STUDIEN ZUR ARCHÄOLOGIE IN OSTMITTELEUROPA STUDIA NAD PRADZIEJAMI EUROPY ŚRODKOWEJ Band / Tom 11

STUDIEN ZUR ARCHÄOLOGIE IN OSTMITTELEUROPA STUDIA NAD PRADZIEJAMI EUROPY ŚRODKOWEJ Band / Tom 11

Studien zur Archäologie in Ostmitteleuropa Band 11 Studia nad Pradziejami Europy Środkowej Tom 11 Herausgeben von / Redaktorzy Johannes Müller Kiel Janusz Czebreszuk Poznań Sławomir Kadrow Kraków

Environment and subsistence forty years after Janusz Kruk s Settlement studies... Edited by Sławomir Kadrow, Rzeszów Piotr Włodarczak, Kraków Institute of Archaeology Rzeszów University, Rzeszów Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 13

The publication was financed by Secretary of the volume Reviewers Proofreading Institute of Archaeology, Rzeszów University Fundacja Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, Rzeszów Magdalena Rzucek Tadeusz Grabarczyk, Andrzej Rozwałka Dave Cowley Distribution DTP & technical editor Cover design Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn Mitel Rzeszów Holger Dietrich and Ines Reese, Kiel ISBN 978-3-7749-3860-1 (Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn) 978-83-936467-1-5 (Institute of Archaeology, Rzeszów University) Printed by Mitel Rzeszów Copyright by Authors No part of the book may be, without the written permission of the author: reproduced in any form (print, copy, CD, DVD, the Internet or other means) as well as working through, reproduced or distributed 13

Table of contents Preface from series editors 7 Preface 9 Janusz Kruk list of publications 11 John Bintliff Sarunas Milisauskas and Raymond Whitlow Lech Czerniak Agnieszka Czekaj-Zastawny Joanna Pyzel Paweł Valde-Nowak Lucyna Domańska, Jacek Forysiak, Juliusz Twardy and Seweryn Rzepecki Doris Mischka Marcin M. Przybyła and Krzysztof Tunia Ryszard Grygiel Piotr Włodarczak Jacek Górski and Przemysław Makarowicz Radosław Palonka Andrzej Pelisiak Marek Nowak Peter Bogucki Jerzy Libera and Anna Zakościelna Maria Lityńska-Zając Aleksandr Diachenko Susanne Jahns, Jörg Christiansen, Wiebke Kirleis and Dirk Sudhaus Ewa Madeyska, Magdalena Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, Małgorzata Rybicka and Agnieszka Wacnik A Brief Commentary of Micro-Landscape Studies in Honour of Janusz Kruk 21 Life at Olszanica 27 House, Household and Village in the Early Neolithic in Central Europe. The Case of the LBK in Little Poland 43 The Structure of Linear Pottery Culture Settlement in South-Eastern Poland 69 Different models of settlement organisation in the Linear Band Pottery Culture an example from Ludwinowo 7 in eastern Kuyavia 85 The longhouses of Bandkeramik. Do we know all about them? 95 The TRB culture settlement in the middle Tążyna Valley: a case study 105 Die neolithische Besiedlungsgeschichte im Raum Flintbek und die Bedeutung der Wagenspuren vor dem Hintergrund neuer Datierungen 121 Investigations in 12 of the southern part of the Funnel Beaker culture temenos at Słonowice near the Małoszówka river. Fourth report 139 Settlement of the Globular Amphora Culture at Site 6 in Lekarzewice near Osłonki in Kuyavia (Poland) 163 The lost settlements one from the visible problems in the research on the Final Neolithic in southern Poland 173 Stable settlements of the Trzciniec Cultural Circle in the Polish uplands and lowlands 185 Pueblo culture settlement structure in the central Mesa Verde Region, Utah-Colorado in the Thirteenth Century A.D. 193 Man and mountains. Settlement and economy of Neolithic communities in the Eastern part of the Polish Carpathians 225 Settlement and economy of the TRB in Lesser Poland: transformation or continuity? 245 Open-Range Cattle Grazing and the Spread of Farming In Neolithic Central Europe 261 The flint raw materials economy in Lesser Poland during the Eneolithic Period: the Lublin-Volhynian culture and the Funnel Beaker culture 275 The importance of leguminous plants in the diet of Neolithic and Early Bronze Age inhabitants of Little Poland 295 Mechanics of the semi-nomadic economy 303 On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin 311 Man and Natural Environment of the Gostynin Lake District on Example of the Area of the Białe Lake 331 5

László Bartosiewicz Halina Dobrzańska, Tomasz Kalicki and Bartłomiej Sz. Szmoniewski Beata Golińska Nadezhda S. Kotova Agnieszka Czekaj-Zastawny, Jacek Kabaciński and Thomas Terberger Aleksander Kośko Marzena Szmyt Paweł Jarosz Sylwester Czopek Marcin S. Przybyła Johannes Müller Kamil Karski Sławomir Kadrow Traditional archaeozoology and prehistoric environments 349 Natural and human impact on land use change in the Vistula river valley downstream of Cracow in the La Tène to early Medieval period 359 Environmental studies and their role in understanding of Amazonian prehistory. Terra preta example 381 Social structure of the Neolithic population in the Pontic Steppe 395 The origin of the Funnel Beaker Culture from the southern Baltic coasts perspective 409 Eastern European Context for Studies on the Use of Wagons in the Baltic Sea Catchment Area of the 4 th and 3 rd Millennia BC 429 The circulation of People and Ideas in the Baltic and Pontic Areas during 3 rd millennium BC 441 Social differentiation reflected by the Corded Ware culture burial rite in the Carpathian foothill and upland region 459 Great urn necropolises sacralization of space and place in the cultural landscape based on the example of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture 469 Some theoretical remarks on intensification of food production and emergence of wealth inequality within prehistoric populations 477 Demographic traces of technological innovation, social change and mobility: from 1 to 8 million Europeans (6000 00 BCE) 493 The Neolithic revolution as a symbolic transition 507 Regional research in archaeology in the light of selected traditions of geographical studies _ 525

Preface from series editors This volume of papers on archaeological research into prehistoric settlement, economy and natural environment is inspired by Janusz Kruk s Studia osadnicze nad neolitem wyżyn lessowych [Settlement Studies on the Neolithic of the Loess Uplands]. On the fortieth anniversary of its publication, we discuss the influence the book has exerted since the 1970s, especially the effect it has had on the development of archaeology in Poland and in other European countries. Janusz Kruk s book, and his other scholarly achievements, centre on the reconstruction of dynamic, mutually conditioned relationships between the environmental, economic and settlement systems in the Neolithic. The original element of this model of research into changes in prehistoric communities assumes active human influence on natural environment, with deforestation of quite extensive dry areas of loess uplands as its most spectacular form. Among the authors of this volume there are eminent and acknowledged scholars as well as archaeologists from the younger generation. Polish researchers form the most numerous group; moreover, results of diverse archaeological studies are presented here by authors from other European countries and from the United States. The papers focus mainly on Central Europe, but a number of them concern also Eastern Europe, the Middle East and both Americas. Johannes Müller, Janusz Czebreszuk, Sławomir Kadrow

Preface Environment and Subsistence: Forty Years after Janusz Kruk s Settlement Studies, the 11 th volume in the Studien zur Archäologie in Ostmitteleuropa / Studia nad Pradziejami Europy Środkowej [Studies on the Prehistory of Central Europe] series, contains 34 papers occasioned by the 40 th anniversary of Prof. Janusz Kruk s book Studia osadnicze nad neolitem wyżyn lessowych [Settlement Studies on the Neolithic of the Loess Uplands]. The monograph has been enormously influential and is one of the most significant publications in the history of Polish archaeology. The book itself and its propositions, developed consistently by the Author over subsequent years, have become an important source of inspiration for many researchers on the Neolithic of Europe (cf. John Bintliff s paper in this volume). Janusz Kruk s method of research into settlement has set an example followed in numerous regional studies, not only for the Neolithic, but also other prehistoric periods. The significance of the book is also demonstrated by, not always entirely successful, attempts at copying the details of the method in other environmental or cultural and chronological conditions. One of the greatest merits of the Studia osadnicze is undoubtedly its happy combination of the traditional approach of Central European culture-historical archaeology and the proposals of modernised archaeology, the processual approach in particular, from the latter half of the th century. A gap between opposite modes of thinking has successfully been bridged, which is a very rare phenomenon. This volume opens with a paper by John Bintliff, entitled A Brief Commentary on Micro- Landscape Studies in Honour of Janusz Kruk, which examines the influence and historical context of Janusz Kruk s innovative analyses of Central European micro-landscapes and the development of their settlement in later prehistory. A large number of papers concerning settlement include texts on sites and settlement networks in the Linear Pottery culture (Sarunas Milisauskas and Raymond Withlow, Lech Czerniak, Agnieszka Czekaj-Zastawny, Joanna Pyzel, and Paweł Valde-Nowak); other authors focus on various aspects of settlement in the Funnel Beaker culture (Lucyna Domańska, Jacek Forysiak, Juliusz Twardy and Seweryn Rzepecki, Doris Mischka, Marcin M. Przybyła and Krzysztof Tunia), the Globular Amphora culture (Ryszard Grygiel), the Corded Ware culture (Piotr Włodarczak) and the Trzciniec culture (Jacek Górski and Przemysław Makarowicz). Radosław Palonka discusses the settlement structure of the Pueblo culture in Utah and Colorado, U.S. The Neolithic and earlier Bronze Age settlement and economy in the eastern part of the Polish Carpathians are analysed by Andrzej Pelisiak. Economic issues are discussed further by Marek Nowak, Peter Bogucki, Jerzy Libera and Anna Zakościelna, Maria Lityńska-Zając and Aleksander Diachenka. The next group of papers focus on the natural environment as a component and background of socio-economic and cultural processes (Susanne Jahns, Jörg Christiansen, Wiebke Kirleis and Dirk Sudhaus, Ewa Madeyska, Magdalena Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, Małgorzata Rybicka and Agnieszka Wacnik, László Bartosiewicz, Halina Dobrzańska, Tomasz Kalicki and Bartłomiej Sz. Szmoniewski and Beata Golińska). The socio-cultural dimension of human development in prehistory is emphasised in papers by Nadezhda S. Kotova, Agnieszka Czekaj-Zastawny, Jacek Kabaciński and Thomas Terberger, Aleksander Kośko, Marzena Szmyt, Paweł Jarosz and Sylwester Czopek. 9

The volume closes with a group of papers whose authors (Marcin S. Przybyła, Johannes Müller, Kamil Karski and Sławomir Kadrow) examine natural environment, demography, settlement, economy and social organisation in prehistory from a more general, theoretical perspective. Sławomir Kadrow and Piotr Włodarczak

Janusz Kruk list of publications 1969 I Konferencja poświęcona metodom badań powierzchniowych w Polsce północno-zachodniej. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 21, 437 438. Grób szkieletowy kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej w Michałowicach, pow. Kraków. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 21, 399 403. Sondażowe badania wykopaliskowe w rejonie wideł Nidzicy i Sancygniówki. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 21, 57 65. Badania poszukiwawcze i weryfikacyjne w dorzeczu Dłubni. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 21, 347 373. Zagadnienie podziału, chronologii i genezy popielnic twarzowych z wczesnej epoki żelaza w Polsce. Archeologia Polski 14(1), 95 135. 1970 Strefy zasiedlenia i eksploatacji środowiska we wczesnym neolicie na lessach Niecki Nidziańskiej. In J. K. Kozłowski (ed.), Z badań nad kulturą ceramiki wstęgowej rytej (Materiały Konferencji w Nowej Hucie dn. 22 IV 1969). Kraków: Polskie Towarzystwo Archeologiczne, Oddział w Nowej Hucie, 37 48. Strefy zasiedlania i eksploatacji środowiska na obszarze zachodniej części Wyżyny Małopolskiej w neolicie. Sprawozdania z posiedzeń Komisji Oddziału PAN w Krakowie 13(2). Kraków: PWN, 409 412. Z zagadnień metodyki badań poszukiwawczych. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 22, 445 456. Badania poszukiwawcze i weryfikacyjne w górnym i środkowym dorzeczu Szreniawy. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 22, 271 294. Archaeological abstracts 1968. The Neolithic of Middle-East Europe. Poland. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 22, 468 473. Późnorzymski grzebień kościany z Opatkowic, pow. Proszowice. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 22, 405 408 (with J. Rydzewski). 1971 Próba rekonstrukcji naturalnych warunków rozwoju społeczeństw neolitycznych na obszarze lessów Niecki Nidziańskiej. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 23, 259 284. Poland. Archaeological abstracts 1969 The Neolithic of Middle-East Europe. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 23, 323 325. 1972 Archaeological abstracts 1970. The Neolithic of East-Central Europe. Poland. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 24, 479 483. 11

1972 1973 Antropogeniczne przemiany krajobrazu wyżyn lessowych w neolicie. Acta Archaeologica Carpathica 13, 109 129. 1973 Studia osadnicze nad neolitem wyżyn lessowych. Wrocław Warszawa Kraków Gdańsk: Ossolineum. (review) Anna Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa. Pleszów (Nowa Huta), osada neolityczna kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej i lendzielskiej, Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty, t. 2: 1969, s. 7 126. Archeologia Polski 18(2), 547 554. Grób kultury ceramiki sznurowej z Koniuszy, pow. Proszowice. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 25, 61 69. Konferencja poświęcona problematyce badań archeologicznych na terenach zagrożonych. Uniejów nad Wartą 27 28 IV 1972. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 25, 368 369. Archaeological abstracts 1971 The Neolithic of East-Central Europe. Poland. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 25, 310 313. 1974 Przyczynki do badań nad eneolitem Małopolski. Archeologia Polski 19(2), 279 305. 1975 Archaeological abstracts 1973 The Neolithic of East-Central Europe. Poland. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 27, 301 305. Przyczynek do metody badań poszukiwawczych. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 27, 247 254. 1976 Strefy dogodności osadniczej i modele opanowania terenu na przykładzie badań mikroregionalnych nad środkową Nidzicą. Sprawozdania z posiedzeń Komisji Naukowych Oddziału PAN w Krakowie 18(2). Kraków: PWN Oddział w Krakowie, 402 404. 1977 Radiocarbon-Datierungen aus Bronocice und ihre Bedeutung für die Zeitbestimmung der Trichterbecher-Kultur in Südost-Polen. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 7(4), 249 256 (with S. Milisauskas). Archaeological excavations at the Funnel Beaker (TRB) site of Bronocice. Archaeologia Polona 18, 5 228 (with S. Milisauskas). 1978 The Distribution of Linear Pottery Culture. Proposed Model. Godišnjak 16, 125 138. Bronocice. Neolithic Settlement in Southeastern Poland. Archaeology 31(6), 42 52 (with S. Milisauskas). 1979 Befestigungen der späten Polgár-Kultur bei Bronocice (Polen). Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 9(1), 9 13 (with S. Milisauskas). Z badań nad geografią osadnictwa neolitycznego w dorzeczu górnej Wisły. Prace Komisji Nauk Humanistycznych. Oddział PAN we Wrocławiu. Wrocław: Ossolineum, 137 152. 12

1980 The Neolithic settlement of southern Poland (= British Archaeological Reports. International Series 93). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports Limited. Układ przestrzenny kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej. Próba modelu. Sprawozdania z posiedzeń Komisji Naukowych Oddziału PAN w Krakowie 21(2). Wrocław: Ossolineum, 7 9. Próba określenia podstawowych cech sieci osadniczej niektórych kultur neolitu. Sprawozdania z posiedzeń Komisji Naukowych Oddziału PAN w Krakowie 22(1). Wrocław: Ossolineum, 2 4. Gospodarka zwierzęca neolitu. Zagadnienie struktury. Sprawozdania z posiedzeń Komisji Naukowych Oddziału PAN w Krakowie 22(1). Wrocław: Ossolineum, 5 6. Ze studiów nad gospodarką roślinną neolitu. Sprawozdania z posiedzeń Komisji Naukowych Oddziału PAN w Krakowie 22(1). Wrocław: Ossolineum, 8 10. Gospodarka w Polsce południowo-wschodniej w V III tysiącleciu p.n.e. Wrocław: Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej PAN. Remarks on Studies Concerning the Geography of Settlement of Prehistoric Communities. In R. Schild (ed.), Unconventional archaeology. Wrocław Warszawa Kraków Gdańsk: Ossolineum, 17 32. Einige Fragen der Ökonomik des früheren Neolithikums der Lösshochebenen. In J. K. Kozłowski and J. Machnik (eds.), Problémes de la neolithisation dans certaines régions de l Europe (= Prace Komisji Archeologicznej PAN O/Kraków 21). Wrocław: Ossolineum, 139 149. 1981 Kilka uwag o znaczeniu poszukiwań powierzchniowych w badaniach nad geografią osadnictwa pradziejowego. In M. Konopka (ed.), Zdjęcie Archeologiczne Polski (= Biblioteka Muzealnictwa i Ochrony Zabytków B 66). Warszawa: Ministerstwo Kultury i Sztuki, Generalny Konserwator Zabytków, 115 1. Projekt założeń metodyczno-organizacyjnych archeologicznego zdjęcia ziem polskich. In M. Konopka (ed.), Zdjęcie Archeologiczne Polski (= Biblioteka Muzealnictwa i Ochrony Zabytków B 66). Warszawa: Ministerstwo Kultury i Sztuki, Generalny Konserwator Zabytków, 22 27 (with A. Kempisty, S. Kurnatowski, R. Mazurowski, J. Okulicz, T. Rysiewska and S. Wojda). Z badań nad gospodarką społeczności kultury pucharów lejkowatych w dorzeczu górnej Wisły. In T. Wiślański (ed.), Kultura pucharów lejkowatych w Polsce (studia i materiały). Poznań: Polska Akademia Nauk, Oddział w Poznaniu, 259 277. Uwagi o rolnictwie neolitycznym w dorzeczu górnej Wisły. Acta Archaeologica Carpathica 21, 213 225. Chronology of Funnel Beaker, Baden-like and Lublin-Volynian Settlements at Bronocice, Poland. Germania 59(1), 1 19 (with S. Milisauskas). Wyżynne osiedle neolityczne w Bronocicach, woj. kieleckie. Archeologia Polski 26(1), 65 113 (with S. Milisauskas). 1982 Próba szczegółowej charakterystyki niektórych aspektów neolitycznej hodowli zwierząt (Na podstawie materiału kostnego z osady kultury pucharów lejkowatych w Ćmielowie, woj. tarnobrzeskie). Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 33, 219 232 (with D. Makowicz-Poliszot). W sprawie archeologicznego zdjęcia terenu. Głos w dyskusji na poszerzonym zebraniu redakcji Sprawozdań Archeologicznych w dniu 8 X 1980. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 33, 241 243. 13

Die Wagendarstellung auf einem Trichterbecher aus Bronocice in Polen. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 12(2), 141 144 (with S. Milisauskas). A Multiple Neolithic Burial at Bronocice, Poland. Germania 60(1), 211 216 (with S. Milisauskas). 1982 1983 (review) Magdalena Ralska-Jasiewiczowa. Late-Glacial and Holocene Vegetation of the Bieszczady Mts. (Polish Eastern Carpathians), Warszawa 1980. Acta Archaeologica Carpathica 22, 281 284. 1983 Wczesne rolnictwo i jego wpływ na kształtowanie środowiska naturalnego wyżyn lessowych. In Przewodnik konferencji nt. Późnovistuliańskie i holoceńskie zmiany środowiska geograficznego na obszarach lessowych Wyżyny Miechowskiej i Opatowsko-Sandomierskiej. Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski, 21 35. Neolityczny kompleks osadniczy w Bronocicach, woj. kieleckie. In Przewodnik Konferencji nt. Późnovistuliańskie i holoceńskie zmiany środowiska geograficznego na obszarach lessowych Wyżyny Miechowskiej i Opatowsko-Sandomierskiej. Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski, 53 58 (with S. Milisauskas). Zarys rozwoju rolnictwa neolitycznego w środowisku dorzecza górnej Wisły. In J. K. Kozłowski, S. K. Kozłowski (eds.), Człowiek i środowisko w pradziejach. Warszawa: PWN, 267 275. Chronologia absolutna osadnictwa neolitycznego z Bronocic, woj. kieleckie. Archeologia Polski 28(2), 257 312 (with S. Milisauskas). Roślinność potencjalna jako metoda rekonstrukcji naturalnych warunków rozwoju społeczności pradziejowych. Archeologia Polski 28(1), 19 50 (with L. Przywara). 1984 W kręgu zagadnień gospodarki pradziejowej (uwagi na marginesie Archeologických rozhledów, t. 23: 1981, z. 2). Archeologia Polski 29(1), 151 160. Społeczności neolityczne jako czynnik zmian w środowisku naturalnym. In Komitet Badań Czwartorzędu PAN. Uniwersytet Śląski Materiały z konferencji w Katowicach. Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski, 21 34. Grób niszowy kultury ceramiki sznurowej z Bronocic, woj. kieleckie. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 36, 29 38 (with S. Milisauskas). (review), G. Kossack, G. Harck, J. Newig, D. Hoffmann, H. Wilkomm, F. R. Averdieck, J. Reichstein, Arschsum auf Sylt. Teil 1. Einfürung in Forschungsverlauf und Landschaftsgeschichte. Römisch-Germanische Forschungen, t. 39. Moguncja 1980. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 36, 311 313. Settlement Organization and the Appearance of Low Level Hierarchical Societies during the Neolithic in the Bronocice Microregion, Southeastern Poland. Germania 62(1), 1 30 (with S. Milisauskas). 1985 Kontrowersje botaniczne (w związku z uwagami krytycznymi dr M. Borowik-Dąbrowskiej). Archeologia Polski 30(2), 438 456. (review) J. M. Howell, Settlement and economy in the Neolithic Northern France, BAR International Series 157, Oxford 1983. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 37, 303 304. 14

(review) A. Sherratt (red.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge London New York New Rochelle Melbourne Sydney 1980. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 37, 304 305. (review) H. Knöll, Die Megalithgräber von Lengerich-Wechte (Kreis Steinfurt), Bodenaltertümer Westfaliens 21. Münster 1983. Acta Archaeologica Carpathica 24, 225 226. Bronocice. Osiedle obronne ludności kultury lubelsko-wołyńskiej (2800 2700 lat p.n.e.). Wrocław: Ossolineum (with S. Milisauskas). 1986 (review), E. Neustupný, Demografie pravěkých pohřebišt, Archeologický ustav CSAV, Praha 1983. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 38, 345 348. 1987 Społeczność ludzka z III tysiąclecia p.n.e. na wyżynach lessowych (mikroregion osadniczy w dorzeczu środkowej Nidzicy). Sprawozdania z posiedzeń Komisji Naukowych Oddziału PAN w Krakowie 29(1 2). Wrocław: Ossolineum, 351 352. Wczesne rolnictwo i jego wpływ na kształtowanie środowiska naturalnego wyżyn lessowych dorzecza górnej Wisły. In J. Jersak (ed.), Wybrane zagadnienia paleogeografii czwartorzędu holocen (= Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach 712). Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski, 7 24. 1988 System wymiany i rozwój struktur społecznych w eneolicie dorzecza górnej Wisły. Sprawozdania z posiedzeń Komisji Naukowych Oddziału PAN w Krakowie 30(1 2). Wrocław: Ossolineum, 26 27. Zur Wirtschaft der Jungsteinzeit auf den Lössanhöhen des Oberweichselgebietes. Slovenská Archeológia 36(1), 141 151 The history of colonization of both the Vistula river valley and the loess covered uplands. In Lateglacial and Holocene environmental changes, Vistula Basin 1988, Excursion Guide Book. Kraków: Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, 44 46. Environmental changes in the loess-covered uplands due to man s activity. The Bronocice Site. In Lateglacial and Holocene environmental changes, Vistula Basin 1988, Excursion Guide Book. Kraków: Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, 66 70 (with Z. Śnieszko). 1989 Economy, migration, settlement organization and warfare during the Late Neolithic in Southeastern Poland. Germania 67(1), 77 96 (with S. Milisauskas). Neolithic economy in Central Europe. Journal of World Prehistory 3[4], 403 446 (with S. Milisauskas). Das System des Austausches und die Entwicklung der Sozialstrukturen in Äneolithikum des Flußgebietes der oberen Weichsel. In M. Richter (ed.), Das Äneolithikum und die früheste Bronzezeit in Mitteleuropa C 14 3000 00 b.c. in Mitteleuropa: kulturelle und chronologische Beziehungen (= Praehistorica 15). Praha: Univerzita Karlova, 151 156 (with S. Milisauskas). 1990 Osadnictwo pra- i wczesnodziejowe na Wyżynie Krakowskiej. In J. Partyka (ed.), Jurajskie Parki Krajobrazowe województwa krakowskiego. Informator krajoznawczy. Kraków, 10 18. 15

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On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin Susanne Jahns *, Jörg Christiansen **, Wiebke Kirleis ***, Dirk Sudhaus **** Abstract Jahns S., Christiansen J., Kirleis W. and Sudhaus D. 13. On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin. In S. Kadrow and P. Włodarczak (eds.), Environment and subsistence forty years after Janusz Kruk s Settlement studies (= Studien zur Archäologie in Ostmitteleuropa / Studia nad Pradziejami Europy Środkowej 11). Rzeszów, Bonn: Institute of Archaeology UR & Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, 311 330. A comparison of 72 pollen diagrams from the city state of Berlin and the state of Brandenburg (which surrounds Berlin) gives an overview of the postglacial development of woodlands in this region. The diagrams show clear distinctions in the composition of the woodlands in different landscapes differences that, it is argued, are related to environmental conditions. Especially conspicuous is the uneven distribution of hazel in the Boreal and the varying proportions of common beech, hornbeam and pine in the Early Subatlantic. The overview is followed by a short summary of human impact on the vegetation. Key words: Pollen analysis, vegetation history, eastern Germany, Holocene An outline of Holocene vegetation development in Brandenburg and Berlin Numerous palynological investigations carried out in the state of Brandenburg and the city state of Berlin (which Brandenburg surrounds) show the development of woodland during the Postglacial (see Fig. 1, Table 1). The Late Glacial (c. 12700 9500 B.C.), the period after the end of the last glaciation, was characterized by alternating warm and cold periods. The Late Glacial pollen records of Brandenburg are summarized by Strahl * Brandenburgisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologisches Landesmuseum, Wünsdorfer Platz 4-5, D-15806 Zossen OT Wünsdorf, Germany; susanne.jahns@bldam-brandenburg.de ** Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Albrechtv.-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Abteilung für Palynologie, Wilhelm-Weber-Str. 2a, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany; J.Christiansen@biologie.unigoettingen.de *** Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Johanna-Mestorf-Straße 2-6, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; wiebke.kirleis@ufg.uni-kiel.de **** Friedhofstrasse 6, D-17291 Prenzlau, Germany; dirk.sudhaus@gmx.de (05). The first interval with true woodland cover was the Allerød (c. 11700 10700 B.C.). These woods were formed by birch (Betula) and later also by pine (Pinus). The last climatic setback, the Younger Dryas, covered a time span of more than 1000 years. In this period, light and open insular stands of woodland (pine and birch) with juniper and a ground cover of grasses and herbaceous vegetation grew in the area of Brandenburg (Brande 1980). In the more southern landscapes, pine was more abundant than in the areas further north (Theuerkauf and Joosten 12). Around 9600 B.C., the mean annual temperature rose significantly, which had a serious impact on the flora and fauna. In the first Holocene period, pollen zone IV, Preboreal, after Firbas (1949), denser pine and birch forest spread. But although it was denser than in the Younger Dryas, this woodland still had an open character, which, in the subsequent period, the Boreal (V), allowed for S. Jahns, J. Christiansen, W. Kirleis, D. Sudhaus On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin 311

Fig. 1. Map showing the location of the sampled sites in Brandenburg and Berlin. a noticeable spread of hazel bushes in most areas of Brandenburg. Contemporaneously, the first thermophilous broad-leafed trees immigrated into the area. Starting around 7300 B.C., a mixed woodland of pine, oak, elm, lime and ash covered the landscape of Brandenburg and Berlin. This period, the Atlantic (VI, VII), coincides with the so-called postglacial climatic optimum, when mean annual temperatures were higher than today. In the Atlantic period, the groundwater table rose, which enabled alder woods to spread in the low-lying areas. These alder woods were characteristic of moist habitats until the widespread forest clearances of the High Medieval period, which took place by the 11 th century at the latest. Until then, climate and the succession of tree migrations were the main factors in the development of woodlands. But within this period of mixed oak woodland, starting around 5300 B.C., Neolithic farming started to gradually replace the hunter and gatherer way of life of the Mesolithic period. From this point onward, human cultural development was an increasingly important factor in the composition of woodlands. In the middle Neolithic, common beech migrated into the area, and 312 S. Jahns, J. Christiansen, W. Kirleis, D. Sudhaus On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin

Table 1. Sites selected for this study No. Site Reference 1 Rudower See Jahns et al. i.p. 2 Rambower Moor/Ra Jahns et al. i.p. 3 Rambower Moor/Bb-96 Jahns et al. i.p. 4 Rambower Moor/Bb-98 Christiansen 08; Jahns et al. i.p. 5 Bergsoll Helle Jahns, unpubl. 6 Mendeluch Jeschke and Lange 04 7 Binenwalde Kloss, unpubl. 8 Wittwesee Jahns and Kirleis, unpubl. 9 Großer Stechlinsee Zerbe et al. 00; Brande 03 10 Stolpsee Jahns, unpubl. 11 Unter-Ückersee Jahns 01 12 Moor am Großen Hueck 1928 Prüßnicksee 13 Großer Lubowsee Benrath and Jonas 1937 14 Felchowsee Jahns 00 15 Serwest Müller 1967 16 Plagefenn Hein 1931 17 Chorin Jagen 103a Süd Hesmer 1933 18 Schäferpfuhl Müller 1966 19 Leckerpfuhl Müller 1966; Endtmann 1998 Großer Krebssee Jahns 00 21 Schlangenpfuhl Kloss 1994 22 Äppelbruch Müller 1961 23 Baasee Hesmer 1933 24 Lattsee Scamoni and Lange 1990 25 Pichenmoor Scamoni and Lange 1990 26 Gabelsee Jahns and Münch 08 27 Friesack Fr 82/7 and Kloss 1987 Fr 77/2 28 Schwanengrabenrinne Wolters 02 29 Kienfenn Wolters 02 30 Jungfernfenn Wolters 02 31 Lindenfenn Wolters 02 32 Schwarzes Fenn Wolters 02 33 Weidenkuhle Wolters 02 34 Kleiner Rohrpfuhl Brande 1980 35 Breitlingsee Brande 06; Jahns 09; Kloss, unpubl. 36 Langes Fenn/Ferch Wolters 1999 No. Site Reference 37 Mittelbusch Wolf 04 38 Ravensberge Kloss, unpubl. 39 Moosfenn Müller 1969 40 Langes Fenn/ Müller 1971 Wilhelmshorst 41 Großes Fenn Hein 1931 42 Sacrower See Enters et al. 10 43 Rangsdorfer See de Klerk, unpubl. 44 Kienberger Rinne KBR 3 Sudhaus, unpubl. 45 Pechsee Brande 1978 46 Teufelsfenn Hein 1931 47 Postfenn Böcker et al. 1986 48 Tegeler See Brande 1996, 10 49 Teufelsbruch Müller 1965; Brande 1995 Nebenmoor 50 Müggelsee Herzschuh 1999 51 Teufelssee Müller 1971 52 Paddenpfuhl Müller 1971 53 Fauler See/Rauen Müller 1971 54 Drahendorf Schulz and Strahl 1997 55 Wiesenau Kloss, unpubl. 56 Kupferhammer Müller 1971 57 Großer Treppelsee Giesecke 1999 58 Friedländer Tal Lange and Liebetrau 1973 59 Schuhlen-Wiese Illig and Lange 1992 60 Klingelluch Müller et al. 1971 61 Luchsee Lange et al. 1978 62 Kleiner Mochowsee Jahns 1999 63 Weißes Lauch Jahns, Sudhaus and Tabares, unpubl. 64 Calpenzmoor Hesmer 1933 65 Pastlingsee Sudhaus, unpubl. 66 Grabkower Seewiesen Jahns and Sudhaus, unpubl. 67 Maschnetzlauch Jahns and Sudhaus, unpubl. 68 Torfteich Grabkow Jahns and Sudhaus, unpubl. 69 Groß Lieskow Bittmann and Pasda 1999; Begemann 00 70 Merzdorf 31 Jahns 04 71 Leipe Brande et al. 07 72 Egelinde Brande 07 soon afterwards also hornbeam. Around 4000 B.C., the stands of elm decreased dramatically, possibly as the result of a fungal disease. This elm decline characterizes the transition from the Atlantic to the Subboreal (VIII). Around 00 B.C., climatic cooling coincides with the beginning of the Bronze Age in Brandenburg. Perhaps this climatic development favoured the further spread of common beech and hornbeam in the Subboreal. Furthermore, both taxa may also have been aided by human impact. They reached their highest proportion during the Iron Age. In terms of woodland history, this is the Older Subatlantic (IX). It began c. 800 B.C., and is contemporaneous with a further cooling S. Jahns, J. Christiansen, W. Kirleis, D. Sudhaus On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin 313

phase, which resulted in, among other things, a decline of hazel and lime. The maximum spread of common beech and hornbeam in the Berlin and Brandenburg area occurred during the younger part of Zone IX, around 500 1000 A.D., with only a few exceptions (see Brande 1994). In this period, the re-immigration of trees after the end of the Weichselian was complete insofar that the most abundant tree species had arrived in the area and the woodland composition had adjusted to an ecological equilibrium. In the early (Slavic) Medieval period, larger open spaces in the woods were mostly still restricted to the immediate surroundings of settlements. By the 12 th century at the latest, most woodland was transformed into arable land or pasture land, known botanically as the Younger Subatlantic (X). During the High Medieval period and at the onset of modern times, most landscapes were nearly devoid of woods as a result of unregulated use of the forest stands. In the 18 th century, systematic forestry was initiated in Brandenburg with the extensive planting of pine, which is nowadays the most abundant tree in that region. In the 19 th century, such neophytes as robinia and American red oak spread frequently in some areas. The development of woodlands, as outlined above, shows regional patterns as a result of the climatic, edaphic and hydrological conditions in the different landscapes. These patterns are reflected in the pollen diagrams. However, due to the size variation in the catchments of the different pollen archives, the pollen diagrams are not strictly comparable, as small pollen archives emphasize the local vegetation more than larger ones. Furthermore, the advancement of standards in pollen analysis over more than eighty years of research must be taken into consideration. Nevertheless, regional tendencies can be discerned 1. Characteristics of vegetation development in different landscapes In the Preboreal (IV), mainly birch (Betula) and pine (Pinus) grew in the area of Berlin and Brandenburg. The following period, the Boreal (V), is characterized by a mass expansion of hazel (Corylus). The frequency of the hazel, however, varies regionally. In most landscapes the pollen diagrams show maximum values of hazel in the Boreal (see Fig. 2). In the south-eastern area, however, a different picture is displayed. There, hazel mostly spreads without a maximum (see Fig. 3). This holds true for stands within the area of the Brandenburg Stage of the Weichselian, where the glaciers reached their southernmost margin, as well as for stands within the old moraines in Lower Lusitania (Fig. 4). One exception is found on the Horno plateau, north of the town of Cottbus, where the pollen diagrams from Weisses Lauch, Pastlingsee and Maschnetzlauch (Fig. 1, No. 63, 65 and 67; Fig. 5) show a small hazel maximum. Whether this uneven distribution of the Boreal hazel maximum is due to the soil quality or the water supply has to be investigated further. In the Atlantic period (VI/VII), all pollen diagrams show a relatively consistent picture of woodlands of oak (Quercus) and pine (Pinus), mixed with elm (Ulmus), lime (Tilia) and ash (Fraxinus). This seeming uniformity could be due to the fact that the two indigenous oak species growing in Brandenburg, sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and common oak (Quercus robur) which occur in different ecological habitats cannot be distinguished palynologically. However, the other tree taxa mentioned above do not show varying proportions, either. The only exception is alder (Alnus), which, as a local element growing in moist habitats, is represented differently according to the size of such localities (Figs. 6 11). In the Younger Atlantic (VII) and the Subboreal (VIII), common beech (Fagus) and hornbeam (Carpinus) immigrated into the Brandenburg and Berlin area. The earliest evidence comes from the south-eastern and central parts of Brandenburg and from Berlin, where common beech is continuously present in some pollen diagrams starting as early as the Younger Atlantic (see Figs. 6 and 7). Further to the north, common beech appears later (Figs. 8 11). Hornbeam came to the Brandenburg area a little bit later. As 1 The pollen diagrams show percentages based on the total pollen sum excluding the local components Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Alnus (exaggeration 5 marked in grey). 314 S. Jahns, J. Christiansen, W. Kirleis, D. Sudhaus On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin

700 Rambower Moor/Ra (No. 2) Depth (cm) Pinus Betula Corylus Quercus Ulmus Tilia Fraxinus Alnus Fagus Pollen zones VII (Firbas 1949, Brande 1978) 750 800 VI 850 900 Vb 950 1000 1050 % 40 60 40 40 Va IV 40 analys. J. Christiansen Fig. 2. Pollen diagram Rambower Moor/Ra, Prignitz (selected taxa), showing vegetation development of the early and middle Holocene (Fig. 1, No. 2). Age 0 Merzdorf 31 (No. 70) Depth (cm) Pinus Betula Corylus Quercus Ulmus Tilia Fraxinus Alnus Fagus Pollen zones VII (Firbas 1949, Brande 1978) B.C. 6350 B.C. 7340 50 VI B.C. 8170 V 100 B.C. 9260 150 IV 0 250 300 % 40 60 80 100 40 60 40 analys. S. Jahns Fig. 3. Pollen diagram Merzdorf 31, Lower Lusitania (selected taxa), showing vegetation development of the early and middle Holocene (Fig. 1, No. 70). S. Jahns, J. Christiansen, W. Kirleis, D. Sudhaus On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin 315

Fig. 4. Distribution of the Boreal hazel maximum in Brandenburg and Berlin. a general feature, it can be observed that hornbeam was most abundant during the Migration period (c. A.D. 375 600). In the Older Subatlantic (IX), which was the period of the largest distribution of common beech and hornbeam, the proportion of these trees, although always high, does vary a clear indicator of differences related to habitat conditions (Figs. 12 and 13). With the exception of these local variations, the 72 pollen diagrams yield the following picture: in the south-eastern and central parts of Brandenburg and in the Berlin area, common beech and hornbeam are represented by relatively low values. Consequently pine, which, as a light-demanding tree, is hampered in its growth by a closed canopy, is continuously present in high frequencies in the whole Older Subatlantic period (Fig. 14). The pollen diagrams from the Döberitzer Heide and from Kleiner Rohrpfuhl (Fig. 1, No. 28 34) in central Brandenburg and Berlin are an exception. There, pine declines in the Younger Subatlantic, although common beech and hornbeam are not abundantly present. In Berlin and most areas of central Brandenburg, common beech displays higher or equal values than hornbeam. The excep- 316 S. Jahns, J. Christiansen, W. Kirleis, D. Sudhaus On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin

680 Depth (cm) Pastlingsee (No. 65) Pinus Betula Corylus Quercus Ulmus Tilia Fraxinus Alnus Fagus Pollen zones (Firbas 1949, Brande 1978) VII 700 7 VI 740 Vb 760 780 % 40 60 80 40 40 Va 40 analys. D. Sudhaus Fig. 5. Pollen diagram Pastlingsee, Lower Lusitania (selected taxa), showing vegetation development of the early and middle Holocene (Fig. 1, No. 65). Age 1270 A.D. 700 A.D. 0 50 Pastlingsee (No. 65) Quercus Depth (cm) Ulmus Tilia Fraxinus Fagus Carpinus Pinus Corylus Betula Alnus Pollen zones X (Firbas 1949, Brande 1978) 6 A.D. 100 150 0 250 IX 300 B.C. 960 350 400 450 B.C. 30 500 550 VIII 600 650 700 750 % 40 60 80 40 40 VII 40 60 analys. D. Sudhaus Fig. 6. Pollen diagram Pastlingsee, Lower Lusitania (selected taxa), showing vegetation development of the middle and late Holocene (Fig. 1, No. 65). S. Jahns, J. Christiansen, W. Kirleis, D. Sudhaus On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin 317

Fig. 7. Pollen diagram Breitlingsee, Havelland (selected taxa), showing vegetation development of the middle and late Holocene (Fig. 1, No. 35). 830 A.D. Age 0 100 0 Breitlingsee (No. 35) Quercus Depth (cm) Ulmus Tilia Fraxinus Fagus Carpinus Pinus Corylus Betula Alnus Pollen zones X (Firbas 1949, Brande 1978) 300 400 IX 500 600 700 800 VIII B.C. 3600 B.C. 3800 900 1000 1100 10 1300 1400 VII 1500 1600 B.C.6500 1700 1800 VI 1900 % 40 60 40 40 analys. S. Jahns Fig. 8. Pollen diagram Felchowsee, southern Uckermark (selected taxa), showing vegetation development of the middle and late Holocene (Fig. 1, No. 14). Age 530 A.D. 50 Felchowsee (No. 14) Quercus Depth (cm) Ulmus Tilia Fraxinus Fagus Carpinus Pinus Corylus Betula Alnus Pollen zones X (Firbas 1949, Brande 1978) B.C 100 B.C. 2 100 150 IX B.C. 1260 0 B.C. 2170 250 300 VIII B.C. 3150 350 400 B.C. 3740 B.C. 40 450 500 VII B.C. 5900 B.C. 6930 550 600 % 40 40 60 80 40 VI 40 analys. S. Jahns 318 S. Jahns, J. Christiansen, W. Kirleis, D. Sudhaus On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin

Age 100 Unter-Ückersee (No. 11) Depth (cm) Quercus Ulmus Tilia Fraxinus Fagus Carpinus Pinus Corylus Betula Alnus Pollen zones X (Firbas 1949, Brande 1978) 150 B.C. 0 B.C. 680 0 IX B.C. 830 250 300 B.C. 12 350 B.C. 2250 B.C. 2600 B.C. 2750 400 450 500 % 40 40 60 80 40 40 40 VIII analys. S. Jahns Fig. 9. Pollen diagram Unter-Ückersee, Uckermark (selected taxa), showing vegetation development of the middle and late Holocene (Fig. 1, No. 11). Age 0 Wittwesee (No. 8) Depth (cm) Quercus Ulmus Tilia Fraxinus Fagus Carpinus Pinus Corylus Betula Alnus Pollen zones (Firbas 1949, Brande 1978) 100 X 0 160 A.D. 300 IX 400 500 600 700 VIII 800 900 B.C. 4460 B.C. 7550 1000 1100 10 1300 1400 % 40 40 60 VII VI 40 40 analys. S. Jahns, W. Kirleis Fig. 10. Pollen diagram Wittwesee, Neustrelitzer Kleinseengebiet (selected taxa), showing vegetation development of the middle and late Holocene (Fig. 1, No. 8). S. Jahns, J. Christiansen, W. Kirleis, D. Sudhaus On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin 319

Fig. 11. Pollen diagram Rudower See, Prignitz (selected taxa), showing vegetation development of the middle and late Holocene (Fig. 1, No. 1). Age 0 Rudower See (No. 1) Depth (cm) Quercus Ulmus Tilia Fraxinus Fagus Carpinus Pinus Corylus Betula Alnus Pollen zones (Firbas 1949, Brande 1978) 50 X 100 150 0 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 IX B.C. 2400 B.C. 2670 VIII B.C. 3500 B.C. 4140 700 750 800 % 40 40 60 40 40 60 VII analys. J. Christiansen, S. Jahns tion is a pollen diagram from Sacrower See (Fig. 1, No. 42), where hornbeam prevailed. In the eastern and south-eastern parts of Brandenburg, hornbeam regularly occurs more frequently than common beech; however, both species display only low values in the pollen diagrams. One reason for the minor spread of these two tree species in the southern and central parts of Brandenburg and in Berlin may be low precipitation. All sampled sites are located in landscapes with an annual rainfall of < 600 mm, mostly even < 550 mm. The exception is the only southerly pollen diagram, from Egelinde (Fig. 1, No. 72), which shows a large proportion of common beech in the woodland of the Older Subatlantic and a consequent decrease of pine. This site is located in the Hoher Fläming, where precipitation amounts to > 600 mm, which is favourable for common beech. Another reason for the low values of common beech and hornbeam in southern and central Brandenburg, and in Berlin, is the poor quality of soils in the area of the Brandenburg stage of the Weichselian and in the southern Brandenburg old moraine area. As for the varying abundance of common beech and hornbeam, the comparatively low winter temperatures in south-eastern Brandenburg are another limiting factor for the growth of common beech. Hornbeam profited from the climatic conditions there, as this species does not suffer as much from heavy frost as does common beech. In northern Brandenburg, the proportion of common beech and mostly also of hornbeam in the Subatlantic was distinctly higher than in the south. This holds true also for the easternmost part, although there, the annual precipitation of < 500 mm is markedly low. Maybe the more extensive distribution of fertile soils in the easternmost part compensates for these disadvantageous climatic conditions. As a result of the high proportion of common beech and hornbeam, a strong decrease in pine is visible in nearly all pollen diagrams. These light-demanding trees were hampered by the closed canopy of the stands of common beech and hornbeam. Exceptions are the sites Schäferpfuhl, Leckerpfuhl, Schlangenpfuhl and Äppelbruch (Fig. 1, No. 18, 19, 21 and 22) which are located on sites where sandy soils prevail. Here the values for pine do not decline significantly. From east to west in northern Brandenburg, a clear differentiation in the composition of the woodland can be shown. In the pollen diagrams from the landscapes furthest to the east, hornbeam occurs more abundantly. These are the areas with the lowest precipitation and the most continental 3 S. Jahns, J. Christiansen, W. Kirleis, D. Sudhaus On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin

climate. So far, there are no pollen diagrams in which hornbeam prevails; its proportion is mostly slightly less than or equal to that of common beech. In the Ücker valley, common beech grew distinctly more frequently than hornbeam (Fig. 1, No. 11; Fig. 9). Possibly, common beech profited from the fertile soils of the northern Uckermark. In the Neustrelitzer Kleinseengebiet, common beech also occurred in greater proportions, although the soils in this area are of poorer quality (Fig. 1, No. 7 10). The abundance of common beech in this area could be due to the comparably high precipitation of > 600 mm. In the westernmost part of Brandenburg, hornbeam once again displays high values, mostly even higher than common beech (Fig. 1, No. 1 6). The same phenomenon can be observed in the Wendland area on the western bank of the River Elbe (Lesemann 1969). The reasons for the abundant occurrence of hornbeam in this area are, in our opinion, not yet resolved. According to the pollen diagrams, the almost uniform forests of common beech shown in the maps of the potential natural vegetation by Krausch (1999) and Hofmann & Pommer (05) for northern Brandenburg Fig. 12. Frequencies of common beech and hornbeam in the Older Subatlantic in Brandenburg and Berlin. S. Jahns, J. Christiansen, W. Kirleis, D. Sudhaus On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin 321

Fig. 13. Ratio of hornbeam and common beech in the Older Subatlantic in Brandenburg and Berlin. did not exist in the Older Subatlantic. Common beech was nowhere the dominant tree in this period, although it was an important constituent of mixed oak woodland. Pine was not important in northern Brandenburg in the Older Subatlantic (Fig. 14). The lowest values for pine are shown in pollen diagrams from the Prignitz, in the northwestern-most area of Brandenburg (Fig. 1, 1 6). The Prignitz is apparently part of the transitional area to the woodland type of the north-western German lowlands, where, since the Older Subatlantic, the natural occurrence of pine was restricted to special habitats. In the Medieval period and in modern times, woodlands were transformed into an open cultural landscape throughout the area of Brandenburg and Berlin. Furthermore, the anthropogenic increase in pine can be observed. 322 S. Jahns, J. Christiansen, W. Kirleis, D. Sudhaus On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin

A small excursion on human impact as reflected in the pollen diagrams of Brandenburg Fig. 14. Frequencies of pine in the Older Subatlantic in Brandenburg and Berlin. Human impact is visible in the pollen diagrams from Brandenburg starting in the Neolithic period. Evidence from the early Neolithic is rare. So far, the activities of the first farmers, the Linear Band Pottery culture, have not shown up in Brandenburg pollen diagrams. However, their agriculture is evidenced by finds of charred grains of emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum) (Hahn-Weißhaupt & Jahns, unpubl.), as well as imprints of emmer and einkorn (Triticum monococcum) in ceramic sherds from this period (Kroll, unpubl.). However, the middle and late Neolithic periods are distinct in several pollen diagrams (see, for example, Jahns 00). Apart from cereal pollen grains, these periods are characterized by high values for ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata), a prominent weed in Neolithic agriculture. Some diagrams also show a decline in lime in the middle Neolithic, which indicates the clearance and use of the most fertile soils for agriculture (see S. Jahns, J. Christiansen, W. Kirleis, D. Sudhaus On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin 323