0EFSVEXSV] 3VKERM^EXMSR 4S[IV 7YTTP] 0EFSVEXSV] (:1 ERH 0EFSVEXSV] 4S[IV 7YTTP] 7-( 7-( & &SWIV

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Download "0EFSVEXSV] 3VKERM^EXMSR 4S[IV 7YTTP] 0EFSVEXSV] (:1 ERH 0EFSVEXSV] 4S[IV 7YTTP] 7-( 7-( & &SWIV"

Zofia Zawadzka
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1 9' &IVOIPI] ))'7 0EF 0%& 7SPEV 4S[IV 7YTTP] & &SWIV 2%1) 2%1) 7-( 7-( 0EFSVEXSV] 3VKERMÊXMSR 8LI HSGYQIRX ]SY EVI PSSOMRK EX EVI XLI MRWXVYGXMSRW JSV XLI wvwx PEFSVEXSV] MR )) =SY [MPP YWI WMQMPEV MRWXVYGXMSRW JSV EPP PEFW 8LIWI MRWXVYGXMSRW WIVZI HYEP TYVTSWI EW TVIPEF MRWXVYGXMSRW ERH PEF KYMHI,IVI MW [LEX ]SY LEZI XS HS 4VITEVEXMSR qtvipefr (S[RPSEH XLI MRWXVYGXMSRW ERH VIEH XLIQ XS FI VIEH] JSV XLI PEFSVEXSV] *SV QER] PEFW ]SY [MPP FI EWOIH XS EREP]Î ERH HIWMKR XLI GMVGYMXW ]SY [MPP FI FYMPHMRK 'SQTPIXI EPP XLIWI EWWMKRQIRXW FIJSVI XLI PEF ERH QEOI WYVI XS IRXIV EPP ]SYV VIWYPXW MRXS E TVMRXIH GST] SJ XLI PEF MRWXVYGXMSRW SV SR WITEVEXI WLIIXW ETTIRHIH XS XLI MRWXVYGXMSRW 4PIEWI KIX LIPT MR SJw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wG WYTTP] ZSPXEKI *SV I\EQTPI XLI qts[iv FVMGOr SJ Q] PEST WYTTPMIW : XS Q] GSQTYXIV XS STIVEXI 'LIGO XLI PEFIPW SJ WYTTPMIW ]SY S[R JSV XLI ZSPXEKIW YWIH F] HMJJIVIRX IPIGXVSRMG HIZMGIW -R XLMW PEFSVEXSV] [I wvwx JEQMPMEVMÎ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

$*MKYVI % VIWMWXSV [MXL ZEPYI ERH XSPIVERGI GSPSVW FPYIKVI]FVS[R KSPH 2I\X [I RIIH XS ZIVMJ] XLEX XLI SYXTYX ZSPXEKI WXE]W GSRWXERX MRHITIRHIRX SJ XLI GYVVIRX xs[mrk YT XS XLI WIX QE\MQYQ ;I HS XLMW$ GSHI IK SR ;MOMTIHME YRHIV qipigxvsrmg GSPSV GSHIr SV qviwmwxsvr 9WI XLI 3LQQIXIV QYPXMQIXIV WIX XS QIEWYVI VIWMWXERGI MJ ]SY EVI RSX WYVI EFSYX XLI ZEPYI SJ E VIWMWXSV =SY [MPP wrh XLEX SRP] GIVXEMR

GSHI IK SR ;MOMTIHME YRHIV qipigxvsrmg GSPSV GSHIr SV qviwmwxsvr 9WI XLI 3LQQIXIV QYPXMQIXIV WIX XS QIEWYVI VIWMWXERGI MJ ]SY EVI RSX WYVI EFSYX XLI ZEPYI SJ E VIWMWXSV =SY [MPP wrh XLEX SRP] GIVXEMR

2 *MKYVI % VIWMWXSV [MXL ZEPYI ERH XSPIVERGI GSPSVW FPYIKVI]FVS[R KSPH 2I\X [I RIIH XS ZIVMJ] XLEX XLI SYXTYX ZSPXEKI WXE]W GSRWXERX MRHITIRHIRX SJ XLI GYVVIRX xs[mrk YT XS XLI WIX QE\MQYQ ;I HS XLMW F] GSRRIGXMRK E VIWMWXSV EGVSWW XLI SYXTYX XIVQMREPW SJ XLI WYTTP] *MKYVI WLS[W E TMGXYVI SJ VIWMWXSVW PMOI XLSWI [I YWI MR XLI PEF 8LI GSPSVIH VMRKW IRGSHI XLI ZEPYI SJ XLI VIWMWXSV =SY GER wrh XLEX GSHI IK SR ;MOMTIHME YRHIV qipigxvsrmg GSPSV GSHIr SV qviwmwxsvr 9WI XLI 3LQQIXIV QYPXMQIXIV WIX XS QIEWYVI VIWMWXERGI MJ ]SY EVI RSX WYVI EFSYX XLI ZEPYI SJ E VIWMWXSV =SY [MPP wrh XLEX SRP] GIVXEMR VIWMWXSV ZEPYIW EVI EZEMPEFPI 1SWX VIWMWXSV X]TIW EVI SRP] QEHI [MXL ZEPYIW ERH HIGMQEP QYPXMTPIW SV JVEGXMSRW XLIVISJ -R QER] WMXYEXMSRW XLI GPSWIWX ZEPYI GER FI WYFWXMXYXIH IK O JSV O %PXIVREXMZIP] MX MW TSWWMFPI XS GSQFMRI X[S SV QSVI VIWMWXSVW MR WIVMIW ERHSV TEVEPPIP XS W]RXLIWMÎ E HIWMVIH ZEPYI IK X[S O VIWMWXSVW GSRRIGXIH MR TEVEPPIP TVSHYGI I\EGXP] O ;LIR ]SY HIWMKR E GMVGYMX ]SY RIIH XS VSYRH GEPGYPEXIH GSQTSRIRX ZEPYIW XS EZEMPEFPI SRIW ERH HIGMHI MJ XLI VSYRHMRK IVVSV MW EGGIEFPI SV E QSVI TVIGMWI ZEPYI QYWX FI W]RXLIWMÎH JVSQ WIZIVEP TEVXW ;LEX MW XLI ZEPYI SJ XLI VIWMWXSVW WLS[R MR *MKYVI # -RGPYHI XLI YRMX MR ]SYV ERW[IV IK Q: 1; O3LQ 9WI TVSTIV GETMXEPMÊXMSR ERH MRGPYHI XLI GSVVIGX YRMX IZIR MJ XLI VIWYPX MW ÎVS IK : *MKYVI 'SPSV GSHIH VIWMWXSVW GSPSVW SVERKISVERKIVIHKSPH %WWYQI E O VIWMWXSV MW GSRRIGXIH EGVSWW XLI WYTTP] ;LEX MW XLI XLI ZEPYI SJ XLI GYVVIRX xs[mrk# ;LEX MW XLI TS[IV HMWWMTEXIH MR XLI VIWMWXSV# %W XLI ZEPYI SJ XLI VIWMWXSV GSRRIGXIH XS XLI WYTTP] HIGVIEWIW XLI GYVVIRX MRGVIEWIW YT XS XLI QE\MQYQ TVS KVEQQIH MRXS XLI WYTTP] *SV PS[IV VIWMWXERGI ZEPYIW XLI QE\MQYQ GYVVIRX xs[w ERH XLI WYTTP] ZSPXEKI HVSTW FIPS[ XLI TVSKVEQQIH ZEPYI ;MXL XLI PEFSVEXSV] WYTTP] TVSKVEQQIH EW MRHMGEXIH EFSZI [LEX MW XLI QMRMQYQ VIWMWXERGI ZEPYI FIPS[ [LMGL ZSPXEKI HVSTW# %WWYQI E VIWMWXSV MW GSRRIGXIH EGVSWW XLI WYTTP] ;LEX MW XLI ZEPYI SJ XLI GYVVIRX xs[mrk# ;LEX MW XLI ZSPXEKI EGVSWW XLI VIWMWXSV# (VE[ E GMVGYMX HMEKVEQ WLS[MRK LS[ XS GSRRIGX ZSPX ERH EQTIVIQIXIVW XS QIEWYVI XLI ZSPXEKI ERH GYVVIRX WMQYPXERISYWP] -RGPYHI XLI PEFSVEXSV] WYTTP] ERH PSEH VIWMWXSV 6 0 MR ]SYV HMEKVEQ 9WI WXERHEVH IPIGXVSRMG GMVGYMX W]QFSPW JSV XLIWI HIZMGIW RSX qtmgxyviwr

3 W 'SRRIGX HMJJIVIRX VIWMWXSVW 6 0 [MXL ZEPYIW EW MRHMGEXIH FIPS[ XS XLI WYTTP] ERH GEPGYPEXI ERH QIEWYVI XLI ZSPXEKI : W EGVSWW XLI VIWMWXSV ERH GYVVIRX - W xs[mrk *MPP MR XLI XEFPI FIPS[ ERH GSQTEVI GEPGYPEXIH ERH QIEWYVIH VIWYPXW )\TPEMR HMJJIVIRGIW : W JSV 6 0! O - W JSV 6 0! O : W JSV 6 0! - W JSV 6 0! QIEWYVIH GEPGYPEXIH 7SPEV 4S[IV 7YTTP] 3YV SFNIGXMZI MW XS HIWMKR WSPEV TS[IV WYTTP] JSV E WQEPP ETTPMERGI WYGL EW E GIPP TLSRI 3RI SJ XLI UYIWXMSRW [I RIIH XS MRZIWXMKEXI MW XLI WM^I SJ XLI TERIP XLEX MW VIUYMVIH 8S ERW[IV XLMW UYIWXMSR [I RIIH XS FIXXIV YRHIVWXERH XLI GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW SJ XLI WSPEV GIPP -XtW MRXIVJEGI MW NYWX PMOI XLEX SJ E FEXXIV] X[S PIEHW XLEX WYTTP] TS[IV &YX LS[ QYGL TS[IV GER MX HIPMZIV# %X [LEX ZSPXEKI# 0IXtW wrh SYX MR XLI PEF *SV XLMW TYVTSWI TSWMXMSR ]SYV WSPEV GIPP SR XLI PEF FIRGL WS XLEX MX [MPP VIGIMZI GSRWXERX MPPYQMREXMSR 7YR PMKLX MW MHIEP FYX E WXVSRK EVXMwGMEP PMKLX WSYVGI IK,EPSKIR PMKLX [SVOW EPWS &I GEVIJYP RSX XS LIEX XLI WSPEV GIPP WMKRMwGERXP] [MXL XLI PMKLX WSYVGI EW XLMW [SYPH VIHYGI XLI IJwGMIRG] SJ XLI GIPP %PWS QEOI WYVI XLEX XLI MPPYQMREXMSR WXE]W GSRWXERX SZIV XLI GSYVWI SJ XLI I\TIVMQIRXW 9WMRK XLI (:1 QIEWYVI XLI STIR GMVGYMX ZSPXEKI SYXTYX ZSPXEKI [MXL RS GYVVIRX xs[mrk ERH WLSVX GMVGYMX GYVVIRX GYVVIRX xs[mrk [MXL XLI XIVQMREPW SJ XLI WSPEV GIPP WLSVXIH XSKIXLIV SJ XLI WSPEV GIPP %XXIRXMSR TIVJSVQ XLI WLSVX GMVGYMX QIEWYVIQIRX SRP] SR E WQEPP WSPEV GIPP EW [MXL E FMK TERIP XLI GYVVIRX xs[mrk GSYPH FI WS PEVKI EW XS HEQEKI XLI GIPP ERH EQQIXIV ERH IZIR ]SY QMKLX KIX LYVX ;LEX MW TS[IV HIPMZIVIH F] XLI WSPEV GIPP MR E F XLI STIR GMVGYMX GSRwKYVEXMSR# XLI WLSVX GMVGYMX GSRwKYVEXMSR#

4 %WWYQI XLEX XLI ZSPXQIXIV ERH EQQIXIVW EVI MHIEP MI LEZI MRwRMXI SV ÎVS VIWMWXERGI VIWTIGXMZIP] 6IGSVH XLI QIEWYVIH STIR ERH WLSVX GMVGYMX ZSPXEKI : STIR ERH GYVVIRX - WLSVX : STIR! - WLSVX! 8S I\XVEGX TS[IV JVSQ XLI GIPP [I RIIH XS GSRRIGX MX XS E PSEH 8S HIXIVQMRI XLI QE\MQYQ TS[IV XLI GIPP GER HIPMZIV [I PSEH MX [MXL VIWMWXSVW 6 0 SJ ZEV]MRK WMÎ ;I LEZI EPVIEH] GLIGOIH XLI I\XVIQIW STIR GMVGYMX GSVVI WTSRHMRK XS 6 0 ERH WLSVX GMVGYMX 6 0! RS[ XLI SFNIGXMZI MW XS wrh XLI ZEPYI SJ 6 0 JSV [LMGL TS[IV MW QE\MQMÎH 7XEVX [MXL E qkyiwwr IK O VIGSVH ZSPXEKI ERH GYVVIRX ERH GSQTYXI XLI TS[IV ERH XLIR XV] WQEPPIV ERH PEVKIV ZEPYIW,S[ WIRWMXMZI MW XLI GIPPtW SYXTYX XS XLI EQSYRX SJ MRGMHIRX PMKLX# 6IGSVH ]SYV QIEWYVIQIRXW SJ XLI SYXTYX ZSPXEKI ERH GYVVIRX SJ XLI WSPEV GIPP JSV HMJJIVIRX PSEH VIWMWXSVW SR KVETL TETIV ERH GEPGYPEXI XLI TS[IV HIPMZIVIH 8LIR HIXIVQMRI XLI ZSPXEKI : QE\ GYVVIRX - QE\ ERH ZEPYI SJ 6 0! 6 QE\ JSV [LMGL XLI TS[IV VIEGLIW XLI QE\MQYQ 4 QE\ =SY [MPP RIIH QSVI TSMRXW RIEV XLI TS[IV QE\MQYQ XS KIX EGGYVEXI ZEPYIW JSV : QE\ ERH - QE\ 6IQIQFIV XS PEFIP XLI E\IW 6? A 0 7LS[ ]SYV I\TIVMQIRXEP WIXYT MR XLI QE\MQYQ TS[IV GSRHMXMSR XS XLI PEF +7-

5 W : QE\ W - QE\ 4 QE\ W 6 QE\ W ;I RS[ LEZI XLI MRJSVQEXMSR RIIHIH XS HIXIVQMRI XLI WM^I SJ XLI TERIP 0IXtW EWWYQI SYV SFNIGXMZI MW XS TS[IV E GIPPYPEV TLSRI XLEX VIUYMVIW : W! : ERH HVE[W - W! Q% -J IEGL GIPP MR SYV TERIP KIRIVEXIW : GIPP! Q: LS[ QER] GIPPW HS [I RIIH XS [MVI MR WIVMIW XS TVSHYGI EX PIEWX : W # *YPP MRGMHIRX TS[IV JVSQ XLI WYR MW ETTVS\MQEXIP] O; TIV Q 7SPEV GIPPW GSRZIVX XLMW PMKLX XS IPIGXVMGMX] [MXL ER IJwGMIRG] XLEX X]TMGEPP] MW MR XLI VERKI SJ %WWYQMRK XLI GIPP ZSPXEKI MW EX : GIPP [LEX GYVVIRX - GIPP MW EZEMPEFPI JVSQ E GIPP [MXL EVIE GQ ERH IJwGMIRG] EX O; TIV Q MRGMHIRX TS[IV# (VE[ XLI GMVGYMX HMEKVEQ SJ ]SYV WSPEV TERIPW [MXL GIPPW MR WIVMIW ERH TEVEPPIP -RHMGEXI XLI RYQFIV SJ GIPPW W -R TVEGXMGI SJ GSYVWI XLI TS[IV ERH ZSPXEKI HIPMZIVIH F] XLI TERIP ZEVMIW EW E JYRGXMSR SJ MPPYQMREXMSR 4VSZMHIH XLEX XLI EZEMPEFPI TS[IV MW WYJwGMIRX XS STIVEXI XLI GIPP TLSRI XLI ZEV]MRK SYXTYX JVSQ XLI WSPEV TERIP GER FI VIKYPEXIH XS EP[E]W TVSZMHI XLI GSVVIGX STIVEXMRK ZSPXEKI JSV XLI PSEH -RGVIEWMRK XLI IJwGMIRG] SJ WSPEV GIPPW MW E LSX VIWIEVGL XSTMG )JwGMIRGMIW EGLMIZIH MR XLI PEFSVEXSV] ETTVSEGL 9RJSVXYREXIP] LMKL IJwGMIRG] GIPPW VIP] SR I\TIRWMZI QEXIVMEPW ERH JEFVMGEXMSR TVSGIWWIW % TEVEPPIP VIWIEVGL IJJSVX MRZIWXMKEXIW RI[ QEXIVMEPW XS FVMRK HS[R XLI GSWX TIV ;EXX HIPMZIVIH F] XLI GIPP

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