Problems of plasma and laser engineering

Transkrypt

1 O3 Problems of plasma and laser engineering

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3 Introduction In the year 2000 in the Centre realised have been, in the frame of statute activity, 6 research topics encompassing production, investigations of properties and practical applications of ionised media and laser radiation for technical and ecological purposes. Apart from the statute activity realised have been other research projects dealing with the same problems, but financed by the State Committee fore Scientific Research (KBN) or in the frame of international co-operation. In three Departments (Z1-Z3) realised have been following statute topics: Z1/T1 Generation and modelling of plasma in microwave discharges Prof. Z. Zakrzewski Z2/T1 Application characteristics of CO 2 flow laser radiation Dr G. liwiski, PhD, DSc Z2/T2 Experimental investigations of energy exchange and emissions in solid matrices Z3/T1 Application of laser techniques for visualisation of flows and material microprocessing Prof. J. Mizeraczyk Z3/T2 Application of plasma technique for flue gases purification Prof. J. Mizeraczyk Z3/K1 Laser diagnostics of flows in aero and hydrodynamical tunnels Prof. J. Mizeraczyk Presented below are results of realisation of works in the groups corresponding to particular departments. O3/Z1/T1 Generation and modelling of plasma in microwave discharges Investigations and development of microwave plasma generators The purpose of these long term works are investigations and development of microwave plasma generators under atmospheric pressure. In the year 2000 most of the efforts have concentrated on impulse operation of such generators. Predominantly conducted have been investigations of the microwave plasma torch type. Investigated have been systems of large power fed by waveguide and of small power of co- axial structure. A concept of multi-nozzle torch, which assures operation with large gas flow rates, has been submitted for publishing in Plasma Sources Science and Technology [D1-8]. Investigated have been experimentally characteristics of different plasma torches under conditions of continuous and impulse operation. Results have been presented at international conference [E2-45] and in some reports.

4 4 O3 Problems of plasma & laser engineering Modelling of microwave discharges in gases under atmospheric pressure The purpose of works, undertaken in recent years, was the development of models of discharges in gaseous mixtures containing such components as NO x and SO 2. In 2000 started the development of so called global models, which operated based on volume averaged variables. Thanks to its simplicity the global models are well suitable for investigations of the influence of discharge parameters change and gas composition on the effectiveness of purification of harmful chemical compounds. However, they do not provide information about spatial distributions of plasma parameter distributions, and they enable assessment of the degree of change of these parameters under the influence of operation parameters of discharge variation. During the present year formulated has been a global discharge plasma model in microwave plasma burner for nitrogen under atmospheric pressure [F-35]. In modelling of plasma chemical processes indispensable is knowledge of adequate active cross-sections and coefficients of reaction rate for the components of discharge plasma. In the report [G-5] presented are transcriptions from such selected data bases and presented is a selection of website addresses, where information can be found on the chemical reactions occurring in plasma. Experimental investigations of microwave plasma discharge in gases under lowe pressure In the year 2000 continued have been, in the frame of co-operation with the Institute of Laser Physics and Plasma of Henry Heine University in D sseldorf, investigations of the influence of a weak magnetic field on plasma microwave discharge ECR in a rarefied gas (pressure of the order of 1Pa). The aim of these investigations, conducted using a series of subtle diagnostic methods, was a conclusion about the possibility of influencing the transport of charged particles and instabilities in plasma. Investigations showed, that rotating magnetic field changes transport to the walls, rendering electron density and temperature modulation as well as changes of plasma state synchronic with the field changes (rotation). Investigations showed also the existence, independently from the presence of rotating field, of plasma fluctuations with the wavelength of the order of centimetres. Results have been presented at the conference of German Physical Society [E2-26]. The whole of up to date investigations have been summarised in the article published in Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion [E1-1]. Investigations of electromagnetic wave propagation along a high density plasma fibre

5 Jerzy Mizeraczyk 5 For the sake of modelling of some kinds of microwave discharges (a discharge with a surface wave, plasma torch) conducted have been analytical and numerical calculations of characteristics of wave damping led along a thin column of high density plasma. Obtained have been interesting results, which have been submitted for publication in J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. [D1-9]. Experimental investigations of ecologically harmful gases elimination processes using plasma torch microwave discharge Works conducted in previous years showed applicability of microwave plasma torch discharge in elimination of ecologically harmful components of gaseous mixtures. In the reporting period such discharge has been used in decomposition of nitrogen oxides as well as decomposition of selected hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons and chlorinated and fluorised hydrocarbons. Obtained have been positive results. It has been concluded that the degree of decomposition as well as thermal efficiency of decomposition of both kinds of components are in the case of plasma torch generally better than in the case of other plasma methods. Obtained results have been published in Czech. J. Phys. [E1-10], Trans. of IFFM [E1-9] and presented at international conferences. Other research topics Works regarding realisation of the topic O3/Z1/T1 have been conducted in liaison with the works performed in the frame of: IFFM statute topic managed by Prof. J. Mizeraczyk: O3/Z3/T2 Application of plasma technique for purification of flue gases, KBN research project No. 318/T10/98/14 Investigations of the effectiveness of elimination of ecologically harmful flue gases using microwave discharges manager Prof. J. Mizeraczyk, KBN research project No. 0471/T10/99/T1 Optimisation of generation methods and modelling of microwave discharges... manager Prof. Z. Zakrzewski, Co-operation with institutions in Canada and Germany. Conclusions and the assessment of rationalisation of continuation of works The principal results of conducted by the Department O3/Z2 works in 2000 are: Construction of a multi-nozzle plasma generator of the torch type with a large gas flow rate under atmospheric pressure,

6 6 O3 Problems of plasma & laser engineering Development of electromagnetic wave propagation theory along the fibre of high density plasma, A critical review of the state-of-the-art in the area of plasma sources with a surface wave. Conducted investigations are a significant contribution to a worldwide development of microwave plasma sources. Bearing that in mind and also the possibility of application of obtained results amongst the others in chemical engineering and ecology (microwave discharges in gases under atmospheric pressure for purification of flue gases from harmful components) continuation of suggested topics is rational. O3/Z2/T1 Application characteristics of CO 2 flow laser radiation Research works on the properties of laser beam of cw CO 2 laser of large power were concentrated in the year 2000 on two groups of problems: Plasma-chemical processes in working mixtures of gaseous lasers CO 2 and CO, Characterisation of a laser beam radiation with respect to generation conditions. The object of investigations was a research stand with a 2.5 kw laser and, for the needs of modelling investigations, also rigs with lasers with powers of 1.5 kw and 100 W. During investigations of the kinetics of chemical reactions in CO 2 induction discharge plasma a particular attention has been devoted to the time evolution of nitrogen oxides concentration and reactions responsible for formation of such oxides [E1-2 4]. The results of experimental and numerical investigations, in the case of plasma chemical reactions in DC discharges (glow discharges) of CO lasers, have been presented in [D1-3;E1-4]. Investigated has been the influence of a high frequency field on the plasma parameters, including an average electron energy and induction of vibrational degrees of freedom of nitrogen in the laser working mixture [E1-18;D1-2]. Determined have also been optimal frequencies of induction in the case of a standard mixture and in pure nitrogen. For the sake of better understanding of the phenomena involved undertaken also have been works on a development of a calculational model of the reaction products (using the Monte Carlo method) and the first results of calculations for the discharge in a pure nitrogen have been presented in [D1-1;E2-1 2]. Undertaken have been research works on diagnostics of methane combustion with utilisation of optical techniques (Schlieren technique) and plasma techniques (Langmuir probe). Obtained experimental results have been presented at a prestigious international conference [E2-5].

7 Jerzy Mizeraczyk 7 Amongst the results of investigations aimed towards characterisation of CO2 laser beam radiation of large power there must be stressed preliminary results of modelling of a resonator and a gain in the laser mixture as a function of interaction of radiation with working medium [E2-31]. Generation characteristics of laser have been analysed for different configurations of a multi-transition stable resonator (with a number of active transitions ranging from 2 to 6) with application of mirrors with different geometry and varying position and orientation of resonator with respect to the discharge zone [E1-17]. In effect determined have been conditions of laser operation ensuring obtaining of a radiation beam with a specified level of power (2.5 kw) and the quality corresponding to selected technological applications. A synthetic elaboration on the problem has been included in [E1-16]. Explained has been, experimentally observed, the effect of cw CO 2 laser losses modulation using a stream of gas absorber introduced into the laser active chamber based on the numerical model of formation of radiation field on active mirrors of the stable resonator in the system with the stream [E1-13]. The absorber s influence was modelled by means of a shuttle with a variable transmission coefficient. Developed model, together with a geometrical model (ABCD) of a resonator with thin internal lens, enables to explain the structure of electromagnetic field in the beam formed by the resonator with a disturbance introduced by the stream of absorbing gas. Completed have been investigations of the state of polarisation of cw CO 2 technological laser radiation of the power of 1.2 kw. The state of polarisation has been determined by applying an experimental procedure (ISO) in a system with a phase retarder (π/4). A simultaneous measurement of the intensity of both orthogonal components of polarisation vector enabled also the assessment of time stability of the polarisation state of investigated beam [D1-7;E2-39]. Investigated has been a stability of spatial and time characteristics of CO 2 laser radiation of large power for two configurations of a stable resonator (n = 3 and n = 4), characterised by two different values of the Fresnel number and the stability parameter [D1-10]. During investigations was used a scanner of the CO 2 laser beam manufactured at IFFM PAS and described in detail in [E1-18]. Experimentally has been confirmed - through observation of changes of the contents of the modes of lower order - the relation between the beam quality and stability of its spatial and time characteristics and the resonator parameters. Additionally completed have been two didactic stands for the needs of laboratory classes with the students from the Technical University of Gdask. Other research topics Works dealing with realisation of the topic O3/Z2/T1 have been conducted in combination with the works realised in the frame of the KBN research project

8 8 O3 Problems of plasma & laser engineering No. 1419/T11/98 Analysis and recording of time and spatial parameters of the radiation beam in technological laser systems of large power. Conclusions and the assessment of rationalisation of continuation of works The most important results obtained in 2000 in the frame of the topic O3/Z2/T1 are: Construction of a system with a GaAs for measurements of polarisation state of CO 2 laser radiation beam of large power, Determination of the influence of high frequency field on the mean electron energy and excitation of vibrational degrees of freedom of nitrogen in the working medium of CO 2 laser, Interpretation of the gasdynamical effect of an intensive CO 2 laser beam modulation. Conducted works are consistent with the global direction of development of laser techniques. The scope of investigated problems is important from the fundamental point of view and has a significant practical aspect. Obtained results and perspectives of their applications allow to conclude that the scope of conducted works in the area of characterisation of intensive CO 2 laser beams should be continued. O3/Z2/T2 Experimental investigations of energy exchange and emission in solid matrices Based on own experimental data and data from literature conducted has been analysis of crystalised gaseous mixtures as potential laser media [D1-5;E1-6;E2-11]. Assessment criteria were based on values of oscillator forces and excitation energy under threshold conditions of generation. Assumptions enabled generalisation of criteria for relatively wide range of emissions of investigated media in the range of radiation spectrum from the deep ultraviolet to the infrared. Assessed have been eight media, where 14 emission transitions have been observed. Discussed have been relations between threshold values of excitation energy and oscillator forces for laser transitions. Obtained results are consistent with experimental data and confirm the applicability of assumed method for practical, preliminary assessment of the possibility of obtaining forced emissions and laser action based on spectroscopic data and assumed geometrical parameters of the medium. Undertaken have been investigations of the system Mo/Ar in the condensed phase as a potential active laser medium. For that purpose adapted has been LVD method (Laser Vapour Deposition) for deposition of material, which evaporates by means of impulse laser Nd:YAG on the surface of substrate cooled down

9 Jerzy Mizeraczyk 9 to low temperatures, where at the same time condensation was taking place of the gas-matrix. Investigated has been luminescence of Ar crystal with Mo atoms admixtures under temperatures of about 10K. Observed have been new emission peaks of Mo, where positions have been attributed to the admixture atom localisation in Ar crystal lattice with original fcc structure [E1-20;E2-43]. Additionally, proposed has been an interpretation of a ballistic effect of energy exchange with a characteristic time of the order of pico seconds in such lattice. Applying the flow He cryostat observed have been experimentally in the super liquid 4 HeII the generation of odd harmonics of excitation laser beam of femto second order T i Al 2 O 3 [D1-12;E1-20;E2-10]. Investigations have been conducted in co-operation with the Institute of Experimental Physics FU in Berlin. Extending the range of spectroscopic investigations on the new media, investigated have been a series of matrix samples sol-gel admixtured with copper ions, obtained under different synthesis conditions [E1-19;E2-44]. Copper compounds, in the weight ratio of about 1:2000 (SiO 2 matrix), were used as admixtures such as: chloride (CuCl 2 ) and acetonyloaceton (Cu(AA) 2 ). According to the synthesis process recorded have been luminescences in the ultraviolet range (330 nm) as well as visible range ( nm) of radiation spectrum. Observed effect has been assigned to the changes of copper ion oxidation (Cu + (Cu 2+ ) in SiO 2 matrix taking place during the matrix thermal processing. Investigations have been conducted in co-operation with the Institute of Physics of the University of Gdańsk. From amongst conducted works there must also be mentioned experimental and calculational results obtained during the investigations of laser coating of multilayer structures [E ], and the results on laser hardening of material alloys (35HMJ) under cryogenic temperatures, where obtained has been a significant increase of hardness in a thin surface layer of a material with a fine structure [D1-4]. Investigations have been conducted in co-operation with the Technical University of Gdańsk (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Physics and Applied Mathematics) and the Institute of Electronics of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Sofia). Similarly, the works [D1-6; E2-12;E2-42] have been devoted to laser processing and admixturing of steels 45 and 2H13 with the aim to limit cavitational erosion. It has been proved that the laser processing, through changes of structure, admixturing and coating, can increase the erosion resistance. Discussed has been the influence of enriching of surfaces of investigated steels by means of hafnium, SiC and surface coating with SiC+AlNi compounds. From amongst the study works there must be mentioned, recently undertaken, scope of works on application of laser technique for the needs of cultural heritage conservation. Conducted has been at IFFM the MSc thesis regarding these prob-

10 10 O3 Problems of plasma & laser engineering lems, organised has been a seminar for the staff of museums and submitted have been 2 papers for international conference. Other research topics Works dealing with realisation of the topic O3/Z2/T2 conducted have been in combination with the works conducted in the frame: KBN research project No. 1129/ /T08/98/15 Laser stereolitography using metal powders: investigations and selection of process parameters, FNP TECHNO 2000 RESEARCH PROJECT A stand for fast prototyping by means of laser stereolitography. Conclusions and the assessment of rationalisation of continuation of works The most important results obtained in the year 2000 in the frame of topic C3/D-2/T2 are: Construction of a rig for fast prototyping by means of laser stereolitography as well as a stand for laser purification of the stone surface, Completion of the set for spectroscopic identification of elements of museal objects, Preparation of excimers He 2 and generation of femto second harmonics of the laser beam 760 nm in 4 HeII, Identification of new emission lines of a system Mo/Ar in a condensed phase, Experimental verification of a strong emission of Cu + ion in a sol-gel matrix, Determination of criteria of forced emission in cryogenic lasers. Conducted works are consistent with the global direction of laser physics development of laser technique. The scope of investigated problems is important due to a possibility of implementation of obtained results in the development of new materials for solid lasers. In the utilitarian part qualitatively new methods of heritage objects are expected Obtained results and perspectives of their applications allows to conclude that the scope of conducted works in the area of energy exchange in solids should be continued. O3/Z3/T1 Application of laser technique for flow visualisation and material microprocessing Both problems of the topic O3/Z3/T1, i.e. application of laser technique for visualisation of flows and laser material microprocessing are linked by a common source of a laser source (impulse laser CuBr or impulse laser Nd:YAG with a

11 Jerzy Mizeraczyk 11 double frequency transformation), which can both be applied for visualisation of flows and material microprocessing. The problems of Application of laser technique for flow visualisation dealt with application of impulse lasers CuBr and Nd:YAG for visualisation of gas and liquid flows as well as measurements of velocity fields using PIV method (Particle Image Velocimetry). In the frame of this topic modified has been the research apparatus and computer software for visualisation and measurements of velocity fields. Velocity fields were tested by means of two lasers under laboratory conditions. Conducted also have been comparative investigations of the laser CuBr and Nd:YAG applicability for flow diagnostics. From obtained results [E1-8;E1-12] results that CuBr laser could be an alternative to the Nd:YAG laser used by several companies for diagnostics of gas and liquid flows. This pertains, first of all, to flow visualisation, where CuBr laser is particularly well suited due to a large frequency of impulse repetition (about 20 Hz). Obtained results met high interest at IFFM PAS (Department of Transonic Flows and the Department of Cavitations and Hydraulic Machinery Design) and other centres (amongst the others the Centre of Marine Technology). The objective of Application of laser technique in material microprocessing dealt with the improvement and development of a design of impulse laser CuBr and its application in precision material processing. Realisation of this topic has partially been financed through a NATO Science for Peace research grant titled Development of a system based on a high power and high efficiency copper bromide laser for precision materials processing (partners: Prof. N.V. Sabotinov, Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria, Prof. H.W. Bergmann, University of Bayreuth, Department of Metallic Materials, Bayreuth, Germany, Prof. R. Salimbeni, Institute of Quantum Electronics, National Council of Research, Florence, Italy). The most important result obtained in 2000 is a participation in the refinement of CuBr laser of 50W power and further modification and modernisation of the rig for precision material processing and optimisation of its parameters. Modification of CuBr laser of the power of 50W was based on the development of a technology extending its life span up to about 1000 hours compared with h of operation obtained up to date. Modification, modernisation and optimisation of the parameters of the rig for precision material processing by means of CuBr laser was based on application of a new, high-precision, computer-controlled XYZR table, a fast scanner of laser beam enabling the achievement of the speed and processing precision typical for the professional equipment as well as a fast shutter controlled by means of optical fibres to shadow the laser beam. The results pertaining to that topic have been published in [E1-8;E2-25;E ;E2-33;E2-40]. Detailed results of investigations have been presented in internal reports.

12 12 O3 Problems of plasma & laser engineering Other research topics The works regarding the topic O3/Z3/T1 conducted have been in connection with the works performed in the frame of the research project NATO Science for Peace SFP Development of a System Based on a High Power and High Efficiency Copper Bromide Laser for Precision Materials Processing. Conclusions and the assessment of rationalisation of continuation of works The most important results obtained in the present year investigations conducted in the frame of the topic O3/Z3/T1 are: Modification and modernisation of a research apparatus and computer software for visualisation and measurements of velocity fields in gas and liquid flows by means of CuBr and Nd:YAG laser with a double frequency transfer Modification of CuBr laser of 50 W power and modernisation of a research rig for laser precision material processing and optimisation of its parameters. It is envisaged that in the year 2001 in the frame of statute activity further investigated will be a problem, which regards application of CuBr laser for precision material processing. Developed in the years and modernised in 2000 two stands for precision material processing by means of CuBr laser of the power of 10 W and 50 W and obtained results together with acquired experience are a solid justification for continuation of these problems. A strong financial support for that objective is provided from the research project NATO Science for Peace SfP Development of a System Based on a High Power and High Efficiency Copper Bromide Laser for Precision Materials Processing. Continued also will be a topic concerned with application of CuBr and Nd:YAG lasers for visualisation of gas and liquid flows. Arguments supporting continuation of that topic are: modified in 2000 research equipment and computer software, as well as the experience acquired during difficult measurements in real aerodynamical and hydrodynamical tunnels and in a research pool. O3/Z3/T2 Application of plasma technique for purification of flue gases A long term objective of investigations conducted in the Department of Plasma and Laser Technique Applications is the development of new, effective and pro-ecological plasma methods for purification of different kinds of flue gases from harmful gaseous components. The topics of the present year works dealt with application of plasma technique in purification of flue gases and have encompassed:

13 Jerzy Mizeraczyk 13 Elimination of nitrogen oxides from flue gases simulators by means of positive impulse corona discharge Decomposition of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and freons by means of microwave discharge of the torch type Application of the laser induced spectroscopy for measurements of time and space distributions in non-equilibrium plasma applied in decomposition of nitrogen oxides Works dealing with elimination of nitrogen oxides from flue gas simulators by means of corona discharge encompassed experimental investigations as well as numerical modelling of the kinetics of chemical processes, which take place in a positive impulse corona discharge. These investigations have primarily been conducted in the frame of the doctoral dissertation [B-2]. As the most important result obtained in 2000 must be regarded explanation of the influence of reactor s diameter influence of the corona discharge on the effectiveness of nitrogen oxide elimination and the role of ozone in that process. It has been experimentally proved that the degree of NO and NO x elimination is greater in the reactor with a smaller internal diameter. Reduction of internal diameter of reactor renders however the increase of energy required for elimination of nitrogen oxides NO x with respect to one particle of NO. On the other hand, from the results obtained during modelling of the kinetics of chemical processing during the corona discharge in dry and wet flue gas simulators stems that the ozone plays an important role (share of 24%) in elimination of NO x when there is a lack of other particles reducing NO to NO 2, such as for example free radicals of O, OH and HO 2. In the presence of the particles of O, OH and HO 2 the share of ozone in reduction reactions does not exceed 1processes there also participated prof. G.V. Nichipor from the Institute of Chemistry and Radiative Physics of Belarussian Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus. Apart from the above mentioned doctoral dissertation the results have been published in [E1-5], have been presented in conference papers [E2-7 9]. Investigations of the decomposition of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and freons by means of a microwave discharge of the torch type have been financially supported by two KBN research projects: 1318/T10/98/14 titled Investigations of the effectiveness of flue gases elimination by means of microwave discharges and 0471/T10/99/17 titled: Optimisation of generation and modelling methods of microwave discharges for elimination of ecologically harmful gases. Projects have been realised together with a research group from the Department of Electrodynamics of Ionised Gases. In accordance with the schedule of works envisaged for the year 2000 constructed has been and commissioned a microwave apparatus consisting of a chemical reactor of small power for elimination of ecologically

14 14 O3 Problems of plasma & laser engineering harmful gases and conducted have been investigations of elimination of nitrogen oxides, selected hydrocarbons (methane (CH 4 ), toluene (C 6 H 5 CH 3 ), carbon quadrochloride (CCl 4 ), chloroform (CHCl 3 ) and freons (CFC-11 (CCl 3 F ), CFC-12 (CCl 2 F 2 ), CFC-22 (CHClF 2 ) and HFC-134a (C 2 H 2 F 4 )) of considerable concentration (up to several percents). It results from obtained results that the degree of decomposition of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and freons in the microwave discharge of the torch type is high (above 90% in the case of hydrocarbons and freons, and above 70% in the case of nitrogen oxides). Obtained results have been published in two journal articles [E1-9 and E1-10], in 10 conference papers [E2-15;E ;E2-35;E2-45]. With the problems of application of plasma technique in environmental protection realised in 2000 linked is a doctoral dissertation by Mr. J. Szuszkiewicz from the Agricultural and Technical Academy from Olsztyn dealing with decomposition and utilisation of rubber waste by means of plasma pyrolisis. The dissertation has been finalised in February 2000 [B3]. In the frame of co-operation with Oita University in Japan, in the Department O3/Z3 undertaken have been works on application of laser induced spectroscopy in time and space measurements of active particles in non-equilibrium plasma used for decomposition of nitrogen oxides. Technique of laser induced spectroscopy is a modern research method, amongst the others of non-equilibrium plasma, which effectively enhances experimental and numerical investigations of decomposition of flue gases by means of plasma catalysis. In the year 2000 the main result of investigations dealing with application of laser induced spectroscopy in decomposition of nitrogen oxides was a spatial measurement of the decomposition ratio of NO in the plasma reactor with the electrode configuration needle-plate. Obtained results have been presented at 3 international conferences [E ]. Other research topics Works dealing with realisation of a topic O3/Z3/T2 have been performed in combination with the works conducted in the frame: IFFM statute topic, headed by Prof. Z. Zakrzewski: O3/Z1/T1 Generation and modelling of plasma in microwave discharge, KBN research project 1318/T10/98/14 Investigations of the effectiveness of elimination of ecologically harmful flue gases using microwave discharges, KBN research project 0471/T10/99/T1 Optimisation of generation and modelling methods of microwave discharges... manager Prof. Z. Zakrzewski,

15 Jerzy Mizeraczyk 15 KBN research project 0446/t09/00/19 Optimisation of elimination processes of nitrogen oxides from flue gases by means of corona discharge manager Dr J. Stańco, Co-operation with institutions from Japan and Belarus. Conclusions and the assessment of rationalisation of continuation of works The most important results obtained during present year investigations conducted in the frame of the topic O3/Z3/T2 are: New experimental data for the development of technologies of purification of flue gases from NO x by means of corona discharge, dealing with optimisation of plasma reactor diameter and the role of ozone in that process, Initiation of a new direction of application of laser technique based on using of laser induced spectroscopy for time and space distributions of active particles in non- equilibrium plasma used in decomposition of nitrogen oxides, Development of a method of decomposition of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and freons with large concentrations by means of the microwave discharge of the torch type, Development of a method of decomposition and utilisation of rubber waste by means of plasma pyrolisis. Conducted investigations are consistent with a worldwide direction of development of modern methods of reduction of ecologically harmful to the atmosphere gases and methods of waste destruction. The scope of conducted work is important due to potential possibilities of application of obtained results in the development of modern plasma technologies of purification of flue gases from harmful gaseous components. Obtained results and perspectives in the area of plasma methods of flue gases purification ought to be continued. O3/Z3/K1 Laser diagnostics of flows in aero and hydrodynamical tunnels The objective of a research topic O3/Z3/K1 titled Laser diagnostics of flows in aero- and hydrodynamical tunnels was to test the degree of acquisition of laser methods of visualisation and measurement of velocity fields of flows by means of CuBr and Nd:YAG laser in professional tunnels or measurement channels. In accordance with that objective conducted has been visualisation as well as measurements of velocity fields in the hydrodynamical tunnel at the Department of Cavitation and Hydraulic Machinery Design at IFFM PAS, and also of a model

16 16 O3 Problems of plasma & laser engineering of electro-filter constructed in the Department O3/Z3 at IFFM PAS and finally of several models of hulls in the modelling pool at the Marine Technology Centre in Gdańsk. Conducted have also been measurements of velocity field in the aerodynamical channel at the Department of Transonic Flows at IFFM PAS. Obtained results confirm a high degree of acquisition of the laser diagnostics of flows by the group from O3/Z3 in the area of visualisation and measurement of velocity fields in the above mentioned tunnels or measurement channels. Interested parties, i.e. Department of Cavitation and Hydraulic Machinery Design at IFFM PAS and Department of Transonic Flows IFFM PAS, along with the Marine Technology Centre in Gdańsk have been content with obtained results. These results have been published in the form of one article [E1-14]. In the works dealing with laser diagnostics of flows in the model of electrofilter there participated a PhD student from The Department of Electronics and Electrotechnics from Oita, Japan Mr T. Kawasaki, MSc. It ought also to be noted that the topic O3/Z3/K1 was a topic awarded to the O3/Z3 department by the director of the institute for the period of one year. Financial resources required for realisation of that topic have been completely reimbursed to the Institute in the form of a gain from external contracts (Marine Technology Centre) acquired during realisation of this contract. Conclusions and the assessment of rationalisation of continuation of works The most important result obtained in this year investigations in the frame of the topic O3/Z3/K1 is a professional acquiring of laser technique of measurement of velocity fields using a PIV method in aero and hydrodynamical channel. Acquired experience will be used during continuation of works dealing with flow visualisation of gas and liquid flows in the frame of the topic O3/Z3/T1. Jerzy Mizeraczyk

17 B M. Sc., Ph. D. and D. Sc. dissertations 17 Bibliography B M. Sc., Ph. D. and D. Sc. dissertations B 1. Dors M.: Eliminacja tlenków azotu z symulatorów gazów odlotowych za pomocą wyładowania koronowego Removal of NO x from flue gas simulators by corona discharge Rozprawa doktorska (Ph. D. Thesis),, 84/2000, Gdańsk 2000 B 2. Szuszkiewicz J.: Piroliza plazmowa odpadów gumowych Plasma pyrolysis of rubber waste Rozprawa doktorska, (Ph. D. Thesis),, 270/2000 D Works submitted for publication D1 Articles D1 1. Cenian A., Chernukho A., Bogaerts A., Gijbels R.: Electron swarm parameters for nitrogen: Monte Carlo and Boltzmann analyses Parametry rojów (paczek) elektronowych w azocie: analiza Monte Carlo i Boltzmanna Journal Appl. Phys. poz. planu O3/Z2/T1 nr arch. 531/00 D1 2. Cenian A., Chernukho A., Leys C., Bogaerts A.: Interactions between DC plasma and HF fields Oddziaływanie plazmy DC z polami wysokiej częstotliwości HF Proc. of SPIE poz. planu O3/Z2/T1 nr arch. 597/00 D1 3. Grigorian G., Cenian A.: The influence of plasma-chemistry products on CO vibrational distribution in a carbon monoxide laser medium Wpływ produktów plazmochemii na rozkład energii wibracyjnej cząsteczki CO w mieszaninie lasera na tlenku węgla Proc. of SPIE poz. planu O3/Z2/T1 nr arch. 598/00 D1 4. Frankowski M., Śliwiński G., Schwentner N.: Investigation the luminescence and lasing potential of Mo in solid Ar films of

18 18 O3 Problems of plasma & laser engineering Badania luminescencji i własności laserowych cienkich warstw Mo w zestalonym Ar Proc. of SPIE poz. planu O3/Z2/T2 nr arch. 491/00 D1 5. Frankowski M., Śliwiński G., Schwentner N.: Investigation of doped inert gas solids for cryogenic lasers Badanie domieszkowanych, zestalonych gazów obojętnych dla laserów kriogenicznych Low Temp. Phys. poz. planu O3/Z2/T2 nr arch. 397/00 D1 6. Jendrzejewski R., Conde A., de Damborenea J., Śliwiński G.: Experimental study of a laser processing head with integrated jet of metal powder for rapid prototyping and production of protective coatings Badania doświadczalne głowicy roboczej lasera ze zintegrowanym strumieniem proszku metali używanej do celów szybkiego prototypowania i nakładania powok ochronnych Proc. of SPIE poz. planu PB 7T08D nr arch. 498/00 D1 7. Labuda S., Rabczuk G.: Polarization state measurements of the industrial 1.2 kw cw CO 2 laser beam Pomiary stanu polaryzacji wiązki laserowej z lasera cw CO 2 o mocy 1.2 kw Proc. of SPIE poz. planu PB 1419?T11/98/14 nr arch. 674/00 D1 8. Moisan M., Zakrzewski Z., Rostaing J. C.: Waveguide-based single and multiple nozzle plasma torches: the TIAGO concept Falowodowe pochodnie plazmowe w układzie jedno- i wielodyszowym: koncepcja TIAGO Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. poz. planu O3/Z1/T1 nr arch. 811/00 D1 9. Nowakowska H., Zakrzewski Z., Moisan M.: Propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves along a dense plasma filament Charakterystyki propagacji fal elektromagnetycznych wzdłuż włókna plazmy o dużej koncentracji elektronów Journal of Phys. D: Appl. Phys. poz. planu PB 0471 nr arch. 856/00 D1 10. Rabczuk G., Sawczak M., Śliwiński G.: Spatial and temporal characteristics of an industrial cw CO 2 laser beam

19 D2 Works submitted for publication (Lectures) 19 Charakterystyka czasowa i przestrzenna promieniowania lasera przemysłowego cw CO 2 Proc. of SPIE poz. planu O3/Z2/T1 nr arch. 672/00 D1 11. Sawczak M., Śliwiński G., Grinberg M., Kukliński B.: Investigation of a copper doped sol-gel glass for laser applications Badanie szkieł sol-gel domieszkowanych miedzią do zastosowań laserowych Proc. of SPIE poz. planu O3/Z2/T2 nr arch. 494/00 D1 12. Śliwiński G., Sawczak M., Schwentner N.: Harmonics generation in 4 HeII by femtosecond laser excitation Generacja harmonicznych w 4 HeII przez femtosekundowe wzbudzenie laserowe J. Low Temp. Phys. D2 Lectures D2 1. Jankowska M., Śliwiński G.: Acoustic technique in laser cleaning of sandstone Technika akustyczna w procesie laserowego oczyszczania piaskowca 4th International Conference on Use of Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks, LACONA IV, September 11-14, 2001, Paryż, Francja D2 2. Mizeraczyk J., Kocik M., Dors M., Szczucki P., Ohkubo T., Kanazawa S., Kawasaki T.: Visualization and velocity field in corona discharge activated radical shower reactor used for NO x reduction Wizualizacja i pomiar prędkości przepływu w reaktorze wyładowania koronowego z wtryskiem rodników stosowanym do usuwania NO x 13th Symposium on Application of Plasma Processes, Tale, Slovak Republic, January 15-21, 2001 E Published works E1 Articles E1 1. Beck A., Hemmers D., Kempkens H., Meier S., Stańco J., Uhlenbusch J.: Experimental investigations of the rotating magnetic field influence on an ECR discharge plasma

20 20 O3 Problems of plasma & laser engineering Doświadczalne badania wpływu wirującego pola magnetycznego na plazmę wyładowania ECR Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 42, 2000, E1 2. Cenian A.: Plasma-chemical processes and their role in CO 2 lasers Procesy plazmochemiczne i ich rola w laserach CO 2 Journal Technical Physics, 40, No. 3, (1999), E1 3. Cenian A., Chernukho A.: The working mixture composition for efficient generation of CO 2 laser radiation Skład mieszaniny roboczej dla wydajnej generacji promieniowania w laserze CO 2 Journal Technical Physics, 40, No. 3, (1999), E1 4. Cenian A., Chernukho A., Rabczuk G.: Investigations of the influence of working mixture composition on a CO 2 laser performance Badania wpływu składu ośrodka czynnego na parametry lasera CO 2 Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 4237, (2000), E1 5. Dors M., Mizeraczyk J., Nichipor G. V.: Chemical kinetic model for NO x conversion by electron beam and pulsed positive corona discharge induced plasma Model kinetyki reakcji chemicznych zachodzących podczas przemian NO x w plazmie indukowanej strumieniem elektronów i dodatnim impulsowym wyładowaniem koronowym Transactions of IFFM, 107, 2000, E1 6. Frankowski M., Śliwiński G., Schwentner N.: Investigation the lasing potential of solidified gas mixtures Badanie własności laserowych zestalonych mieszanin gazów Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 4237, (2000), of E1 7. Gireń B. G., Szkodo M., Cenian A.: Cavitation resistance of 45 and 2Cr13 steels enriched with laser deposited Hf, SiC or SiC+AlNi powders Odporność kawitacyjna stali 45 i 2H13 wzbogaconych laserowo węglikiem krzemu, hafnem oraz SiC+AlNi Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 4238, (2000), E1 8. Grozeva M., Kocik M., Mentel J., Mizeraczyk J., Petrov T., Telbizov P., Teuner D., Sabotinov N., Schulze J.: Laser capabilities of CuBr mixture excited by RF discharge Właściwości laserujące mieszaniny CuBr wzbudzonej wyładowaniem

21 E1 Published works (Articles) 21 wysokiej częstotliwości European Physical Journal D, 8, , 2000 E1 9. Jasiński M., Szczucki P., Mizeraczyk J., Lubański M., Zakrzewski Z.: Decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons using microwave torch plasma Rozkład freonów za pomocą plazmy wyładowania mikrofalowego typu pochodnia Transactions of IFFM, 107, 55-64, 2000 E1 10. Jasiński M., Szczucki P., Dors M., Mizeraczyk J., Lubański M., Zakrzewski Z.: Decomposition of fluorohydrocarbons in atmospheric-pressure flowing air using coaxial-line-based microwave torch plasma Dekompozycja fluorowanych węglowodorów w plazmie wyładowania mikrofalowego typu pochodnia w przepływie powietrza pod ciśnieniem atmosferycznym Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, Vol. 50, 2000, Suppl. S3, E1 11. Jendrzejewski R., Śliwiński G., Martev I., Nedialkov N., Atanasov P.: Laser treatment of the 38HMJ steel surface in a liquid nitrogen environment Laserowa obróbka powierzchni stali 38HMJ w środowisku ciekłego azotu Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 4238, (2000), E1 12. Kocik M., Podliński J., Dekowski J., Mizeraczyk J.: CuBr laser in measurements of fluids flow fields with PIV method Zastosowanie lasera CuBr w pomiarach pól prędkości przepływu metodą PIV Laser Technology VI: Applications; Eds.: W. L. Woliński, Z. Jankiewicz; Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 4238, 2000, E1 13. Labuda S., Rabczuk G., Śliwiński G.: Intracavity modulation of cw, CO 2 laser by periodic gas vortices Modulacje promieniowania lasera cw CO 2 wywołane periodycznymi wirami gazu wprowadzonego do wnęki rezonatora Journal of Technical Physics, Vol. XL, No. 3, (1999), E1 14. Mizeraczyk J., Ohkubo T., Kanazawa S., Nomoto Y., Kawasaki T., Kocik M.: Visualization of corona discharge induced by UV (248 nm) pulses of a KrF excimer laser Wizualizacja wyładowania koronowego indukowanego impulsami UV (248 nm) lasera ekscymerowego KrF

22 22 O3 Problems of plasma & laser engineering Laser Technology VI: Applications; Eds.: W. L. Woliński, Z. Jankiewicz; Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 4238, 2000, E1 15. Moisan M., Zakrzewski Z.: Microwave plasma sources using surface waves: recent trends and developments Mikrofalowe źródła plazmy z wykorzystaniem fali powierzchniowej. Stan współczesny Journal of Technical Physics, 41, 2000, E1 16. Rabczuk G.: CO 2 laser resonator properties Własności rezonatorów laserów CO 2 Journal of Technical Physics, Vol. XL, No. 3, (1999), E1 17. Rabczuk G., Labuda S., Sawczak M.: Experimental study of the high power CO 2 laser beam stability Badania eksperymentalne stabilności generacji lasera CO 2 dużej mocy Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 4237, (2000), E1 18. Rabczuk G., Sawczak M., Śliwiński G.: Diagnostic instrument for measurements of a high power CO 2 laser beam Przyrząd pomiarowy do diagnostyki wiązki lasera CO 2 dużej mocy Proc. of SPIE. Vol. 4237, (2000), E1 19. Sawczak M., Śliwiński G. Kukliński B., Grinberg M.: Luminescence of copper doped sol-gel matricies for laser applications Badania luminescencji matryc sol-gel domieszkowanych miedzią Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 4237, (2000), E1 20. Śliwiński G., Sawczak M., Schwentner N.: Femtosecond laser preparation of He 2 excimers and third harmonic generation in superfluid He Generacja trzeciej harmonicznej lasera femtosekundowego w nadciekłym helu Proc. German Phys. Soc., Vol. 5(2000), 1074 E2 Lectures E2 1. Cenian A., Chernukho A., Bogaerts A., Gijbels R.: Electron swarm parameters for nitrogen: Monte Carlo and Boltzmann analyses Parametry rojów (paczek) elektronowych w azocie: analiza Monte Carlo i Boltzmanna V International School-Seminar on Nonequilibrium Processes and their Applications, Minsk 2000, Belarus, Contr., (Papers, 3-8)

23 E2 Published works (Lectures) 23 E2 2. Cenian A., Chernukho A., Leys C., Bogaerts A.: Interactions between DC plasma and HF fields Oddziaływanie plazmy DC z polami wysokiej częstotliwości HF XIII International Symposium on Gas Flow and Chemical Lasers, Florence, Italy, September 18-22, 2000, (Book of Abstracts, ) E2 3. Cenian A., Chernukho A., Rabczuk G.: Modelling of a resonator-medium coupling for a fast transverse-flow CO 2 lasers Modelowanie sprzężenia rezonator-medium robocze w laserze CO 2 z szybkim przepływem XIII Int. Symposium on Gas Flow and Chemical Lasers, Florence 2000, Italy, (Book of Abstracts, ) E2 4. Cenian A., Grigorian G.: The influence of plasma-chemistry products on CO vibrational distribution in a carbon monoxide laser medium Wpływ produktów plazmochemii na rozkład energii wibracyjnej cząsteczki CO w mieszaninie lasera na tlenku węgla XIII Int. Symposium on Gas Flow and Chemical Lasers, Florence 2000, Italy, (Book of Abstracts, 120) E2 5. Cenian A., Labuda S., Leys C.: Combustion of propane/air mixture in closed vessel: flame front, electron density and burning velocity measurements Spalanie mieszaniny propanu z powietrzem w naczyniu zamkniętym: pomiary frontu płomienia, gęstości elektronów oraz prędkości spalania 28 Intern. Symposium on Combustion, Edinburgh 2000, (Abstracts of Work-in-Progress, 38) E2 6. Cenian A., Chernukho A., Leys C., Bogaerts A.: Interactions between DC plasma and HF fields Oddziaływanie plazmy DC z polami wysokiej częstotliwości HF XIII International Symposium on Gas Flow and Chemical Lasers, Florence, Italy, September 18-22, 2000, (Book of Abstracts, ) E2 7. Dors M., Mizeraczyk J.: Influence of reactor diameter on NO x removal in a pulsed positive corona discharge Wpływ średnicy reaktora na usuwanie NO x w dodatnim impulsowym wyładowaniu koronowym 7th Int. Symp. on High Pressure Low Temperature Plasma Chemistry, HAKONE VII, Greifswald, Germany, Ed.: Institute of Physics, University of Greifswald, 2000, (Proc., )

24 24 O3 Problems of plasma & laser engineering E2 8. Dors M., Mizeraczyk J., Nichipor G. V.: Chemistry of NO x conversions in e-beam and corona discharge plasma Chemia przemian tlenków azotu NO x w plazmie strumienia elektronów i wyładowania koronowego First Polish-Japanese Hakone Group Symposium on Non-thermal Plasma Processing of Water and Air, Sopot, Ed.: J. Mizeraczyk and M. Dors, 2000, (Proc., 27-30) E2 9. Dors M., Mizeraczyk J., Nichipor G. V.: Chemical reactions of NO x in non-thermal plasma Reakcje chemiczne tlenków azotu NO x w plazmie nietermicznej Vth Int. School-Seminar on Nonequilibrium Processes and their Applications, Mińsk, Belarus, Ed.: Heat and Mass Transfer Institute, 2000, (Proc., 32-36) E2 10. Frankowski M., Śliwiński G., Schwentner N.: Investigation of the luminescence and lasing potential of Mo in solid Ar films Badania luminescencji i własności laserowych cienkich warstw Mo w zestalonym Ar XI Int. School on Quantum Electronics, Warna, Bułgaria, September 18-22, 2000, (Abstracts) E2 11. Frankowski M., Śliwiński G., Schwentner N.: Investigation of doped inert gas solids for cryogenic lasers Badanie domieszkowanych, zestalonych gazów obojętnych dla laserów kriogenicznych Third Int. Conf. on Cryocrystals and Quantum Crystals, Szklarska Poręba, 28 lipca 4 sierpnia, 2000, (Abstracts) E2 12. Gireń B., Rabczuk G., Szkodo M.: Search for CO 2 laser beam parameters affecting the process of the laser elevating of cavitation resistance of steels Ustalenie parametrów wiązki lasera CO 2 mających istotne znaczenie dla procesu podwyższenia odporności kawitacyjnej stali XIII Int. Symposium, GCL-HPL Florence 2000, (Book of Abstracts, P1-46) E2 13. Grigorian G., Cenian A.: The influence of plasma-chemistry products on CO vibrational distribution in a carbon monoxide laser medium Wpływ produktów plazmochemii na rozkład energii wibracyjnej cząsteczki CO w mieszaninie lasera na tlenku węgla XIII International Symposium on Gas Flow and Chemical Lasers, Florence, Italy, September 18-22, 2000, (Book of Abstracts, 120)

25 E2 Published works (Lectures) 25 E2 14. Jankowska M., Kamińska A., Śliwiński G.: Laser in art restoration historical review Lasery w zastosowaniu do renowacji zabytków przegląd historyczny XI Seminarium Konserwatorów i Historyków, września, 2000, Litomerice, Czechy, (Mat.) E2 15. Jasiński M., Mizeraczyk J., Zakrzewski Z., Lubański M.: Decomposition of high-concentration NO by microwave torch plasma Dekompozycja NO w dużych stężeniach za pomocą wyładowania mikrofalowego typu pochodnia plazmowa 3rd Int. Conf. on Electromagnetic Devices and Processes in Environment Protection, ELMECO 2000, Nałęczów, June 4-6, 2000, (Book of Abstracts, 27) E2 16. Jasiński M., Szczucki P., Dors M., Mizeraczyk J.: Decomposition of fluorohydrocarbons by coaxial-line-based microwave torch plasma Dekompozycja węglowodorów chlorofluorowanych za pomocą generatora plazmy mikrofalowej typu pochodnia o konstrukcji współosiowej 3rd Int. Conf. on Electromagnetic Devices and Processes in Environment Protection, ELMECO 2000, Nałęczów, June 4-6, 2000, (Book of Abstracts, 28) E2 17. Jasiński M., Dors M., Mizeraczyk J., Lubański M., Zakrzewski Z.: Decomposition of high-concentration fluorohydrocarbons and NO in atmospheric pressure using coaxial-line-based microwave torch plasma Rozkład stężonych fluorowęglowodorów i NO pod ciśnieniem atmosferycznym za pomocą plazmy typu coaxial-line-based microwave torch Vth Int. School-Seminar on Nonequilibrium Processes and their Applications, Mińsk, Belarus, September 1-6, 2000, (Proc., ) E2 18. Jasiński M., Szczucki P., Dors M., Mizeraczyk J., Lubański M., Zakrzewski Z.: Decomposition of fluorohydrocarbons in atmospheric-pressure flowing air using coaxial-line-based microwave torch plasma Rozkład fluorowęglowodorów w przepływającym powietrzu pod ciśnieniem atmosferycznym za pomocą plazmy typu pochodnia generowanej w układzie współosiowym 19th Symposium on Plasma Physics and Technology, Praga, Czech Technical University, 2000, (Proc., 42) E2 19. Jasiński M., Szczucki P., Dors M., Mizeraczyk J., Lubański M., Zakrzewski Z.: Application of coaxial-line-based microwave torch