11/16/2015. Fricatives. Fricatives. Fricatives. Frikativi

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Dariusz Cybulski
6 lat temu
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1 Phonetics of English /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/ Sometimes /w, j, r/ Frikativi produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together continual release of air through a narrow passage possible produced in the vocal tract 1. Tip artikulacije (type of articulation) /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h, w, j, r/ su suglasnici (consonants) 2. Način artikulacije (manner of articulation) /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h, w, j, r/ su frikativi (fricatives) /w, j, r/ su frikativi kada se nalaze iza jakog bezvučnog suglasnika. U ostalim slučajevima su kontinuati (polusamoglasnici). 3. Mjesto artikulacije (place of articulation) a. usneni (labial) - /w/ kada se nalazi iza jakog bezvučnog suglasnika twist /twist/, sweet /swi:t/ b. zubno-usneni (labio-dental) - /f, v/ fan /fæn/ safer /'seifə/ van /væn/ saver /'seivə/ c. zubni (dental) - /θ, ð/ thumb /θʌm/ breath /breθ/ father /'fa:ðə/ breathe /bri:ð/ d. alveolarni (alveolar) - /s, z/ sip /sip/ zip /zip/ facing /'feisiŋ/ phasing /'feiziŋ/ e. post-alveolarni (post-alveolar) - /s, z/ ispred /r/ horserace /'hɔ:sreis/ newsreel /'nju:zri:l/ f. palatoalveolarni (palato-alveolar) - /ʃ, ʒ/ ship /ʃip/ Russia /'rʌʃə/ measure /'meʒə/ garage /'gæra:ʒ/ 1

2 g.palatalni (palatal) neki alofoni foneme /j/, kada je ona izgovorena kao suglasnik (kad se ispred nje nađe jaki bezvučni suglasnik) queue /kju:/ few /fju:/ h. glotalni (glottal) - /h/ him /him/ behave /bi'heiv/ 4. Jačina artikulacije (force of articulation) A. Frikativi /f, θ, s, ʃ, h/ su jaki suglasnici (strong/fortis) B. Frikativi /v, ð, z, ʒ/ su slabi suglasnici (weak/lenis) /h/ se javlja u početnom i medijalnom položaju, a na kraju riječi se ne javlja nikada u engleskom jeziku. Fortis fricatives are said to be articulated with greater force than the lenis ones and their friction noise is louder. 5. Stepen zvučnosti (degree of voicing) zvučni, djelimično zvučni i bezvučni 1. Jaki frikativi su uvijek bezvučni /f, θ, s, ʃ, h/ Study questions 2. /v, ð, z, ʒ/: A. fully voiced (when found between two voiced sounds): /v/ covered /'kʌvəd/ saved /seivd/ /ð/ mother /'mʌðə/ buzzed /bazd/ /z/ easy /'i:zi/ rouged /ru:ʒd/ /ʒ/ measure /'meʒə/ B. partially voiced (when word-initial): voice /vɔis/ those /ðəuz/ zoo /zu:/ 1. Define the articulation of fricatives and provide a list of fricative sounds. 2. Which fricatives are labial and labio-dental? 3. Which fricatives are dental and alveolar? 4. In which positions are /s, z/ postalveolar? Give examples. 5. Which fricatives are palatal and glottal? 6. Which fricatives are strong and which are weak? 7. Which fricatives are always voiceless? 8. Explaing voicing for /v, ð, z, ʒ/? Give examples. C. devoiced (when word-final): give /giv/ with /wið/ does /dʌz/ garage /'gæra:ʒ/ 2

3 /f/ f feel /fi:l/ ff officer / ɔfisə/ ph photo / fəutəu/ gh laugh /la:f/ /v/ v river / rivə/ - Nekada se digraph ph izgovara kao /v/: Stepehen / sti:vən/ - U predlogu of, grafema f izgovara se kao /v/: of /ɔv/ /θ/ th three /θri:/ through /θru:/ /ð/ th there /ðeə/ brother / brʌðə/ /s/ s seem /si:m/ ss class /kla:s/ c pace /peis/ sc science / saiəns/ - Grafema s izgovara se /s/ kod imenica, a /z/ kad je u pitanju glagol: use /ju:s/ - imenica use /ju:z/ - glagol /ʃ/ sh shine /ʃain/ s shore /ʃɔ:/ ss Russia / rʌʃə/ c ocean / əuʃən/ U jednom broju riječi, digraf ch izgovara se kao /ʃ/: chivalry / ʃivəlri/ Chicago /ʃi ka:gəu/ Michigan / miʃigən/ - U riječima koje se završavaju na -tion, -lsion, -nsion i ssion takođe se javlja /ʃ/: nation / neiʃən/ compulsion /kəm pʌlʃən/ tension / tenʃən/ session / seʃən/ 3

4 /z/ /ʒ/ z zeal /zi:l/ s rose /rəuz/ zz buzz /bʌz/ ss scissors / sizəz/ - Na kraju riječi, obično se izgovara kao /z/: wise /waiz/ s collision /kə liʒən/ explosion /ik spləuʒən/ - U riječima francuskog porijekla, grupa ge na kraju riječi izgovara se kao /ʒ/: garage /'gæra:ʒ/, beige /beɪʒ/, rouge /ruːʒ/ /h/ h hero / hiərəu/ wh who /hu:/ - /h/ se često ne čuje u izgovoru, posebno kada je u inicijalnom položaju u riječima: heir /eə/ honest / ɔnist/ honour / ɔnə/ hour /auə/ SILENT H: ache, anchor, archeology architect, archives, chaos character, characteristic, charisma chemical, choir, echo mechanical, melancholy, monarch orchestra, orchid, psychic scheme, technical, technique, technology /w/ w was /wɔz/ wh why /wai/ - /w/ se sreće i u sljedećim primjerima: one /wʌn/ once /wʌns/ choir /`kwaiə/ - Unutar grupe gu, u se izgovara kao /w/: anguish / æŋgwiʃ/ language / læŋgwiʤ/ Silent w before r: awry /əˈraɪ/, playwright, sword /sɔːd/ wrack, wrap, wrath wreath /riːθ/, wreck, wreckage wren, wrestle, wrinkle wrist, write, wrong wrote - Unutar grupe qu, u se izgovara kao /w/: quality / kwɔliti/ quarter / kwɔ:tə/ queen /kwi:n/ quick /kwik/ square /skweə/ 4

5 /j/ y yes /jes/ I view /vju:/ e few /fju:/ u mute /mju:t/ /r/ r red /red/ rr carrot / kærət/ wr write /rait/ rh rhyme /raim/ 5

6 6

7 7

8 8 Words commonly mispronounced height /haɪt/ subtle /ˈsʌtl/ draught /drɑːft/ albeit /ˌɔːlˈbiːɪt/ Recipe /ˈrɛsəpi/ Lettuce /ˈlɛtɪs/ Womb /wuːm/ Colonel /ˈkɜːnəl/ Comfortable /ˈkʌmfətəbl/ Lieutenant /lefˈtenənt/ Hyperbole /haɪˈpɜːbəli/ Gauge /geɪdʒ/ Words commonly mispronounced Greenwich /ˌgrɛnɪtʃ/ Paradigm /ˈpærədaɪm/ elite /ɪˈliːt/ Debris /ˈdɛbriː/ Infamous /ˈɪnfəməs/ Façade /fəˈsɑːd/ awry /əˈraɪ/ Preface /ˈprefəs/ Answer /ˈɑːnsə/ Aisle /aɪl/ Debt /det/ Salmon /ˈsæmən/

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Fricatives. Fricatives. Fricatives. Frikativi. Fricatives Phonetics of English /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/ Sometimes /w, j, r/ Frikativi produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together continual release of air