The authors are also present in this assemble, their biographies, from which the stories are weaved. I read the stories as partially autobiographical 1, the stories that are the writing a woman s life, what was advocated by Carolyn Heilbrun, who said: Women must turn to one another for stories; they must share the stories of their lives and their hopes and their unacceptable fantasies (Heilbrun 1989, 44). There are the stories of the private, intimate sphere. There are the stories about home, in which the big history, politics, ideology is smuggled by the sound of the radio, intimate conversation, photo of the soldier, the very personal, physical suffering. But home in these stories is the place where the most important events happens. Jane Austen was born knowing a great deal for one thing, that the interesting situation of life can, and notably do, take place at home, wrote Eudora Welty (Welty 1969, 4-5). Welty described the private sphere as the one that should be prised by women, what was criticized by Carolyn Heilbrun as a nostalgic writing. Nostalgia ( ) is likely to be a mask for unrecognized anger says Heilbrun in context of Welty writings. It is an anger because of women s difficulty of finding their own language to express their experience. Nostalgia, and even melancholy which bring up the notion of mental illness in women s writing is a forbidden anger (Heilbrun 1989: 15). These stories I read are melancholic, they talk about forgotten women and their spaces, and the way in which they come to be silenced by the political discourses suffering. The narrators and heroines of these novels as well as I, the readers witness the suffering which can never be soothed, unless their stories will be told and heard. I read about women, the authors tell me about the women, the women talk to me as if in the every-day s assemble. Such a reading, in the close connection to the heroines and the authors, to the context, to my and their Polishness and/or their foreignness, is also a move toward that what Teresa de Lauretis called consciousness raising, to be aware of aware talk, our stories, and the importance of the home space and its neighbourhood (De Lauretis 1984, Heilbrun 1989: 45). It is a reclaiming the women stories about women lives. 1 I wrote about it in Chowaniec

3 The Ruinedness of Our Bodies and the Feminist Scholarship During my research I explore how the human body becomes an object of disgust and revulsion in the selected Polish women s writing of the 20 th century. I argue that this theme is a privileged vehicle through which specific aesthetic traditions engage with larger social, political and cultural problems of our era. I concentrated on women s writing as a specific part of cultural tradition constituting particular perspective on the development of the Polish cultural capital (Bourdieu 1994, 1998). The account is framed from the perspective of feminist cultural pessimism (Bennett 2001), where pessimism is analyzed as a distinctive form of social criticism. Cultural pessimism here indicates, for example: the conviction that the culture of a certain time, nation, civilization or humanity itself is in terminal decline (Bennett 2001); that the destructive instincts constantly at work in society are strikingly revealed in artistic practices (Freud 1957, Kristeva 2002); and that contemporary culture is a post- or even anti-enlightenment one, where the prospect of positive progress and freedom has been closed off (Horkheimer and Adorno 2001). It is in the representation of ruined bodies (which refers to the abject physicality of flesh, corpses, and human meat as well as to the corporeality of the deformed, the ill and dying, the injured or variously masquerading bodies) that I locate the key pessimistic attitudes in the women s writing that I am studying. It is these representations which, I argue, are ways of criticizing oppressive symbolic systems (masculine, heterosexual, traditional, etc.). So feminist theory, especially that relating to (literary) bodies, will necessarily be involved in my scrutiny of the aesthetic negotiations and solutions offered by literary representations of the body. Bodies are here not merely metaphors for other forms of social oppression. The presentation of ruined bodies often reflects a general mood of cultural decline crucial moments of social upheaval can be anxiously transcribed onto literary bodies, and it is vital to consider how and why bodies become the privileged metaphor in these cases. But my crucial focus is on bodies that are the literal targets of violence operated through symbolic systems. So the principal form of pessimism that I will explore specifically involves the fate of the abject (gendered) body as body. The notion of the human body, the main category for this research, will therefore need to be situated within literary and, in particular, feminist theory. There will need to be a detailed consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of using this notion to study literature. The body and its intertwined definitions of gender have been the subject of intense critical speculation in recent decades. The concept is, of course, deeply connected to the post-modern themes of the failure of grand narratives and the destabilization of subjectivity and identity (individual and collective); it is also closely related to the discussion about essentialism and anti-essentialism. I want to argue that the filter of cultural pessimism as presented in the literary bodies I will read not only helps 3

4 recognize the distinctive contribution of Polish women s writing but also bears important implications for the possibilities of feminist critique. The Stories: of a Woman from the Past and a Woman of Today Taking into account the psychoanalytical feminist scholarship (on the female development, notion of femininity, female melancholy and depression etc.) as well as anthropological and sociological aspects (as the development of medicine and the attitude human body etc.), I will analyse the selected women s prose texts of both 1920s and 1930s and 1990s and 2000s and reconstruct the stories of a woman s life in its various aspects: birth, motherhood, illness, work problem etc. The result of these interpretations would be two main interpretative narratives of woman s life: the narrative that arises from the 1920s, 1930s texts and the second narrative that emerges from the prose after I will trace certain continuities and discontinuities in the pessimistic cultural interpretation of the body in works of the 1920s 1930s and 1990s. Although it is the specific analyses themselves that will reveal the connections and differences in detail, the general justifications for this comparison are as follows. First, there are broad, and frequently noted, social and historical affinities between the decades: the interwar 1930s and the post-communist 1990s are both times of strong uncertainty about the present, times of pessimism and disillusion as well as of intense questing after new social, political and cultural identities (Czapliński 2003, 2004). Second, others have noted a parallel in terms of the popularity enjoyed by women s writings in these decades, the concentration on the negative in life and a new emphasis on the specificity and expression of women s experience (Hawkesworth 2001; Dunin 2000; Hyży 2003). My aim here, then, is to test and develop these existing ideas through an analysis of literary bodies as the vehicle of cultural pessimism, which, I will argue, is a crucial site of convergences and divergences between women s writing of these decades. I will ask how gender issues (sexual difference, for instance) determined the vision of human experience imprinted on literary bodies, and I will deploy new and different theoretical frameworks to analyze these works, which include some of the most important contemporary Polish literature. Other, more specific, connections that motivate my comparison have not been developed extensively elsewhere: for example, the wealth of republishing of 1930s works in the 1990s, the habit of 1990s works to take the 1930s as their setting, and the explicit and implicit references to the earlier works in many of the later ones. In treating two non-consecutive decades with different political and historical conditions, I will stress the idiosyncrasy of the past (whether inter-war or post-soviet) as it is reflected in the analyzed works (as well as in the autobiographical references of the texts). Questions of Catholicism, nationalism, the patriotic ethos, Polish history, romantic mythology, and the problems 4

5 of memory will necessarily pose themselves at various points in the interpretations; but no one of these topics will be elevated into the determining framework of the research (cf. Hawkesworth 2001). II. Primary Questions The primary questions of this research are divided into two groups: literary-historical and literarytheoretical. I will analyse my sample of works (see III, below) from the perspective of the body and its functions within the pessimistic frameworks of modernity and post-modernity. I will focus especially on the transitional aspects of both historical junctures. I will ask: (1) How does women s literary production manifest or depict psychological and social pessimism in terms of the body in various decades, in various circumstances, through various transformations? (2) What are the similarities and differences between two projects of woman s life and femininity in terms of literary perceptions of the body? Furthermore, the research focuses on three theoretical questions. (1) The genre question: How is women s writing distinctive in terms of the notion of the pessimist body? Is women s writing the most relevant category? (2) The gender question: How are these writings and their images of the body gendered? (3) The socio-anthropological question: How, if at all, do the shifting representations of bodies and their functions relate to specific historical circumstances? I therefore hope to show: (1) that the category of pessimism towards the human body fully justifies the comparison of these bodies of work and offers theoretical results of general theoretical feminist interest; and (2) that constructing a workable category of the pessimistic, abject body or of pessimistic embodiment affords a new way of characterizing ideas of modernity and post-modernity in Polish literature. III. Materials My chosen group of literary works from the 1930s and 1990s includes novels and short stories. I will also devote time to some autobiographical writings. I will concentrate on the following texts: Literary texts ( ): Maria Kuncewiczowa: Twarz Mężczyzny (1929), Dwa Księżyce (1933), Cudzoziemka (1936); Helena Boguszewska: Całe życie Sabiny (1934); Aniela Gruszecka: Przygoda w nieznanym kraju (1933); Zofia Nałkowska: Granica (1935), Niecierpliwi (1939), also Hrabia Emil (1920), Choucas (1927); Pola Gojawiczyńska: Dziewczęta z Nowolipek (1935), Rajska jabłoń 5

6 (1937); Irena Krzywicka: Pierwsza krew (1930), Kobieta szuka siebie (Walka z miłością 1935 Zwycięska samotność 1935), Ucieczka z ciemności (1939). Literary texts ( ): Manuela Gretkowska: My zdies emigranty (1990), Kabaret metafizyczny (1994), Namiętnik (1998), Silikon (2000); Izabela Filipiak: Śmierć i spirala (1992), Absolutna amnezja (1995), Niebieska menażeria (1997); Olga Tokarczuk: E.E. (1995), Prawiek i inne czasy (1996), Dom dzienny, dom nocny (1998) Bieguni (2007); Natasza Goerke: Fractale. Sklepy prześcieradłowe (1994), Księga pasztetów (1997); Pożegnania plazmy (1999); Zyta Rudzka: Białe klisze (1991); Anna Nasiłowska: Domino. Traktat o narodzinach (1995), Ewa Kujawska Dom Małgorzaty (2006). IV. Structure of the Research I. INTRODUCTION. II. THE EMBODIMENT OF THE WOMEN S WRITING: BETWEEN THE PERSONAL AND THE POLITICAL. III. THE DISTURBED SPACES OF THE RUINED BODIES. IV. SHORT HISTORY OF THE POLISH WOMEN S LITERATURE: BETWEEN THE DECADES AND TRANSFORMATIONS. V. A WOMAN OF THE PAST. 1. AGAINST THE DEATH DRIVE: IRENA KRZYWICKA: PIERWSZA KREW (1930); 2. I AM THE OTHER TO MYSELF: ZOFIA NAŁKOWSKA: GRANICA (1935); 3. POWER, KNOWLEDGE AND THE BODY: POLA GOJAWICZYŃSKA, DZIEWCZĘTA Z NOWOLIPEK (1935), RAJSKA JABŁOŃ (1937); 4. IN SEARCH FOR MY DESIRE: MARIA KUNCEWICZOWA: TWARZ MĘŻCZYZNY (1929) AND IRENA KRZYWICKA: KOBIETA SZUKA SIEBIE (WALKA Z MIŁOŚCIĄ, ZWYCIĘSKA SAMOTNOŚĆ 1935); 5. I AS A STRANGER: ANIELA GRUSZECKA: PRZYGODA W NIEZNANYM KRAJU (1933); 6. THE ABJECT MOTHER: MARIA KUNCEWICZOWA PRZYMIERZE Z DZIECKIEM (1924). 7. THE DYING BODY. THE DYING ME: MARIA KUNCEWICZOWA: CUDZOZIEMKA (1936); HELENA BOGUSZEWSKA: CAŁE ŻYCIE SABINY (1934); 8. IN THE MIRROR OF THE BODILY DECAY: ZOFIA NAŁKOWSKA CHOUCAS (1927), Niecierpliwi (1939), Hrabia Emil (1920); VI. A WOMAN OF TODAY. 6

7 1. SHAME AND ADOLESCENCE: OLGA TOKARCZUK: E.E. (1995) AND IZABELA FILIPIAK ABSOLUTNA AMNEZJA (1995). 2. DE-CONSTRUCTED WOMANLINESS: MANUELA GRETKOWSKA: KABARET METAFIZYCZNY (1994), NAMIĘTNIK (1998), SILIKON (2000); ZYTA RUDZKA: BIAŁE KLISZE (1991); 3. THE DISLOCATION AS A SOURCE OF SUFFERING (EMIGRATION LITERATURE): MANUELA GRETKOWSKA: MY ZDIES EMIGRANTY (1990); IZABELA FILIPIAK: NIEBIESKA MENAŻERIA (1997); 4. THE INTIMATE STRANGER: THE EXPERIENCE OF IMPOSSIBLE NEIGBOURSHIP: OLGA TOKARCZUK DOM DZIENNY, DOM NOCNY (1998), IZABELA FILIPIAK NIEBIESKA MENAŻERIA (1997), EWA KUJAWSKA DOM MAŁGORZATY (2006). 5. TOURIST RUINED BODY: OLGA TOKARCZUK: BIEGUNI (2007); 6. MELANCHOLY OF MOTHERHOOD: ANNA NASIŁOWSKA: DOMINO. TRAKTAT o narodzinach (1995); 7. THE DEATH AS A MIRROR OF LIFE: IZABELA FILIPIAK: ŚMIERĆ I SPIRALA (1992); 8. THE ANIMAL THEREFORE I AM: OLGA TOKARCZUK: OSTATNIE HISTORIE (2004); VII. CONCLUSIONS. This work is inspired by the interest in feminist scholarship, feminist reading of various philosophical theories that do not necessary belong to strictly understood feminist field as Julia Kristeva, Luce Irigaray, Donna Haraway, Pierre Bourdieu, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Norbert Elias just to mention a few. In the Introduction I will present the ways and methodological approaches to human body and its literary representations that are applied in the work. The following problems will go after the Introduction (1) The Phenomenology of the Body: Feminist Approach: The Spaces of Body ( The Disturbed Spaces of the Ruined Bodies ); (2) Women s Literary Stories: The Poetics of the Woman s Writing ( The Embodiment of the Women s Writing: Between the Personal and The Political ). (4) Polish Women s Writing of the 20 th Century. ( Short History of the Polish Women s Literature: Between the Decades and Transformations ). After the introductory part I will present two interpretative parts of the book. The first part will be devoted to the interpretation of the literary representation of women and their bodies in the 1920s and the 1930s ( A Woman of the Past ). I will start with the representation of the menstruation as the crucial part of the feminine life. Based on the Kristevian norion of feminine melancholy and depression I will show the Irena Krzywicka novel ( Against the Death Drive: Irena 7

8 Krzywicka: Pierwsza krew (1930) ); Subsequently, I will show the various social and political mechanism of disciplining the body: through the psychological notion of abjection I Am the Other to Myself: Zofia Nałkowska: Granica (1935) as well as through the social mechanism of punishment Power, Knowledge and the Body: Pola Gojawiczyńska, Dziewczęta z Nowolipek (1935), Rajska jabłoń (1937). Based on the notion of female intimacy and female jouissance (Luce Irigaray) I will show the way of female search of identity ( In Search for My Desire: Maria Kuncewiczowa: Twarz Mężczyzny (1929) and Irena Krzywicka: Kobieta szuka siebie (Walka z miłością, Zwycięska samotność 1935) as well as I as a Stranger: Aniela Gruszecka: Przygoda w nieznanym kraju (1933). Consequently I will analyse the notion of motherhood from the point of view of the suffering body ( The Abject Mother: Maria Kuncewiczowa Przymierze z dzieckiem (1924) ) and finally the notion of the death and the aging body in the most pessimistic novels of the era: The Dying Body. The Dying Me: Maria Kuncewiczowa: Cudzoziemka (1936); Helena Boguszewska: Całe życie Sabiny (1934), followed by In the Mirror of the Bodily Decay: Zofia Nałkowska Choucas (1927), Niecierpliwi (1939), Hrabia Emil (1920). The second interpretative part A Woman of Today will be devoted to the interpretation of the selected texts of women s writing, published after the transformation of This part will be parallel to the first part, constructed in the similar way and consecrated on the parallel problems. This construction is meant to expose in the most vivid way the similiarities and differenties of the a woman s life of the time, the notion of femininity and the attitude to her body in the most pessimistic appearances. Initially then I will concentrated on so called menstruation literature in Poland of the 1990s, concentration of the psychological notion of shame, guild and body changes Shame and Adolescence: Olga Tokarczuk: E.E. (1995) and Izabela Filipiak Absolutna Amnezja (1995). It will be followed by the interpretation of the text that aimed in deconstructing the traditional role of women through scandal ( De-constructed womanliness: Manuela Gretkowska: Kabaret metafizyczny (1994), Namiętnik (1998), Silikon (2000); Zyta Rudzka: Białe klisze (1991) ). Subsequently I will consetrate on the decayed body images in the new emigration literature where the new female character, the modern nomad, post-modern tourist appears ( The Dislocation as a Source of Suffering (Emigration literature): Manuela Gretkowska: My zdies emigranty (1990); Izabela Filipiak: Niebieska menażeria (1997) and Tourist Ruined Body: Olga Tokarczuk: Bieguni (2007) ). In this interpretative part I will also show how the new women s prose show the way of negotiating the femininity through the contacts with other women ( The Intimate Stranger: The Experience of Impossible Neigbourship: Olga Tokarczuk Dom dzienny, dom nocny (1998), Izabela Filipiak Niebieska menażeria (1997), Ewa Kujawska Dom Małgorzaty (2006) ) and through challenging the melancholy of the traditional motherhood: 8

9 Melancholy of Motherhood: Anna Nasiłowska: Domino. Traktat o narodzinach (1995). The story of the woman of today will be concluded with the analyses of the notion of death in women s prose, including the eco-critical and post-humanist analysis of the animal body inspired by Jacques Derrida and his critical reader, Helene Cixous: The Death as a Mirror of Life: Izabela Filipiak: Śmierć i spirala (1992) ; The Animal Therefore I am: Olga Tokarczuk: Ostatnie historie (2004). V. Background of the Project This research has its roots in my previous work on women s writing of the 1930s, especially my research on the novels of Irena Krzywicka ( ). This previous research was conducted during my scholarship at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, and resulted in the awarding of a doctorate in humanities (FL, ). The main idea in that previous research was to examine the figure of the New Woman in Krzywicka s writing. I analyzed a range of representations of her new notion of femininity, especially those concerning early childhood development (questions of physiological maturity and sexual initiation), the relation with the mother (or rejections of the mother in favour of a father figure), and finally, relations with men (sexual conflicts, desire in opposition to rationality). In the current project I wish to continue this work on women s prose of the interwar period in Poland (Międzywojnie, ) by concentrating on several works of the 1930s, and this time by setting up a comparison with the last decade of the 20 th century. This idea is motivated by a number of social and literary similarities between these decades which, nevertheless, have not been explored in relation to women s writing (see also section I). This is surprising since women s writing has become a crucial part of the Polish literary landscape since the beginning of the 1990s, so much so that one of the most renowned Polish literary critics has referred to that decade as the decade of women (Czapliński and Śliwiński 1999); while the growth of influential and widely-read women s writing in the 1930s is a critical commonplace (see documentation in Chowaniec 2006). Indeed, the Polish literary scene of the 1990s evoked many parallels with the 1930s. The field of Polish women s writing has encouraged a rich variety of multi-disciplinary research: theoretical, psychological, sociological and cultural. This work takes inspiration from women authors new perspectives and strategies, especially those concerning the characterization of the protagonists; these new strategies are feminist in their concentration on gender and the malefemale division in the social order. Most of this research, however, has concentrated on recent literature, Polish modernism or literature of the 19 th century. I intend to extend these new and 9

10 important perspectives by bringing women writers of the 1930s into the picture, and thus shedding light on both them and later writers. The main hypothesis behind my research is that masculine domination/patriarchy profoundly transforms bodies (and minds) chiefly through a process of practical construction, such as the definition of legitimate uses of the body, particularly sexual ones, which tends to exclude any gender marks that complicate the construction of the manly man or the womanly woman. The recognition of these imposed norms, and of the unjust(ified) division of rights among members of an artificially gendered society, brings in train a pessimistic vision of society which, in turn, affects the act of constructing literary narratives. Since gender division acts in favour of men, I wish to analyze women s writings as potential contestants of the patriarchal order. For this project, I will use the tools of feminist criticism, psychoanalytic theory and sociological research to track this process in Polish women s writing. VI. Methodological Approach The research will combine feminist literary theory concerning women s writing, gender, and language (both essentialist and deconstructive approaches, such as Kristeva 1986, Wittig 1999, and Butler 1990) with psychoanalysis (Freud 1982, Lacan 1977, 1982), and with philosophical and sociological works bearing on the notion of pessimism and society (Adorno 1973, Foucault 1977, Bourdieu 1984). Some postmodernist theoreticians have been sceptical about the body as a feminist category. Their take on the body does not anchor it in a natural base, in gender or in objective social patterns. Together with the decline of the religious frameworks that constructed and sustained existential and ontological certainties about the body, modernity (especially high-modernity/post-modernity, with its consumerist attitude) has brought with it a tendency for cultural theorists to place ever greater importance on the construction of the self (Shilling 2004). But other ideas about the body ideas less pessimistic about corporeality, perhaps have gained ground, and I draw on those which emphasize the bodily self in its connections with subjective construction and problems of matter or materiality. The research will therefore apply various approaches to the matter of the body (flesh, corporeality) as it appears in the devastation, pain, and suffering of ruined bodies. Key notions include abjection, lack, desire and the impossibility of satisfaction, fear of loss, and fear of the future. The oppressed body and its relations to itself, to other bodies and objects, will be stressed. Especially important will be theorizations of the body prior to its capture in subject/object terms 10

11 (Deleuze 1987; Irigaray 1985; Grosz 2005; Braidotti 1994; Kristeva 2002). It is important to think how I am my body, rather than I have a body. In the literature I will read, the body is both knower and known; disgust can be a form of pessimistic social knowledge. It is literary images of body that are my starting point in understanding and reconceptualizing the gendered body in modernity and postmodernity. I will show the social and cultural conditions of each of the representations in the texts, while attending to linguistic usage, the rhetorical play of figures, and to the relation between the literary bodies and the elements of their background social matrix which are relevant to a discussion of them as bodies. VII. Schedule and Financing The research is planned for four years and the Ph.D. will be completed in the Department of Modern Languages and Translation (Slavonic Philology) at University of Tampere, under the supervision of Prof. Arja Rosenholm. Prof. Jerzy Jarzębski (Jagiellonian University, Krakow) and Prof. Grażyna Borkowska (Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw) are the external supervisors. The Research is financed by a three-year grant ( ) awarded by the Aaltonen Foundation as part of the post-doctoral research project Writing Themselves: Generation, Identity and the Body in Russian and Polish Women s Literature, led by Dr. Marja Rytkönen. Year Tasks and Progress 2007/2008 Primary reading. Development of the theoretical background of the research. Seminars on the theoretical approach to the body (University of Tampere and Jagiellonian University). 2008/2009 Systematization of the research categories. Analyses of the literary texts. 2009/2010 Analyses of the literary texts and secondary materials. Draft version of the analytical sections. Revised version of all the analyses. Draft version of thesis. 2010/2011 Linguistic and bibliographical editing. Completion and submission of thesis. 11

12 VIII. Select Bibliography Adorno, Theodor (1973) Negative Dialectics, trans. E. B. Ashton, London: Routledge. Beauvoir, Simone De (1998) A Critical Reader, ed. by Elizabeth Fallaize, London: Routledge. Bennett, Olivier (2001) Cultural Pessimism. Narratives of Decline in the Postmodern World, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, London: Routledge. Bourdieu, Pierre (1990) In Other Words, Cambridge: CSP. Bourdieu, Pierre (1998) Masculine Domination, Cambridge: CSP. Braidotti, Rosi (1994) Nomadic Subjects: Embodiment and Sexual Difference in Contemporary Feminist Theory, New York: Columbia Univ. Press. Butler, Judith (1997) Excitable speech: a politics of the performative, New York: Routledge. Cixous, Hélène (1994) The Hélène Cixous Reader, ed. Susan Sellers. London: Routledge. Deleuze, Gilles (with Félix Guattari) (1987) A Thousand Plateaus Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Jacques Derrida and David Wills, The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Follow), Critical Inquiry, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter, 2002), pp Foucault, Michel (1977) Discipline and Punish, NY: Pantheon. Freud, Sigmund (and A. A. Brill) (1938) The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud (Psychopathology of Everyday Life, the Interpretation of Dreams, and Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex), New York: Random House (new edition: 1995). Freud, Sigmund (2002) Civilization and its discontents, trans. David McLintock, London: Penguin (first edition 1957) Giddens, Anthony (1990) The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press. Gilbert, Sandra M., Susan Gubar (2000) The Madwoman in the Attic. The Woman Writers and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination, New Haven London: Yale Nota Bene. Grosz, Elizabeth (2005) Time Travels: Feminism, nature, power, Sidney: Allen & Unwin. Haraway, Donna (1989) Primate Visions: Gender, race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science, London: Rutledge. Horkheimer, Max, Theodor W. Adorno (2001) Dialectic of Enlightenment, New York: Continuum. Hawkesworth, Celia (2001) History of Central European Women s Writing, Gordonsville, VA, USA: Palgrave Macmillan. Irigaray, Luce (1991) The Irigaray Reader, ed. Margaret Whitford. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell. Irigaray, Luce (1985) Speculum: Of the Other Woman, trans. Gillian C. Gill. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. Irigaray, Luce (1985) This Sex Which Is Not One, trans. Catherine Porter. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. Kristeva, Julia (1980) Desire in language: a semiotic approach to literature and art, ed. by L. S. Roudiez ; trans. T. Gora, A. Jardine, and L. S. Roudiez, New York: Columbia University Press. Kristeva, Julia (1986) The Kristeva Reader, ed. Toril Moi, Oxford: Blackwell. Kristeva, Julia (1993) Nations without nationalism, trans. L.S.Roudiez, New York: Columbia University Press. Kristeva, Julia (2002) Intimate revolt, trans. by Jeanine Herman, New York: Columbia University Press. Kristeva, Julia and Alison Rice (2002) Forgiveness: An Interview Author(s): Source: PMLA, Vol. 117, No. 2, pp Lacan, Jacques (2006) Écrits: the first complete edition in English; trans. by Bruce Fink in collaboration with Héloïse Fink and Russell Grigg, New York; London: W.W. Norton & Co. Lacan, Jacques (1982) Feminine Sexuality: Jacques Lacan and the Ecole Freudienne, ed. Mitchell, J., Rose, J., New York: W. W. Norton Moi, Toril (1985) Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory, New York: Routledge. Moi, Toril (1999) What is a Woman and Other essays, Oxford: Oxford Publishing House. Olivier, Kelly (1993) Reading Kristeva; Un-ravelling the Double Bind, Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Phelan, Shane (1992) Intimate Distance: The Dislocation of Nature in Modernity, The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp Rose, Jacqueline (2005), Sexuality in the Field of Vision, London: Verso. Scarry, Elaine (1985) The Body in Pain : the making and unmaking of the world, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sellers, Susan, ed. (1994) The Hélène Cixous Reader, London: Routledge. Shilling, Chris (2004) Body and the Social Theories, London: Sage. Shulamith, Firestone (1971) The Dialectic of Sex, London: Jonatan Cope. Wittig Monique (1989) The Lesbian Body, London: Routledge. Wittig, Monique (1992) The Straight Mind and Other Essays, London: Routledge. 12

13 Polish literary criticism: Baluch, Wojciech, Sugiera Małgorzata, Zając Joanna (ed.) (2002) Dyskurs, postać i płeć w dramacie, Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. Bator, Joanna (2001) Feminizm, postmodernizm, psychoanaliza. Filozoficzne dylematy feministek drugiej fali, Gdańsk: Słowo/obraz terytoria. Borkowska, Grażyna and Liliana Sikorska (ed.) (2000) Krytyka feministyczna- siostra teorii i historii literatury, Warszawa: IBL. Budrowska, Kamila (2000) Kobieta i stereotypy. Obraz kobiety w prozie polskiej po roku 1989, Białystok: Trans Humana. Chańska, Weronika and Danuta Ulicka (ed.) (2000) Polskie oblicza feminizmu- materiały z konferencji, Warszawa: Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Chowaniec, Urszula (2006) W poszukiwaniu kobiety, Kraków: WUJ. Ciechomska, Maria (2000) Od matriarchatu do feminizmu, Poznań: Brama - Książnica Włóczęgów i Uczonych. Czapliński, Przemysław (2004) Efekt bierności : literatura w czasie normalnym, Kraków : Wydaw. Literackie. Czapliński, Przemysław (2003) Świat podrobiony : krytyka i literatura wobec nowej rzeczywistości, Kraków : Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych "Universitas". Czapliński, Przemysław (2002) Ruchome marginesy : szkice o literaturze lat 90, Kraków : "Znak". Czapliński, Przemysław, Piotr Śliwiński (1999) Kontrapunkt : rozmowy o książkach, Poznań : "Obserwator". Jarzębski, Jerzy (1997)Apetyt na przemianę : notatki o prozie współczesnej, Kraków : "Znak". Jarzębski, Jerzy (2005)Proza dwudziestolecia, Kraków : Wydawnictwo Literackie. Dunin, Kinga (2000) Karoca z dyni, Warszawa: sic! Dziechcińska, Hanna (2000) Kobieta w życiu i literaturze XVI i XVII wieku. Zagadnienia wybrane, Warszawa: IBL. PAN. Gorczyńska, Zofia, Kruszyńska Sabina, Zakidalska Irena (ed.) (1997), Płeć, kobieta, feminizm, Gdańsk: Wydaw. Uniw. Gdańskiego. Górnicka-Boratyńska, Aneta (2001) Stańmy się sobą. Cztery projekty emancypacji ( ), Izabelin: Świat Literacki. Górnicka-Boratyńska, Aneta (1999) Chcemy całego życia. Antologia polskich tekstów feministycznych z lat , Warszawa: Res Publica. Graczyk, Ewa and Monika Graban- Pomirska (ed.) (2002) Siostry i ich Kopciuszek, Gdynia: Uraeus. Hołówka, Teresa (ed.) (1982) Nikt nie rodzi się kobietą, Warszawa: Czytelnik. Hornung, Magdalena, Jędrzejczak Marcin, Korsak Tadeusz (ed.) (2001), Ciało - płeć literatura. Prace ofiarowane profesorowi Germanowi Ritzowi w pięćdziesiątą rocznicę urodzin, Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna. Hyży, Ewa (2003) Kobieta, ciało, tożsamość. Teorie podmiotu w filozofii feministycznej końca XX wieku, Kraków: Universitas. Iwasiów, Inga (1994) Kresy w twórczości Włodzimierza Odojewskiego: próba feministyczna, Szczecin: JotA. Iwasiów, Inga (2002) Rewindykacje: kobieta czytająca dzisiaj, Kraków: Universitas. Jakubowska, Agata (2004) Na marginesach lustra. Ciało kobiece w pracach polskich artystek, Kraków: Universitas. Janion, Maria (1996) Kobiety i duch inności, Warszawa : Sic! Karwatowska, Małgorzata, Szpyra-Kozłowska Jolanta (2005) Lingwistyka płci. Ona i on w języku polskim, Lublin: Wydaw. Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Kłosińska, Krystyna (1999) Ciało, pożądanie, ubranie. O wczesnych powieściach Gabrieli Zapolskiej, Kraków: efka. Krzywicka, Irena (1936) Zmierzch cywilizacji męskiej (w:) Co odpowiadać dorosłym na drażliwe pytania?, Warszawa: Rój. Lew-Starowicz, Zbigniew (1991) Kobieta i Eros, Wrocław [etc.]: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1991 Mazurek Dorota (red) (2004) Kobieta w literaturze i kulturze, Lublin : Wydaw. Uniwersytetu Marii Curie- Skłodowskiej. Mizielińska, Joanna (2004) (De)Konstrukcje kobiecości. Podmiot feminizmu a problem wykluczenia, Gdańsk: Słowo/Obraz Terytoria. Nasiłowska, Anna (red) (2001) Ciało i tekst. Feminizm w literaturoznawstwie - antologia szkiców, Warszawa: IBL. Piątek, Zdzisława (1994) Biologia wobec płci i seksu, Kraków: Wydaw. Oddziału PAN. Płonowska-Ziarek, Ewa (red) (2001) Grymasy Gombrowicza. W kręgu problemów modernizmu, społeczno-kulturowej roli płci i tożsamości narodowej, Kraków: Universitas. Ritz, German, (2002) Nić w labiryncie pożądania: gender i płeć w literaturze polskiej od romantyzmu do postmodernizmu, Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna. Szczuka, Kazimiera (2001) Kopciuszek, Frankenstein i inne. Feminizm wobec mitu, Kraków: efka. 13

14 Szyłak, Jerzy (2002) Gra ciałem. O obrazach kobiet w kulturze współczesnej, Gdańsk: Wydaw. Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. Ślęczka, Kazimierz (1999) Feminizm. Ideologie i koncepcje społeczne współczesnego feminizmu, Katowice: Książnica. Walczewska, Sławomira (red) (1992) Głos mają kobiety. Teksty feministyczne, Kraków: Convivium. Wiśniewska, Halina (2003) Świat płci żeńskiej baroku zaklęty w słowach, Lublin: Wydaw. Uniwersytetu Marii Curie- Skłodowskiej. Wiśniewska-Roszkowska, Kinga (1993) Feminizm zreformowany, Wrocław: Turuń. Zacharska, Jadwiga i Kochanowski Marek (red) (2002) Wiek kobiet w literaturze, Białystok: Trans Humana. Żarnowska, Anna and Andrzej Szwarc (red) (2000) Równe prawa i nierówne szanse. Kobiety w Polsce międzywojennej, Warszawa: Wydaw. DiG. Żarnowska, Anna, Studia nad dziejami kobiet w dzisiejszej historiografii polskiej, Kwartalnik Historyczny, 2001 nr 3 s Żeleński, Tadeusz (Boy) (1960) Piekło kobiet; Jak skończyć z piekłem kobiet, Warszawa: Państ. Instytut Wydawniczy. Żeleński, Tadeusz (Boy) (1992) Dziewice konsystorskie ; Piekło kobiet, Poznań: SAWW. 14