Instrumenty. Multi-spektralne obrazowanie Ziemi

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1 Instrumenty Multi-spektralne obrazowanie Ziemi

2 Obserwacje optyczne wysokiej rozdzielczości spektralnej w zakresie IR i VIS Przyrządy do obserwacji spektralnych powierzchni lądów i oceanów na Ziemi. Rozdzielczość obrazów spektralnych wynosi od 100 m do kilku kilometrów. Obserwacja jest prowadzona na powierzchni od kilkuset do kilku tysięcy km^2.

3 Obserwacje optyczne wysokiej rozdzielczości spektralnej w zakresie IR i VIS Informacje uzyskane przez te przyrządy są często uzupełniane przez sondy atmosferyczne Obserwacje wykorzystuje się do badania krytycznych elementów obiegu wody, takich jak chmury - makro i mikro własności fizycznych. Pozwala to badać dynamikę atmosfery i zanieczyszczeń w niej zawartych.

4 Obserwacje optyczne wysokiej rozdzielczości spektralnej w zakresie IR i VIS Instrumenty rozwija się poprawiając: rozdzielczość przestrzenną, rozdzielczość spektralną, rozdzielczość kątową.

5 Hyperspectral Imaging Applications EOS 840 Course Lecture Notes Course Instructor: Dr. Richard B. Gomez George Mason University School of Computational Sciences Center for Earth Observing and Space Research

6 Introduction of Technology Multispectral/Hyperspectral Sensing Concept Multispectral/Hyperspectral Systems Spectral Sensing Processing Systems Key Topics Scientific Principles Hyperspectral Imagery Examples Applications National Policy Summary Talk Outline

7 What is Hyperspectral Sensing? Sensor with hundreds of spectral channels with each channel covering a narrow and contiguous portion of the light spectrum Hyperspectral sensing allows the analyst to perform reflectance or fluorescence spectroscopy on each spatial element of the image scene

8 Scientific Principles Photons traveling through the Earth s atmosphere strike the surface and are either absorbed, transmitted, scattered and/or reflected Various materials absorb photons over specific wavelength intervals resulting in absorption features in reflectance spectra The location and shape of these unique absorption features provide information on the chemical composition of materials

9 After Elachi, JPL Hyperspectral Sensing Concept

10 Spectral Sensing Broadband Visible SWIR LWIR Multispectral Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Hyperspectral 100s of Bands Ultraspectral 1000s of Bands

11 Hyperspectral Sensing Concept (Cont.) Courtesy of JPL

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13 Remote Sensing Electromagnetic Spectrum VIS Solar Radiance Back-Scattered from Earth s Surface Black Body Radiation of the earth (300K) 0.3 um 1 um 3 um 10 um 1 mm u 0.7u a VIS 100 NIR SWIR MIR FIR MW Blocked b Human Eye um Wavelength (mm) Photography Radiometers & Imaging Systems Laser Sensors Radars Passive microwave Radiometers

14 Spectral Windows Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) (0.7-2 microns) Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) (8-12 microns) Visible ( microns) Mid Wave Infrared (MWIR) (3-5 microns) Millimeter Wave (MMW) ( microns) wavelength (microns) 10 4 Photons falling between the spectral windows highlighted above are severely attenuated (either absorbed, scattered, or both) by the Earth s atmosphere.

15 USGS Multispectral Imaging

16 USGS Hyperspectral Imaging

17 Classification of Sensors Image Acquisition Modes Whiskbroom Imagers Pushbroom Imagers Staring Imagers Spectral Selection Modes Dispersion Element (grating, prism) Filter-Based Systems Interference Filters Acoustical-Optical Filters Liquid Crystal Tunable Filters (LCTF) Interferometer-Based Systems Michelson Interferometer Fourier Transform Interferometer System Other (e.g., Multi-order etalons)

18 Image Acquisition Modes

19 Airborne Hyperspectral Systems 1983 AIS, 10m pixels, 128 bands ( um) - retired 1986 GER 63, 10m pixels, 63 bands ( um) 1987 AVIRIS, 3, 20m pixels, 224 bands ( um) 1989 CASI, 10m pixels, 288 bands ( um) 1993 AISA, 286 bands ( um) 1994 TRWIS III, 242 bands ( m) 1995 HYDICE, 210 bands ( um) 1996 HyperCam, 256 bands ( m) 1997 PROBE-1, 128 bands ( um) 1998 HyMap, 126 bands ( um) 1999 AURORA, 512 bands ( um)

20 AISA Hyperspectral System

21 AURORA Hyperspectral System

22 Spaceborne Hyperspectral Systems Launched in Australian Resource Information and Environment Satellite (ARIES) (Launch date keeps changing) Naval EarthMap Observer (NEMO) Coastal Ocean Imaging Spectrometer (COIS) Likely Program Terminated Orbview 4 (Warfighter 1) Launched: 21 September 2001 (Failed to Orbit) TRW Hyperion (EO-1) Launched: 21 November 2000 AFRL MightySat II.1 (Sindri) - FTHSI Launched: 19 July 2000 Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (CHRIS) Launched aboard ESA s PROBA satellite on 22 October 2001

23 Laboratory Measurements

24 Field Measurements Sample field vegetation spectral measurement

25 Image Measurements Reflectance spectrum of a live oak from Ft. Hood Texas Signature extracted from HYDICE imagery using ENVI software

26 Spectral Database Issues Existing spectral libraries are in a wide variety of formats and need to be consolidated A spectral database is an essential tool on which to base future research A spectral database will be absolutely necessary to handle flood of future data A spectral database could be federated with other applicable databases (e.g., Imagery, DEMs, IFSAR, etc.)

27 Data Handling Structure

28 Atmospheric Compensation

29 Atmospheric Compensation (Cont.) Physics based Models Atmospheric REMoval (ATREM) Atmospheric Correction Now (ACORN) Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) FLAASH utilizes the Full MODTRAN-4 Semi-Empirical Models Empirical Models

30 After Sam Barr, TEC Hyperspectral Data Processing

31 Spectral Sensing Processing Systems Spectral Analysis Manager (SPAM) JPL Integrated Software for Imaging Spectrometers (ISIS) USGS Flagstaff Hyperspectral Image Processing System (HIPS) U.S. Army TEC Spectral Image Processing System (SIPS) University of Colorado, Boulder SPECtrum Processing Routines (SPECPR) USGS Denver Optical Real-time Adaptive Spectral Identification System (ORASIS) NRL DIMPLE 3.0 RockWare, Inc. Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis System (ISDAS) CCRS in Canada PCI PCI Remote Sensing Corporation Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI) Research Systems, Inc. Multispectral Image Data Analysis System (MultiSpec) Purdue University HyperCube U. S. Army TEC ProVIEW Applied Coherent Technology, Inc. ERDAS IMAGINE Commercial package Others

32 Categories of Errors Data Acquisition Errors Data Processing Errors Scene dependent Errors

33 The Pixel Mixing Problem

34 Hyperspectral Sensing Applications Material Identification Environmental (wetlands, land cover, hydrology, etc.) Health Care (food safety, medical diagnoses, etc.) Littoral Studies (bathymetry, water clarity, etc.) Trafficability Analysis Land Mine Detection Plume Analysis Camouflage, Concealment, Detection Biological and Chemical Detection Precision Agriculture/Farming Disaster Mitigation City Planning and Real Estate Law Enforcement Many Others

35 Health Care Applications

36 Skin Monitoring

37 Monitoring Tissue Physiology Reflectance and fluorescence could be used with a hyperspectral sensor to determine tissue characteristics.

38 Hyperspectral Sensing Pathology Spectral signatures provide fingerprints of many forms of cancer and various neurological and cardiovascular disorders.

39 Monitoring Tissue Physiology Use of hyperspectral imaging to monitor tissue physiology, including tissue oxygenation, respiratory status, and ischemic damage.

40 Clinical Chemistry Hyperspectral Sensing The quantitative reagentless determination of analytes in such common fluids as blood/serum or urine.

41 Automated Chicken Inspection Use of spectral imaging technology for on-line detection of wholesome poultry during slaughter. (Agriculture Research Magazine)

42 Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (DAIS) Aerial oblique view made with DAIS. Shows a natural color image on the left and a SWIRthermal image on the right, of Mount Etna in Sicily, during one of its active periods. Smoke obscures some details of volcanic features in the natural image but not in the SWIR Thermal-IR rendition.

43 Hyperspectral Imagery

44 U.S. Navy Plane in China Real or Fake?

45 Airborne Visual/Infra-Red Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) NASA AVIRIS flights over Cuprite, Nevada. The JPL and the Spectroscopy Group at the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver reduced and manipulated the data.

46 Hyperspectral Data Fusion

47 Spectral Sensing Research Objectives Evaluate/Validate Hyperspectral Imagery (HSI) Technology in Realistic Environments Demonstrate Utility of Space-Based, Airborne, and Ground HSI Sensors to Users in Remote Sensing Community Demonstrate Ability to Leverage Commercial and Military HSI Systems to Meet User s Needs Develop User-Friendly Ways to Manage, Fuse, House, Distribute, and Exploit Spectral Sensor Data OrbView-4 Spacecraft

48 Data Infrastructure Program Objectives Design and develop a relational database that is capable of managing large amounts of diverse spectral data (Vis-NIR, Thermal, Fluorescence, ultraviolet) Develop query and visualization tools to perform common functions for both expert and novice users Develop and incorporate application software to perform advanced analysis (e.g., band selection, signature matching)

49 Spectral Database Requirements Existing spectral libraries are in a wide variety of formats and need to be consolidated A spectral database is an essential tool on which to base future research A spectral database will be absolutely necessary to handle flood of future data A spectral database could be federated with other applicable databases (e.g., Imagery, DEMs, IFSAR, etc.)

50 Summary Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) is a Mature Technology Sensor and Data Fusion is the way to go Data Collection, Storage, and Usage Methods are Currently Inefficient Crucial Data are Costly and Hard to Find Need for Accessible, Up-to-Date, Relevant, Accurate, Timely, and User- Friendly Digital Spectral Information Library (Spectral Data Bank) Need Standards, Definitions, Policies, and Collaborations Emphasis Needs to be Placed in Training the Workforce

51 Comparing Apples to Oranges Opto-Knowledge Systems, Inc.

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58 Obserwacje optyczne wysokiej rozdzielczości spektralnej w zakresie IR i VIS

59 Obserwacje optyczne wysokiej rozdzielczości spektralnej w zakresie IR i VIS MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

62 Obserwacje optyczne wysokiej rozdzielczości spektralnej w zakresie IR i VIS MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Pasmo Długość fali (mikrometr) 1 0,62-0, ,841-0, ,459-0, ,545-0, ,23-1, ,628-1, ,105-2, ,405-0, ,438-0, ,483-0, ,526-0, ,546-0, ,662-0, ,673-0, ,743-0, ,862-0, ,89-0, ,931-0, Rozdzielczość (metr)

63 Obserwacje optyczne wysokiej rozdzielczości spektralnej w zakresie IR i VIS MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer 19 0,915-0, ,66-3, ,929-3, ,929-3, ,02-4, ,433-4, ,482-4, ,36-1, ,535-6, ,175-7, ,4-8, ,58-9, ,78-11, ,77-12, ,185-13, ,485-13, ,785-14, ,085-14,

66 Obserwacje optyczne wysokiej rozdzielczości spektralnej w zakresie IR i VIS MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Wskaźnik produkcji pierwotnej biomasy

67 Obserwacje optyczne wysokiej rozdzielczości spektralnej w zakresie IR i VIS MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Różnice temperatur w Australi ( )

68 Obserwacje optyczne wysokiej rozdzielczości spektralnej w zakresie IR i VIS MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Dwie góry lodowe odrywające się od Antarktydy ( )

69 Obserwacje optyczne wysokiej rozdzielczości spektralnej w zakresie IR i VIS MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Biegun północny

70 Obserwacje optyczne wysokiej rozdzielczości spektralnej w zakresie IR i VIS MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Biegun północny JZc

71 Obserwacje optyczne wysokiej rozdzielczości spektralnej w zakresie IR i VIS MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Tropikalne cyklony Thomas i Ului ( )

72 Obserwacje optyczne wysokiej rozdzielczości spektralnej w zakresie IR i VIS MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Pył nad Chinami ( )