STRATEGY ON DIGESTION RESIDUE UTILIZATION FOR LOWER SILESIA

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1 Report no: O STRATEGY ON DIGESTION RESIDUE UTILIZATION FOR LOWER SILESIA Emilia den Boer Ryszard Szpadt April 2011 Disclaimer This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union (in electronic version provide link to The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Marshal Office of Lower Silesia Wrocł aw University of Technology Institute of Environment Protection

2 Index 1. INTRODUCTION PRESENTATION OF THE REMOWE PROJECT AIM OF THE WORK PACKAGE WP3 AND THE REPORT CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGESTION RESIDUES SEPARATELY COLLECTED MUNICIPAL BIO-WASTE AND ITS ANAEROBIC DIGESTION RESIDUES BIOFRACTION SEPARATED FROM MUNICIPAL MIXED WASTE AND ITS ANAEROBIC DIGESTION RESIDUES MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE SLUDGE AND ITS ANAEROBIC DIGESTION RESIDUES BIO-WASTE FROM FOOD INDUSTRY AND ITS ANAEROBIC RESIDUES WASTE AND RESIDUES FROM CROPS AND ANIMAL FARMS AND THEIR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION RESIDUES MIXTURES OF VARIOUS WASTE AND THEIR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION RESIDUES LEGAL ASPECTS OF RECOVERY AND DISPOSAL OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION RESIDUES EU LEGISLATION NATIONAL LEGISLATION LIMITATIONS OF RECOVERY OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION RESIDUES PROPOSED SOLUTIONS FOR LOWER SILESIA LIST OF REFERENCES

3 1. Introduction 1.1 Presentation of the REMOWE Project Project REMOWE Regional Mobilizing of Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Production was approved for fundingat the session of the Baltic Sea Programme Monitoring Committee on September 15-16, The overall objective of the REMOWE project is to contribute to a decreased negative effect on the environment by reduction of carbon dioxide emission by creating a balance between energy consumption and sustainable use of renewable energy sources. Project REMOWE concentrates on energy resources from waste and actions to promote sustainable implementation of energy efficient technology in the Baltic Sea region within the waste-toenergy area. The longterm goals to be achieved as a result of project implementation are: - increase of biogas generation and recovery of biodegradable wastes, - increase of requirements of local populations regarding products and services established with the use of waste derived energy, - increase of possibilities of appropriate technologies development, - increase of fossil energy sources substitution by energy from renewable sources, - decrease of energy consumption, - development of investments, - stimulation of jobs and innovation markets, - increase of interest in knowledge and technology transfer, - support for scientific exchange in the area of waste-to-energy. The scope of the studies carried out by individual Project Partners includes: - identification of waste-to-energy sources in individual partner countries, - identifications of tools of optimal and energy effective waste management with the focus on bioenergy (renewable energy) production from wastes, - identification of tools of optimal and energy effective production of biogas from wastes, - usage of by-products and digestion residues as organic fertilizer in agriculture, - identification of existing obstacles and lacking interconnections in putting into practice the biogas generation and other methods of energy recovery from wastes, - feasibility study of biogas production from wastes, - evaluation of possibilities for transfer of Swedish and German waste-to-energy concepts to Finnland, Poland, Estonia and Lithuania, as well as for transfer of experiences from pilot studies in North Savo in Finnland concerning regional modeling of health, environment and climate effects of waste-to-energy. 3

4 1.2 Aim of the Work Package WP3 and the report This study is a partial report of activities realized in the frame of Work Package WP3 of the project REMOWE, activity A 3.2. The aims of WP3 are: - to investigate the current status in the whole chain of waste-to-energy utilization in each partner region, in this case in Lower Silesia, - to identify best practice solutions, - to gather data about amounts, composition and properties of generated waste suitable for energy recovery, necessary for modeling of the future system development and evaluation of their impact on the environment as well as on health and life of people in the frame of Work Packages WP4 and WP5 The scope of work in WP3 includes three main groups of activities: A3.1. Specifying data, A3.2. Data gathering and evaluation, A.3.3. Joint identification of best practices in the partner regions. Marshall Office of Lower Silesia is the lead partner of WP3. The scope of studies presented in this report includes: - characteristics of digestion residues of various waste and by-products, - legal aspects of recovery and disposal of digestion residues, - limitations of digestion residues recovery, - recommendations for residues recovery management in Lower Silesia. 2. Characteristics of digestion residues In the anaerobic digestion will be processed in Lower Silesia various wastes, namely: - separately collected bio-waste from municipal areas, - biofraction separated from mixed municipal waste by mechanical treatment, including screening, magnetic separation, optical separation or other mechanical processes, - municipal and industrial sewage sludge, - bio-waste from food industry, - waste and residues from crops and animal farms, - mixtures of various waste. Quality of the residues after fermentation is strictly dependent on the composition of the substrate to the process and process conditions (process temperature, water content of the substrate - dry or wet anaerobic digestion, mixing conditions, the degree of substrate decomposition, the degree of dewatering after a wet fermentation process, the additional aetobic stabilization after anaerobic fermentation). 4

5 2.1 Separately collected municipal bio-waste and its anaerobic digestion residues 2.2 Biofraction separated from municipal mixed waste and its anaerobic digestion residues Biofrakcja wydzielana w procesach mechanicznych ze zmieszanych odpadów komunalnych mo e by poddana fermentacji suchej lub mokrej. Aktualnie przewa a pogl d, e technologie suche s bardziej efektywne dla przetwarzania tej frakcji przede wszystkim z uwagi na: - mniejsze wymagania dotycz ce stopnia przygotowania materia u, fermentacja mokra wymaga ca kowitego usuni cia cz stek mineralnych: piasku, szk a, kamieni opadaj cych na dno reaktora, jak i cz stek p ywaj cych: tworzyw sztucznych, drewna, itp., - kilkukrotnie mniejsz obj to reaktora fermentacji, - znacznie mniejsz ilo cieków technologicznych, - ni sze koszty inwestycyjne. Sucha fermentacja wykazuje jednak te wiele wad w porównaniu do fermentacji mokrej: - ni szy stopie przefermentowania substancji organicznej, - ni sz produkcj metanu, - brak mo liwo ci odzysku materia u po fermentacji bez jego oczyszczenia, konieczno sk adowania materia u nieoczyszczonego, - konieczno c dodatkowej tlenowej stabilizacji materia u przed usuni ciem na sk adowisko, dla zapewnienia wysokiego stopnia ustabilizowania, spe niaj cego wymagan warto AT 4, 2.3 Municipal and industrial sewage sludge and its anaerobic digestion residues 5

6 2.4 Bio-waste from food industry and its anaerobic residues W województwie dolno l skim fermentowane s odpady spo ywcze oraz cieki i osady ciekowe z 2 zak adów przemys u spo ywczego przetwórstwa ziemniaków na produkty spo ywcze, frytki, chipsy, p atki itp. Nie s jednak znane charakterystyki jako ciowe materia u przed i po procesie fermentacji metanowej. 2.5 Waste and residues from crops and animal farms and their anaerobic digestion residues Pierwsza instalacja fermentacji odchodów zwierz cych wraz z produktami ubocznymi z hodowli ro lin jest jeszcze w fazie budowy. Mo na natomiast przedstawi wyniki bada pozosta o ci po fernentacji z innych biogazowni rolniczych w Polsce. Janczur K (2009) przedstawi a wyniki zawarto ci skladnikow nawozowych w pozosta o ciach pofermentacyjnych wytworzonych z roznych odpadów. Sucha sieczka kukurydziana, bed ca sk adnikiem substratu dla biogazowni zawiera a 6,88% suchej masy, 5,58 stanowi a sucha masa organiczna, a 0,28% suchej masy azot amonowy. Azot amonowy stanowi 0,70% suchej masy odpadów zwierz cych. Tabela Zawarto NPK w pozosta o ci po fermentacji (% masy) Przefermentowana biomasa z N P K biogazowni na bazie sieczki kukurydzianej 0,43 0,18 0,42 wywaru pogorzelnianego z pszenicy 0,35 0,07 0,06 wywaru pogorzelnianego z kukurydzy 0,32 0,14 0,08 odpadów ro linno-zwierz cych 0,90 0,40 0, Mixtures of various waste and their anaerobic digestion residues 6

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8 3. Legal aspects of recovery and disposal of anaerobic digestion residues 3.1 EU legislation Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 October 2002 laying down health rules concerning animal by-products not intended for human consumption Council Directive 86/278/EEC of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture Commission Decision 2001/118/EC of 16 January 2001 amending Decision 2000/532/EC as regards the list of wastes Council Decision of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC According to the directive 2008/98 anaerobic digestion can be classified as process of recycling (R3) or disposal (D10) R3 recycling/reclamation of organic substances which are not used as solvents (including composting and other biologiucal transformation processes) 8

9 D10 Biological treatment not specified elsewhere in this Annex which results in final compounds or mixtures which are discarded by means of any of the operations numbered D1 do D12 According to directive 2008/98 there are to distinguish recovery and disposal processes suitable for anaerobic digestion residue Recovery processes R1 Use principally as a fuel or other means to generate energy Use of digestion residues as a component of RDF for industrial furnaces or incineration with municipal waste in incinerators at energy efficiency of 0,60 or 0,65 depending on the date of installation permit. R10 Land treatment resulting in benefit to agriculture or ecological improvement Usage of digestion residues in soils for improving their fertility or usage in degraded land reclamation as well reclamation of landfill sites Disposal process for residues not suitable for recovery D5 Specially engineered landfill Anaerobic digestion residues of food waste treatment (containing meat) may be used only from approved biogas plants according to Article 15 of the Regulation EC No 1774/2002. European List of Waste (LoW) contains the following codes of waste as anaerobic digestion residues wastes from anaerobic treatment of waste liquor from anaerobic treatment of municipal waste digestate from anaerobic treatment of municipal waste liquor from anaerobic treatment of animal and vegetable waste digestate from anaerobic treatment of animal and vegetable waste wastes not otherwise specified sludges from treatment of urban waste water 3.2 National legislation Act of 27 April 2001 on Waste (Dz.U , as amended) Act of 27 April 2001 on Environment Protection Law (Dz.U as amended) Decree of Ministry of Environmnet of 13 July 2010 on sewage sludge (Dz.U ). Decree of Ministry of Environment of 9 September 2002 on standards of soil quality and on standards of ground quality (Dz.U ). Act of 10 July 2007 on fertilizers and on fertilizing (Dz.U ). 9

10 Decree of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of 18 June 2008 on execution of some regulations of of act on fertilizers and on fertilizing (Dz.U ). Decree of Ministry of Environment of 21 March 2006 on recovery or disposal of waste out of installations and appliances (Dz.U ). Decree of Ministry of Environment of 14 November 2007 on recovery process R10 (Dz.U ). Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 October 2002 laying down health rules concerning animal by-products not intended for human consumption Decree of Ministry of Environment of 27 September 2001 on Waste Catalogue (Dz.U ). 4. Limitations of recovery of anaerobic digestion residues - legal limitations, - availability of grounds for usage of residues in agriculture, land reclamation and other purposes, - present usage and quality of soils, - public opposition against location of biogas plants and usage of residues in agriculture due to odour emissions, - costs of residues transport and usage, - quality of residues (N,P,K, organic matter, heavy metals, other substances, calorific value etc.) 5. Proposed solutions for Lower Silesia Drying of sewage sludge in existing drying facilities usage as a fuel in cement plants? Burning of sewage sludges not complying with the criteria for agricultural and for land reclamation usage in planned incinerators? Usage of residues meeting the criteria for organic fertilizers in agriculture. 10

11 Campaign on the advantages of waste-based and by-product-based organic fertilizers. Critical evaluation of anaerobic treatment of mixed waste sorted fractions and of usage it in land reclamation, recommendations for additional analyses of waste before taking decision on treatment of waste? Landfilling of anaerobic digestion residues evaluation of their ability for landfilling in context of criteria on landfilling of waste (Council decision of 19 december 2002) 6. List of references J drczak A., Haziak K. (2005). Okre lenie wymaga dla kompostowania i innych metod przetwarzania odpadów. PB-P Ekosystem Sp. z o.o., Zielona Góra. Ma ków I., Sebastian M., Szpadt R. (2007). Jako kompostów i stabilizatów z wybranych frakcji odpadów komunalnych. Redukcja ilo ci odpadów ulegaj cych biodegradacji w procesach przetwarzania odpadów komunalnych. Mat. VII Forum Gospodarki Odpadami. Kalisz-Pozna. Janczur.K (2009) Po co nam biogazownie? Co mo e zyska rodowisko? 11