PART ONE - GRAMMAR 1. CZASY TERAèNIEJSZE - PRESENT TENSES Present Simple 1. Fakty zawsze prawdziwe Czas Present Simple u ywany jest do wyra ania praw naukowych i faktów geograficznych. The Earth goes round the Sun. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. 2. CzynnoÊci powtarzajàce si Czasu Present Simple u ywamy do wyra ania czynnoêci powtarzajàcych si, wynikajàcych z nawyku, zwyczaju czy rutyny. I usually go to school by bus. He always drinks tea with milk. 3. Stany sta e Czas Present Simple wyst puje z czasownikami, które wyra ajà sta e stany raczej ni czynnoêci. I live in the north of England. She works as a journalist. 4. Narracja Czasu Present Simple u ywamy te przy relacjonowaniu wydarzeƒ z filmu, ksià ki, meczu itp. In Chapter One, the narrator visits his neighbours and meets Heathcliff for the first time. 5. Zdania warunkowe i czasowe Czas Present Simple wyst puje w zdaniach podrz dnych zdaƒ warunkowych i czasowych po takich okreêleniach jak if, when, as soon as, before, after, until, unless itp. I will help you when I have more time. We will wait here until he comes. 1
6. Rozk ady jazdy, plany podró y itp. Czas Present Simple wyst puje w zdaniach, które odnoszà si do wydarzeƒ przysz ych i zwiàzane sà z rozk adami lotów, jazdy, rozk adami zaj ç w roku szkolnym itp. My plane takes off at 6 tomorrow morning. This year school starts on September 2nd. Present Continuous 1. CzynnoÊci trwajàce, odbywajàce si w danej chwili Czasu Present Continuous u ywamy do opisywania czynnoêci odbywajàcej si w momencie mówienia. I m reading a book now. 2. CzynnoÊci odbywajàce si w bie àcym okresie czasu Czasu Present Continuous u ywamy, gdy mówimy o czynnoêciach odbywajàcych si w bie àcym okresie czasu, ale niekoniecznie chwili obecnej. This week she is working as a replacement receptionist in a hotel. 3. CzynnoÊci przysz e Czasu Present Continuous u ywamy do wyra enia osobistych planów na najbli szà przysz oêç. Tomorrow we are taking our children to the zoo. I am seeing my dentist this afternoon. 4. CzynnoÊci powtarzajàce si i uwa ane za irytujàce Czas Present Continuous pojawia si razem z takimi wyra eniami jak always, constantly, continually, forever w zdaniach opisujàcych czynnoêci powtarzajàce si i uwa ane za irytujàce. My husband is always losing his car keys. Present Perfect Simple 1. CzynnoÊci, które mia y miejsce ostatnio Czasu Present Perfect u ywamy do opisywania czynnoêci, które mia y miejsce niedawno, ostatnio, ale precyzyjny termin nie jest wa ny i nie jest okreêlony; ponadto u ywamy go do opisywania zdarzeƒ, które dopiero, co mia y miejsce. I have bought a new car recently and I m still getting used to it. She has just finished the essay. 2
2. CzynnoÊci i stany trwajàce do chwili obecnej Czas Present Perfect wyra a stany i czynnoêci, które odbywajà si od pewnego momentu w przesz oêci do chwili obecnej. I have worked in this office since 1995. 3. CzynnoÊci majàce obecne skutki Czas Present Perfect u ywany jest do wyra ania czynnoêci, które nastàpi y lub nie nastàpi y w przesz oêci i ich skutki majà wp yw na sytuacj obecnà. I have eaten sushi before (I know what it tastes like). He has never been to Scotland in summer (he doesn t know what the weather is like) Czas Present Perfect wystepuje te po wyra eniu this is the first/second/third time... Present Perfect Continuous 1. CzynnoÊci trwajàce do chwili obecnej Podobnie jak czas Present Perfect Simple, czas Present Perfect Continuous u ywany jest do wyra ania czynnoêci, które zacz y si w przesz oêci i nieprzerwanie trwajà do chwili obecnej, wyjàtkiem sà czasowniki, które nie majà formy ciàg ej np. know, have itp. I have been waiting for you for two hours. He has been meeting this woman for 10 years and hasn t proposed yet. 2. CzynnoÊci dopiero co zakoƒczone majàce skutki w teraêniejszoêci Czas Present Perfect Continuous wyra a czynnoêci, które trwajà od momentu w przesz oêci i dopiero, co si zakoƒczy y a majà skutki widoczne w teraêniejszoêci. I am red in the face because I have been jogging. Zarówno Present Perfect Simple jak Present Perfect Continuous wyst pujà z wyra eniami okreêlajàcymi d ugoêç czasu (all my life, since 1992, for 10 years), ale tylko Present Perfect Simple wyst puje przy podaniu ile razy dana czynnoêç si odby a. I have been working / have worked here for 10 years. I have worked in ten different companies in the last 10 years. 3
Exercise 1. Choose the most suitable tense. Wybierz odpowiedni czas. 1. Monica is typing/has been typing/ has typed ten letters this morning. 2. My feet are really sore. I walk/have been walking/have walked all day. 3. David works/is working/has worked as a replacement for a receptionist this week. 4. Recently I have changed/have been changing my address and now I am living/live in Reading. 5. My fish don t grow/aren t growing very much and I am feeding/feed them every day. They don t grow/haven t grown at all since I bought them. 6. This room looks terrible! What on earth have you been doing/are you doing/do you do? 7. This is the first time I am/i have been to England. 8. I am not sure if we will go to the beach after all because the weather changes/has changed/has been changing. 9. My son is always leaving/always leaves his dirty socks on the floor! It drives me crazy. 10. Can I take this paper? Or have you been reading/are you reading it? Exercise 2. Put each verb in brackets into the correct present tense. Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w odpowiednim czasie teraêniejszym. 1. We (get married)... next month and we (already invite)... over 100 people to our wedding. 2. Who (drive)... that car which (stand)... over there? 3. Those two men (sit)... here for the last hour and they (drink)... three bottles of wine! 4. Wait for me at home until I (be)... back. 5. He (think)... of moving to London. I (not think)... it is a good idea. 6. Where (you work)... and how long (you work)... there? 7. What (you do)... this weekend? I (see)... my solicitor. 8. Peter ( build)... his own house in the country so he (be)... very busy lately. 9. My mum (still have)... problems with walking but she (get)... better. 10. This boy (look)... at you. I think he (want)... to ask you to dance with him. 4
Exercise 3. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. Sparafrazuj poni sze zdania, wykorzystujàc podane poczàtki, tak aby zachowaç znaczenie. 1. Our wedding is next week. Next week we.... 2. Oh no! My credit card is missing! Oh no! I.... 3. I got this watch from my husband two years ago. I have.... 4. Do you have any plans for next Sunday? What...? 5. This is my first game of bridge. I.... 6. Mary started learning Chinese a month ago. Mary.... 7. Are both these cars yours? Do you...? 8. Mark takes my things without asking, which annoys me. Mark is.... 9. The film is still going on. The film has.... 10. What day is the beginning of the new semester? When...? Exercise 4. Complete the following texts with the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets. Uzupe nij podane teksty odpowiednià formà czasownika w nawiasie. Maria 1)... (run) her own restaurant. She really 2)... (like) this business as it is also her favourite pastime. She 3) 5
... (have) her own business for five years now so she has some experience. Usually, she 4)... (spend) her mornings doing shopping and in the evening she 5)... (see) to cooking. This evening, however she 6)... (do) the cooking herself because she is going to have some really important guests. She 7)... (want) to serve something delicious but light. Her chef, Pierre, who 8)... (work) for her for the last three years, 9)... (prefer) traditional heavy dishes, so she 10)... (decide) to prepare the menu herself. Moreover, Pierre, 11)... (always add) garlic to everything, even if the recipe 12)... (not include) it. Maria 13)... (tolerate) his behaviour for quite a long time but recently she 14)... (think) of changing the chef. Despite these problems, she 15)... (hope) that tonight s dinner is going to be a great success. ANSWER KEY - ROZWIÑZANIA Exercise 1. 1. has typed 2. have been walking 3. is working 4. have changed, live 5. aren t growing, feed, haven t grown 6. have you been doing 7. have been 8. has been changing 9. is always leaving 10. are you reading Exercise 2. 1. are getting, have already invited 2. drives, is standing 3. have been sitting, have drunk 4. am 5. is thinking, don t think 6. do you work, have you worked/have you been working 7. are you doing, am seeing 8. is building, has been 6
9. still has, is getting 10. is looking, wants Exercise 3. 1. Next week we are getting married. 2. Oh no! I have lost my credit card. 3. I have had this watch for two years. 4. What are you doing next Sunday? 5. I have never played bridge before. 6. Mary has been learning Chinese for a month. 7. Do you own both these cars? 8. Mark is always taking my things. 9. The film has not finished yet. 10. When does the new semester begin? Exercise 4. 1. runs 2. likes 3. has had 4. spends 5. sees 6. is doing 7. wants 8. has worked/has been working 9. prefers 10. has decided 11. always adds 12. doesn t include 13. has been tolerating/has tolerated 14. has been thinking 15. hopes 7
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