Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, t. XXV, 1973 ZENON WOŹNIAK A SURVEY OF THE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE BRONZE AND IRON AGE SITES IN POLAND IN 1972 \ The Lusatian culture In 1972 systematic excavations were conducted of over 50 sites from various phases of the Lusatian culture in all parts of Poland. The sites included 18 cemeteries, 5 fortified places and a large number of open settlements. Some sites were investigated by means of area-excavation, supplemented by specialistic analyses, whereas on others only small-scale digging was carried out. The excavations of some Lusatian cemeteries yielded interesting results. During the 17th season of investigations at Kietrz (34), Głubczyce distr. (M. Gedl and team, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków) the oldest part of the cemetery was explored, revealing 170 or so cremations of the urn and pit type, mostly from Bronze Age III (after Montelius) and a few from Bronze Age IV; 18 cremations are remarkable for the size of their pits, oriented along the E W line. Very important for the problems posed by the earliest Lusatian phase were the results of the excavations at Zbrojewsko (57), Kłobuck distr. (M. Gedl and team, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków) where.33 cremation graves (in urns and pits) from Bronze Age III as well as 3 inhumations and 1 burial in pit from Bronze Age V were revealed. From the zone with bi-ritual cemeteries which characterize the border-area between Upper Silesia and Little Poland the following sites claim attention: Opatów (58), Kłobuck distr. (K. Godłowski, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków) 68 graves from Bronze Age III V, including 21 pit burials, 16 urn burials and 27 inhumations (mostly from Bronze Age V, some from Bronze Age III); in agreement with the custom current in this region the graves were with heads to S (SE) and were paved with stones; attention should be drawn to grave 1109 with an uncremated skull and remains of the other cremated parts arranged in anatomical order; Świbie (36), Gliwice distr. site 16 (H. Wojciechowska, Muzeum, Gliwice) 18 inhumations and 5 cremations from the Hallstatt period; Jankowice (41), Chrzanów distr. (M. Popko, Muzeum, Chrzanów) 9 graves from Bronze Age V and the Hallstatt period (inhumations and cremations), including 1 grave with two skeletons lying side by side. Also worthy of note are the investigations of two cemeteries of the Tarnobrzeg group of the Lusatian culture: Bachórz-Chodorówka (49), Brzozów distr. (M. Gedl and team, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków), where during the 9th season of excavation a further 50 cremation graves (total, nearly 700), mostly in urns, from Bronze Age IV, and a hearth (presumably the base of a cremation pyre) were revealed; and Furmany (51), Tarnobrzeg distr. (E. Szarek-Waszkowska, Muzeum Okręgowe, Rzeszów) 50 urn graves from Bronze Age V and an inhumation from Bronze Age III.
268 ZENON WOŹNIAK In central Poland the following cemeteries should be mentioned: Niechmirów (22), Sieradz distr. (A. Kufel-Dzierzgowska, Muzeum, Sieradz) 34 urn graves under stone pavements, Bronze Age IV V; Świnice-Kolonia (23), Łęczyca distr. (Z. Kaszewski, Muzeum Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne, Łódź) 50 graves in urns and pits. Bronze Age IV. In Great Poland attention should be called to the cemetery at Wieleń (17), Czarnków distr. (D. Durczewski, Konserwator Zabytków Archeologicznych, Poznań), where 29 graves (in urns and pits) from Bronze Age IV V and a hearth have come to light. Map showing important archaeological sites of the Bronze and Iron Age, investigated in 1972. Number of the point of the map correspond to the number after the place-names in text. In Pomerania excavations were continued of the barrow-grave cemetery from Bronze Age IV V at Siemirowice (3), Lębork distr. (A. Szymańska, Muzeum Archeologiczne, Gdańsk), where 5 barrows from Bronze Age IV V with one or two stone circles, and with urn and pit (?) graves below were explored. The complex investigations conducted at Woryty (15), Olsztyn distr. (J. Dąbrow
SURVEY OF THE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE BRONZE AND IRON AGE 269 ski and team, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej PAN, Warszawa), included the excavations of a further part of the cemetery from Bronze Age IV VI, revealing 30 cremation burials; moreover, 2 settlement sites contemporary with the cemetery were investigated (in all 42 features were uncovered) and geological investigations in the neighbourhood of these sites were carried out. In 1972 investigations were continued of 5 fortified sites of the Lusatian culture, dated to the Hallstatt period: Grzybiany (30), Legnica distr. (Z. Bukowski and team, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej PAN, Warszawa); Łubowice (35), Racibórz distr. (J. Chochorowski, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków) 14 pits within the enclosure were explored; Maszkowice (48), Nowy Sącz distr. (M. Cabalska, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków); Biskupin (8), Żnin distr. (Z. Rajewski, Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne, Warszawa) supplementary investigations in the western part of the site where fragments of break-water a rampart and a circular street were revealed; Jankowo (10), Inowrocław distr. (J. Ostoja-Zagórski, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej PAN, Poznań) supplementary investigations of the gate way and the adjacent area have confirmed the existence of 2 building phases; additional details of the revettment of the rampart of boxes were observed and a part of a circular street was uncovered. Of the many unfortified settlements examined in 1972 the following should be mentioned: Wolin (1), site 3 Młynówka" (W. Filipowiak and team, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej PAN, Wolin) 72 pits and 15 hearths from the Hallstatt period; Szczecin-Niemierzyn (2) (E. Nawrolska, Konserwator Zabytków Archeologicznych, Szczecin) a further 13 pits and 2 hearths from Bronze Age IV the Hallstatt period (this was the 3rd and last excavation season) ; Juszkowo (4), Gdańsk distr. (J. Podgórski and team, Muzeum Archeologiczne, Gdańsk) the 7th season of investigation, further 112 pits from Bronze Age V and the Hallstatt period, numerous lumps of amber; Bożejewiczki (9), Żnin distr. (Z. Rajewski, Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne, Warszawa) 4 pits from Bronze Age V the Hallstatt period, bones of cow, goat/sheep, pig, horse, dog, deer, wild cat and birds; Gniechowice (32), Wrocław distr., site 2 (J. Romanow, Muzeum Archeologiczne, Wrocław), the 2nd season, nearly 100 various features; Drochlin (39), Włoszczowa distr. (P. Kaczanowski, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków), the 5th season, 59 pits from Bronze Age V the Hallstatt period; Kraków-Pleszów (45), (A. Kogus, M. Kaczanowska, Muzeum Archeologiczne, Kraków-Nowa Huta) the discoveries included a storage pit from Bronze Age IV with a skeleton of a child at the bottom. The Pomeranian and Baltic cultures In 1972 investigations were conducted of a number of sites, mostly cemeteries, of the Pomeranian culture and of 2 sites of the Baltic culture from the Hallstatt and La Tène periods. The following cemeteries of the Pomeranian culture should be mentioned: Osiek-Pracz (7), Wyrzysk distr. (W. Kuczkowski, Muzeum L. Wyczółkowskiego, Bydgoszcz) 24 cremation graves of the cist, pit and bell type from the end of the Hallstatt and La Tène B periods, and 80 hearths, presumably connected with the burial rites; Marianki (13), Rypin distr. (J. Janikowski, Muzeum Okręgowe, Toruń) 2 cist graves, 2 urn graves, 2 pit burials, 2 hearths and remains of 2 funerary pyres from Hallstatt D; Toninek (6), Sępólno Krajeńskie distr. (Cz. Potemski, Muzeum L. Wyczółkowskiego, Bydgoszcz) 5 cist graves from the Hallstatt
270 ZENON WOŹNIAK period, a lavishly ornamented face urn (with representation of a brooch and 15 deers); Zadowice (19), Kalisz distr. (E. Kaszewska, J. Hasegawa, Muzeum Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne, Łódź) a further 2 pit burials and 3 cist graves of La Tène B; these features belong to the oldest part of the cemetery which lasted until the Roman period. \ At Rembielin (8), Przasnysz distr. (J. Okulicz, L. Okulicz, Uniwersytet, Warszawa) excavations were continued of a cemetery of the West Baltic culture from the Early Iron Age; the discoveries included 94 cremation graves, some with stone pavements or a wooden construction some containing large amounts of cereal grains. The Celtic culture Excavations were continued of the cemetery of La Tène B at Kietrz (34), Głubczyce distr. (M. Gedl and team, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków), revealing in various parts of an extensive area a further 2 urn graves, a pit burial and a female inhumation, as well as a ditch which formed a quadrangular construction presumably connected with the Celtic cemetery. In Little Poland investigations were continued of a settlement site of the Celtic culture from La Tène C D at Pełczyska (40), Pińczów distr. (D. Szlifierska, Uniwersytet, Warszawa). In addition to Przeworsk objects, the Celtic pottery was moreover found on the following sites of the so-called Celto-Przeworsk culture from La Tène D: Kraków-Zakrzówek (44) (E. Zaitz, Muzeum Archeologiczne, Kraków); Kraków-Pleszów (45) (S. Buratyński and team, Muzeum Archeologiczne, Kraków-Nowa Huta); Wieliczka (46), Kraków distr., site 11 (K. Reguła, Muzeum Żup Krakowskich, Wieliczka) features presumably connected with salt-making; Kraków-Tyniec (43), site Za wąwozie" (M. Fraś, Z. Woźniak, Komisja Archeologiczna Oddziału PAN, Kraków); Kunice (47), Myślenice distr. (K. Reguła, Muzeum Żup Krakowskich, Wieliczka) a further 2 pits and a semi-subterranean hut (the investigations of a small La Tène D settlement were concluded). The Late La Tène and Roman periods As in former seasons the investigations of sites from the Late La Tène and Roman periods were very intesive. The sites explored consisted of 20 cemeteries and nearly 30 settlements, many of which have provided important materials and observations. In Little Poland of primary interest is the cemetery at Kryspinów (42), Kraków distr. (K. Godłowski, M. Mączyńska, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków), where a further 2 urn graves and 2 pit burials of the Early Roman period were discovered, a quadrangular groove construction probably connected with the Celto-Przeworsk group from the La Tène was thoroughly explored, and a further 2 groove constructions one circular and one quadrangular were revealed (in all, 8 groove structures have come to light). In central Poland attentions should first be drawn to the known cemetery at Zadowice (19), Kalisz distr. (E. Kaszewska, J. Hasegawa, Muzeum Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne, Lódź) ; apart from the older graves (cf. above) the discoveries of 1972 included 51 pit burials and 1 urn grave of the Late La Tène period as well as 30 pit burials, 13 urn graves and a grave in a stone cist of the Early Roman period. Excavations were continued of the barrow at Strzyżew (27), Sochaczew distr. (A. Kempisty, Uniwersytet, Warszawa), where a further 5 cremation burials from
SURVEY OF THE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE BRONZE AND IRON AGE 271 the Late La Tène have come to light under the mound. In western Poland, the investigations conducted for many years at Luboszyce (16), Lubsko distr. (G. Domański, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej PAN, Wrocław), were concluded; the discoveries consisted of 5 pit burials from the 3rd century A. D. (in all, 132 graves of this phase were discovered) and of the fifth stone circle of the same date. The excavations at Gniechowice (32), Wrocław distr., site 2 (J. Romanow, Muzeum Archeologiczne, Wrocław) yielded 2 inhumations in wooden coffins, assignable to the Roman period, a very rare find in this part of Poland. Investigations were continued at Pruszcz Gdański (5), Gdańsk distr. (M. Pietrzak, Muzeum Archeologiczne, Gdańsk), revealing 13 inhumations from the 2nd-3rd centuries A. D. (some in tree-trunks), 40 pit burials and 17 urn graves, mostly from the Late La Tène. In north eastern Poland investigations were concluded of a large and long used cemetery at Niedanowo (14), Nidzica distr. (W. Ziemlińska-Odojowa, Muzeum Mazurskie, Olsztyn) where further 12 cremation burials from the Roman period were revealed (the total number of graves is 641); attention should also be drawn to the excavations of a newly discovered cemetery at Krupice (29), Siemiatycze distr. (J. Jaskanis and team, Konserwator Zabytków Archeologicznych, Białystok), where 159 cremation burials, mostly in pits, 4 pits (burials?) and an inhumation were revealed; the inhumation and a few cremations are of Late Roman date and the rest dates from the Late La Tène and Early Roman periods. The cemetery is characterized by horizontal stratigraphy; the graves from phase B2 of the Roman period include a group of weapon-graves. The investigations of settlements from the Late La Tène and Roman periods revealed many interesting features. These are: Przemyśl-Przekopana (50) (A. Koperski, Muzeum Ziemi Przemyskiej, Przemyśl) a pottery kiln from the Late Roman period, the first to be found in south-eastern Poland; Gniechowice (32), Wrocław distr., site 4 (I. Kramarkowa, Muzeum Archeologiczne, Wrocław) a primitive furnace, a horse burial from the Roman period; Strachów (33), Wrocław distr. (H. Gosławska, E. Noworyta, Muzeum Archeologiczne, Wrocław) a pit from the Roman period, containing fragments of terra sigillata and terra nigra; Wrocław- -Karłowice (31), (G. Domański, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej PAN, Wrocław) 4 charcoal-piles, a post-building, 9 pits and assumed wall slots of houses from the end of the Roman period; Strobin (20), Wieluń distr. (B. Abramek, Muzeum Ziemi Wieluńskiej, Wieluń) 7 houses (usually with posts in the gablewalls), 3 large buildings (one with a fragment of stone foundations), 4 hearths,,1 pit from the Early Roman period; these investigations have corrected the former view that this was a fortified settlement (cf. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne", vol. 24: 1972, p. 319); Przywóz (21), Wieluń distr. (K. Jażdżewski, Muzeum Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne, Łódź) continuation of field work in the northern periphery of the industrial settlement: 2 huts from the 2nd-3rd century A. D.; Barkowice-Mokre (24), Piotrków Tryb. distr. (M. Góra, Muzeum Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne, Łódź) 4 Late Roman period huts; Łęgonice (25), Rawa Mazowiecka distr. (T. Liana, Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne, Warszawa) a further hut, several pits and an iron ard, the Late Roman period; Dziarnów (26) Grójec distr., site 3 (J. Rauhut, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej PAN, Warszawa) 2 huts, 2 hearths, 1 pit, 2nd-3rd centuries A. D.; Łasew (18), Pleszew distr. (W. Tetzlaff, Muzeum Archeologiczne, Poznań) a hut and a hearth in the dwelling part of the settlement of the Late Roman period, situated near the previously explored charcoal-piles; Polanowice (11) Inowrocław distr., site 4 (B. Dzieduszycka, W. Dzieduszycki, Instytut
272 ZENON WOŹNIAK Historii Kultury Materialnej PAN, Poznań) two-phase settlement, 2nd-3rd centuries A.D., numerous huts, hearths, industrial features, a short iron scythe; Janikowo (13), Inowrocław distr., site 11 (T. Makiewicz, B. Pawlak, Pracownie Konserwacji Zabytków, Poznań) the discoveries made within the settlement, dated as the 1st century B. C. to 1st century A. D., included a hut with a clay floor, 2 hearths, 40 pits, 4 dog burials; the exploration of an assumed workshop of quernstones and of the hypothetical cult feature was concluded and further imported Celtic pottery from La Tène D was found.