Physical activity and the quality of life in men over the age of 60

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1 CHAPTER XIII HEALTH AND ITS DETERMINANTS 1 Department of Anatomy, Wroclaw Medical University 1 Katedra i Zakład Anatomii Prawidłowej Uniwersytet Medyczny we Wrocławiu 2 Department of Biostructure, University of Physical Education, Wroclaw 2 Katedra Biostruktury, Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu 3 Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Karkonosze College Jelenia Góra 3 Wydział Przyrodniczo-Techniczny Karkonoska Państwowa Szkoła Wyższa w Jeleniej Górze ROHAN A. 1, FUGIEL J. 2, NYC M. 3, PINKOWSKA A. 1, DĄBROWSKI P. 1, DOMAGAŁA Z. 1, KACAŁA R. 1, WOŹNIAK S. 1 Physical activity and the quality of life in men over the age of 6 Aktywność fizyczna i jakość życia mężczyzn powyżej 6 roku życia Key words: physical activity, quality of life, men over the age of 6 Słowa kluczowe: aktywność fizyczna, jakość życia, mężczyźni powyżej 6 roku życia INTRODUCTION Demographic projections for Poland indicate that population aging process will continue and the growth of older population will be even more intense (Berensson et al. 27). According to GUS (The Polish Central Statistical Office), the average life expectancy will be increasing, and in 25 men will live on average nine years longer and women six years longer than today (GUS 214, Karakiewicz Jurczak 214, Mossakowska et al. 212). For this reason, it is very important for this age group to stay fit for as long as possible. Physical activity plays an essential role in this aspect (Kozdroń, Leś 214, Maciaszczyk, Maciaszczyk 212, Stanek 212). Population aging enforces conducting scientific research concentrated on specific needs of elderly people (Szeklicki et al. 212, Welon 12). More research is needed to find out the most appropriate form, intensity and volume of physical activity needed for health maintenance, functional independence and life quality improvement (Marchewka et al. 212, Osiński, 213). It is also essential that the activities offered are attractive, and the people taking part in the preventive programmes feel pleasure and satisfaction thanks to the activities conducted. Adequate programmes based on scientific research will positively influence popularisation of physical activity

2 HEALTH AND ITS DETERMINANTS among elderly people (Charzewska et al. 21, Cytowicz-Karpiłowska et al. 212, Drygas, Jegier 23, Ignasiak et al. 212). Concurrently, observations show that men more rarely participate in organized activities compared to women at this period of life. 174 STUDY AIM The aim of this work is to assess the level of satisfaction connected with the participation in an increasing physical activity programme aiming at the functional physical activity improvement in men over the age of 6. RESEARCH MEASURES 1. Assessment of feelings concerning a decrease of pain sensation, welfare improvement and satisfaction connected with participation in physical activities in men over the age of Assessment of feelings concerning motor performance improvement in men over the age of 6 who participated in physical activities. 3. Assessment of feelings concerning motor skills improvement in men over the age of 6 who participated in physical activities. 4. Comparison of the analysed feelings in men under and over the age of 7. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was conducted in 217 and a group of 5 men over 6 was examined. The men were either members of the University of the Third Age in Karkonosze College or members of Active Senior Club in Jelenia Góra. They all participated in a programme which was based on increasing physical activity and aimed at improvement of physical functional ability. The programme was meant to improve the quality of life in seniors by decreasing the effects of involutionary changes in the movement system characteristic for this period of ontogenesis. The men participated in sport activities at the gym and swimming pool. This programme run for six weeks and the practices were held twice a week for 45 minutes. Most of the exercises aimed at a general physical improvement, and their intensity was moderate. The training paces and repetitions were adjusted individually for each participant. Before and after the programme, the measurements were taken of basic somatic and motoric features, as well as participants were asked to fill out the surveys about their subjective feelings concerning advantages of participation in the programme. The somatic and motoric measurements were taken in The Biokinetics Research Division of University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, and the physical activities were held on the site of Karkonosze College in Jelenia Góra. The research is licenced by Senate Bioethics Commission of University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw. For the needs of this work the diagnostic survey approach was used, the research technique used was a survey, and the tool was a questionnaire created for the needs

3 Rohan A., Fugiel J., Nyc M., Pinkowska A., Dąbrowski P., Domagała Z., Kacała R., Woźniak S. Physical activity and the quality of life in men over the age of 6 of the study by its authors. In the questionnaire the following were distinguished: the basic information, and tools for the assessment of changes perceived after the programme on a scale of one to ten, where 1 means the lack of improvement and 1 radical improvement. For the variables analysed, the frequency of occurrence was calculated. In the questionnaire the participants were asked about their subjective perception concerning an improvement of their physical and emotional wellbeing, pain sensation and increase of strength, coordination of movement, speed of movements, flexibility, and movement skills. The examined men were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of persons aged from 6-6 (n=2, mean 66, years of age), and the second of persons over 7 (n=21, mean 71, years of age). Both groups were compared according to the answers given. To carry out statistical analysis software programmes such as Statistica 1. and Microsoft Excel 21 were used. The quality (weight) variables were described by simple values (percentages). Mean value and standard deviation were calculated for each answer, and in each case, the percentage of people choosing particular categories of answers was defined. Significant differences between groups were assessed with the use of t-students test. RESULTS The studies conducted showed that all the participants were either satisfied or very satisfied with the participation in the programme which aimed at increased physical activity. Moreover, a significant improvement was observed concerning perception of motoric skills and motor abilities. In the scale of one to ten, the level of satisfaction was defined by participants as,2 +/-,3 on average. What is more, the ratings given by men over 7 were higher than those of younger participants (Tab. 1, 2). The differences between the groups were statistically significant (p=.462). The interviewers rated their physical well-being and body functioning 8,6 +/-,3 and 8,4 +/-,7 on average (Tab. 1, 2). No differences were noted in answers of people under 7 and the older group (p=,3272). The participants assessed their motor fitness from 7,7 to 8,7. The lowest rating was given to strength and flexibility, and the highest to speed of movement and coordination. In the case of physical functional ability no significant differences were noted between younger and elder men. As far as the motoric skills improvement is concerned, the mean rating given was a 8,2 +/-,7, lower in younger group 8, +/- 2, and higher in older group 8,4 +/- 2,1 (Tab. 1, 2). Also in this case, no significant differences were noted between the age groups (p=,65). 175

4 HEALTH AND ITS DETERMINANTS Table 1. Statistical characteristics of changes concerning the feeling of general wellbeing, pain sensation and the improvement of fitness and motoric skills in the examined group of men taking part in physical activities Question Mean SD Min. Max Satisfaction resulting from the increased physical activity 8,8,7,3, Feelings concerning the improvement of physical well-being and 8,2 8,6,4 1, body functioning Perception of health improvement and pain reduction 8,3 8,,7 1, Feelings concerning strength 7,7 8,4,7 2, Feelings concerning improvement of coordination 8,2 8,7,7 1, Feelings concerning increasing the speed of movement 7, 8,4 1,4 1, Feelings concerning improvement in endurance performance 8, 8, 1,4 2, Feelings concerning flexibility 7, 8,1,7 2, Feelings concerning motor skills 8, 8,4 2, 2, Table 2. Percentage of persons in particular answers categories Answer [points] (substantial improve- Question (no improvementprovement) n / improvement) (slight im- (moderate ment) n / % n / % % n / % -1 (radical improvement) n / % Age [years] Satisfaction resulting from the increased physical activity Feelings concerning the improvement of physical well-being and body functioning Perception of health improvement and pain reduction Feelings concerning strength Feelings concerning improvement of coordination Feelings concerning increasing the speed of movement ,7 3 14,3 4 1,1 4 1, ,3 1 65, , , ,1 23 7,3 1 4,8 8 38, ,2 8 38, ,7 1 34, , 7 24, , 6 2,7 Feelings concerning im , ,2

5 Rohan A., Fugiel J., Nyc M., Pinkowska A., Dąbrowski P., Domagała Z., Kacała R., Woźniak S. Physical activity and the quality of life in men over the age of 6 Answer [points] (substantial improve- Question (no improvementprovement) n / improvement) provement) n / (slight im- (moderate (radical imment) n / % n / % % n / % % Age [years] provement in endurance 28,6 75, 24,1 38,1 performance Feelings concerning flexi bility Feelings concerning motor skills Numerous scientific studies clearly demonstrate that an appropriately chosen physical activity has a positive influence on general functioning of elderly people (Mętel et al. 212). The seniors who participate in physical activities improve their fitness, and have higher values of somatic parameters (Ignasiak et al. 213a, b, Kaczorowska et al. 213, Katan et al. 213, Kozdroń 214, Rohan et al. 216, Skrzek et al. 215). In their studies, the cited authors observed an increase in strength, motoric coordination, endurance or gymnastics performance, along with reduction of fatty tissue and increase in muscle mass or improvement in respiratory functioning. For better fitness of the elderly, optimal programmes and therapies should be searched for to make training attractive enough for seniors to motivate them to take care of their fitness, in a way that translates to the quality of their lives and their social and family functioning (Czerwiński, Borowy 26, Kozdroń 28, Poliszczuk 212). It is not an easy task to encourage certain social groups to take care of their health and to take up planned and structured physical activities. Popularising and implementing appropriate preventive programmes as well as raising awareness of physical culture and the importance of physical activity in people s lives are important tasks of contemporary gerontology (Gębska-Kuczerowska 21, Skalska 211). One of the examples might be a general functioning assessment and popularising fitness programmes that improve general functioning of elderly people (Ignasiak et al. 213a, Rogowski et al. 214, Trzaskoma et al. 213). In their own studies, the authors observed that in addition to the advantages connected with the improved physical functioning, we can also achieve positive feelings resulting from the participation in physical activities. This is an important result which can encourage the examined men to pursue their physical activity, and what is more, it may convince other people to take up active forms of spending their free time. It is essential especially for men as they are less prone to use organized forms of activities than women in this age group. Other authors studies confirm these findings (Ignasiak et al. 212). Appropriately prepared and assisted exercises aiming at physical functioning improvement, which will be positively assessed by elderly participants, are likely to improve the quality of life in this social group, as well as reduce the effects of involutionary changes characterized by high dynamics in this age group. Moreover, the 177 DISCUSSION 28,6 75, 18 62,1 28, ,2 24, ,

6 HEALTH AND ITS DETERMINANTS important information is that the satisfaction of elderly people over the age of 7 connected with participation in the programme is higher than of younger participants. However, the satisfaction connected with motoric skills and motor performance improvement was similar in both age groups. CONCLUSIONS 1. The participation of men over the age of 6 in structured physical activities highly or very highly improves their general well-being and reduces pain sensation. 2. Men over the age of 6 who participate in structured physical activities claim substantial or radical improvement of their fitness. 3. Men over the age of 6 who participate in structured physical activities claim substantial or radical improvement of their motoric skills. 4. Men over the age of 7 claim higher satisfaction resulting from participation in physical activity programmes than younger participants. In the case of feelings connected with fitness and motoric skills, there are no significant differences between the younger and older group. REFERENCES 1. Berensson K., Ardbo C., Junstrom M. (red.) Zdrowe starzenie się. Wyzwania dla Europy [wersja skrócona raportu]. The Swedish National Institute of Public Health, 12, Charzewska J., Chabros E., Kraszewska E., Zmiany z wiekiem wybranych wskaźników biologicznych i funkcjonalnych. [W:] J. Charzewski (red.), Problemy starzenia. AWF Warszawa, , Cytowicz-Karpiłowska W., Kazimierska B., Cytowicz A., Postępowanie usprawniające w geriatrii. Podstawy, wskazania, przeciwwskazania. ALMA- MER Szkoła Wyższa Warszawa, Czerwiński E., Borowy P., Wytyczne dotyczące profilaktyki osteoporozy ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zapobiegania upadkom. Terapia 26, 3 (177). 5. Drygas W., Jegier A., Zalecenia dotyczące aktywności ruchowej w profilaktyce chorób układu krążenia [w:] Naruszewicz M.(red.), Kardiologia zapobiegawcza, Verso, Szczecin, Gębska-Kuczerowska A., Uwarunkowania mobilności osób w wieku 65 lat i więcej, [w:] Charzewski J. (red.), Problemy starzenia. Czwarte warsztaty antropologiczne, Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego Józefa Piłsudskiego, Warszawa, Ignasiak Z.,Rożek K.,Skrzek A., Sławińska T., Domaradzki J., Fugiel J., Posłuszny P., Ocena zmian inwolucyjnych wybranych aspektów kondycji biologicznej osób starszych, AWF, Wrocław,

7 Rohan A., Fugiel J., Nyc M., Pinkowska A., Dąbrowski P., Domagała Z., Kacała R., Woźniak S. Physical activity and the quality of life in men over the age of 6 8. Ignasiak Z., Domaradzki J., Falkenberg J., Nowak A., Ignasiak T., Skrzek A., Ocena ruchomości stawów i sprawności fizycznej u starszych kobiet objętych zróżnicowanymi formami treningu zdrowotnego. Gerontologia Polska 213, 4, Ignasiak Z., Nowak A., Domaradzki J., Falkenberg J. Wpływ 8-tygodniowego treningu nordic walking na wybrane parametry somatyczne i zmiany zakresów ruchomości w stawach starszych kobiet. Antropomotoryka, 213, 23, 62, Kaczorowska A., Ignasiak Z., Katan A. Ocena sprawności fizycznej starszych kobiet mieszkanek domów pomocy społecznej. Fizjoterapia, 213, 21, 4, Katan A., Kaczorowska A., Ignasiak Z. Sprawność fizyczna kobiet oceniana testem seniora w aspekcie pobytu sanatoryjnego. Antropomotoryka, 213, 23, 62, Karakiewicz B., Jurczak A. (red.) Starzejące się społeczeństwo wyzwaniem dla zdrowia publicznego. PUM Szczecin, Kozdroń E, Program rekreacji ruchowej osób starszych, Wydawnictwa Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego, Warszawa, Kozdroń E. Aktywność rekreacyjna w procesie pomyślnego starzenia się. Zeszyty Naukowe WSKFiT 214,, Kozdroń E., Leś A., Aktywność ruchowa w wychowaniu ku starości. e- Wydawnictwo NCBKF, 214, Maciaszczyk B., Maciaszczyk P. Rola aktywności ruchowej w ontogenezie człowieka. Trening zdrowotny, Wyd. Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. prof. Stanisława Tarnowskiego w Tarnobrzegu, Tarnobrzeg, Marchewka A., Dąbrowski Z., Żołądź J. Fizjologia starzenia się. Profilaktyka i rehabilitacja. PWN, Warszawa, Mętel S., Kwiatkowska A., Głodzik J., Szczygieł E. Wykorzystanie testu Functional Strength w ocenie stanu funkcjonalnego oraz monitorowaniu procesu rehabilitacji medycznej osób starszych. Gerontologia Polska, 212, 2, 4, Mossakowska M., Więcek A., Błędowski P., Aspekty medyczne, psychologiczne, socjologiczne i ekonomiczne starzenia się ludzi w Polsce. POLSENIOR, Termedia, Poznań, Osiński W., Gerokinezjologia. Nauka i praktyka aktywności fizycznej w wieku starszym, PZWL, Warszawa, Poliszczuk D., Uwarunkowania i motywy uprawiania pływania przez osoby starsze [w:] Aktywność fizyczna i społeczna osób trzeciego wieku, Fundacja Centrum Edukacji Olimpijskiej, Warszawa,

8 HEALTH AND ITS DETERMINANTS 22. Rogowski Ł., Szarek K., Dąbrowska G., Dziubek W. Ocena sprawności fizycznej grupy seniorek za pomocą testu Fullerton. Gerontologia Współczesna, 2 (4), 214, Rohan A., Fugiel J., Braczyńska S., Kowalski H., Pinkowska A., Gworys B. Fitness effects of resistance tube exercise in women over 6 years of age. Wellness and age. Neurocentrum Lublin, 216, Skalska A., Ograniczenie sprawności funkcjonalnej osób w podeszłym wieku. Zeszyty Naukowe Ochrony Zdrowia. Zdrowie publiczne i Zarzadzanie, 1, 211, Skrzek A., Pridalova M., Sebastian A., Haraskowa D., Fugiel J., Ignasiak Z., Sławinska T., Rożek K. Fine motor skills of the hands in Polish and Czech female senior citizens from different backgrounds. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 215, 27, 4, Stanek L., Jakość życia w procesie starzenia się i starości [w:] Nowocień J., Zuchora K, Aktywność fizyczna i społeczna osób trzeciego wieku, Fundacja Centrum Edukacji Olimpijskiej, Warszawa, Szeklicki R.,Maciaszek J., Osiński W. (red.) Aktywność fizyczna w wieku starszym w badaniach naukowych (potrzeby i korzyści). Bogucki, Poznań, Trzaskoma Z., Trzaskoma Ł., Krzesicka A., Wykorzystanie ćwiczeń ukierunkowanych na zwiększenie siły mięśniowej w usprawnianiu starszych osób. Postępy Rehabilitacji (1), 4-61, Welon Z., Biologiczna kondycja starszych mężczyzn (65-84 lat). Przegl Antropol, 55 (1-2), 63-71, Waligórska M., Kostrzewa Z., Potyra M., Rutkowska L., Prognoza ludności na lata , GUS Studia i Analizy Statystyczne, Warszawa, 214, 18 ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to assess the level of satisfaction connected with the participation in an increasing physical activity programme aiming at the functional physical activity improvement in men over the age of 6. The research was conducted in 217 and a group of 5 men over 6 was examined. The men were either members of the University of the Third Age in Karkonosze College or members of Active Senior Club in Jelenia Góra. They all participated in a programme which was based on increasing physical activity and aimed at improvement of physical functional ability. For the needs of this work the diagnostic survey approach was used, the research technique used was a survey, and the tool was a questionnaire for the assessment of changes perceived after the programme. The participants were asked about their subjective perception concerning an improvement of their physical and emotional well-being, pain sensation and increase of strength, coordination of movement, speed of movements, flexibility, and motor skills. The examined men

9 Rohan A., Fugiel J., Nyc M., Pinkowska A., Dąbrowski P., Domagała Z., Kacała R., Woźniak S. Physical activity and the quality of life in men over the age of 6 were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of persons aged from 6-6, and the second of persons over 7. The study shows that the participation of men over the age of 6 in structured physical activities highly or very highly improves their general well-being and reduces pain sensation. Men defined substantial or radical improvement of their fitness and motoric skills. Men over the age of 7 claim higher satisfaction resulting from participation in physical activity programmes than younger participants. STRESZCZENIE Celem pracy była ocena stopnia zadowolenia z uczestnictwa w programie zwiększającym aktywność fizyczną, mającego na celu poprawę funkcjonalnej sprawności fizycznej mężczyzn po 6. roku życia. Badania przeprowadzono w grupie 5 mężczyzn, którzy ukończyli 6 rok życia. Badani byli słuchaczami Karkonoskiego Uniwersytetu Trzeciego Wieku lub członkami Klubu Aktywnego Seniora w Jeleniej Górze. Wszyscy uczestniczyli w programie, który polegał na zwiększeniu aktywności fizycznej, a jego celem była poprawa funkcjonalnej sprawności fizycznej. Dla potrzeb prezentowanej pracy zastosowano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego, techniką badania była ankieta, narzędzie stanowił kwestionariusz, w którym oceniano wielkość odczuwanych zmian po przeprowadzonym programie ćwiczeń dotyczących: poprawy kondycji fizycznej, samopoczucia, odczuć bólowych oraz poprawę siły, koordynacji ruchów, szybkości, wytrzymałości, gibkości, a także umiejętności ruchowych. Badanych mężczyzn podzielono na dwie grupy. W pierwszej znalazły się osoby w wieku od 6 do 6 roku życia, a w drugiej osoby powyżej 7 roku życia. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że mężczyźni, którzy ukończyli 6 rok życia wysoko oceniają uczestnictwo w zorganizowanych ćwiczeniach ruchowych w zakresie poprawy samopoczucia i zmniejszenia odczuć bólowych. Mężczyźni określają, że ich sprawność motoryczna i umiejętności ruchowe ulegają wysokiej lub bardzo wysokiej poprawie. Mężczyźni po 7 roku życia wyżej oceniają zadowolenie z uczestnictwa w programie aktywności ruchowej niż osoby młodsze. Artykuł zawiera znaków ze spacjami 181