Preliminary assessment of the possibility of mercury removal from hard coal with the use of air concentrating tables

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1 gospoarka surowcami mineralnymi mineral resources management 2017 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages DOI /gospo Taeusz Dziok*, Anrzej Strugała** Preliminary assessment of the possibility of mercury removal from har coal with the use of air concentrating tables Introuction Mercury an its compouns, which are characterize by highly toxic properties, negatively affect the nervous, respiratory an circulatory systems as well as the liver, kineys, skin an fetus (UNEP 2013). Even a small amount of mercury emitte to the environment is a potential threat to human health, because the natural biogeochemical cycle of mercury occurs (Gworek an Rateńska 2009). One of the main sources of anthropogenic mercury emissions (24% of total anthropogenic mercury emission) is the process of coal combustion (Pirrone et al. 2010; Sloss 2015). For that reason, uner the Minamata Convention (Aamska 2014) the mercury emissions regulations (limits) for coal-fire power plants are currently being evelope. Moreover, the limits of mercury emissions from both har an brown coalfire plants have been establishe by the EU in the BAT Conclusions (European Commission 2017). It shoul be also mentione, that regulations concerning mercury emissions are applie in some countries such as the US an Hollan (Burmistrz an Kogut 2014). The issue of mercury emissions is particularly important for Polan. Forecasts concerning energy consumption in Polan show that coal (mainly har coal) will be the main source for energy prouction in the coming ecaes (Ministerstwo Gospoarki 2015). Therefore, * Ph.D., Eng., ** D.Sc. Eng., Associate Professor of AGH, AGH University of Science an Technology, Faculty of Energy an Fuels, Krakow; taeusz.ziok@agh.eu.pl

2 126 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), actions enabling the reuction of mercury emissions from coal-fire power plants will have to be implemente. These coul involve the application of post-combustion methos (Burmistrz et al. 2014; Krzyżyńska et al. 2011; Wowin et al. 2015) or pre-combustion methos (Chmielniak et al. 2015; Dziok et al. 2014, 2015b). The former allow for mercury removal from flue gases, an the latter allow for mercury removal from coal before its combustion. The avantage of the pre-combustion metho is the prouction of coal with a reuce mercury content. Such coals can be use in the heat an power generation sector, the inustrial plants of lower power, the municipal sector as well as in the coke prouction sector (Burmistrz et al. 2017) an in gasification plants (Poraa et al. 2017). The effectiveness of mercury removal from coal is etermine by the moe of its occurrence in coal. In the case of mercury occurrence in the aventitious inorganic constituents of coal, high effectiveness will be obtaine in the coal cleaning processes (Diehl et al. 2014, Dziok et al. 2015b). In the case of mercury occurrence in the organic matter as well as in the inherent inorganic constituents of coal, the effectiveness of this metho will be low. For such coals mercury coul be remove in the process of thermal pretreatment at the temperature of C (mil pyrolysis). The thermal pretreatment process also enables mercury removal from inorganic constituents characterize by a relatively low temperature of mercury release (Strezov et al. 2010; Uruski et al. 2015). In the paper, the possibility of mercury removal from har coal in the process of ry eshaling on an air concentrating table was etermine. This metho allows for the gangues removal from raw coal (Baic et al. 2015a). In comparison to the coal washing processes, the ry eshaling process is characterize by both lower investment costs an lower operating costs. Aitionally, the ry eshaling process allows for effective pyritic sulfur removal from raw coal, an generate rejects coul be use as a substitute for the natural aggregates (Baic et al. 2015a, 2015b). 1. Aim an scope of stuy The aim of the stuy was the preliminary assessment of the usefulness of air concentrating tables for mercury content reuction in har coal. For this purpose raw coals (coal fee), clean coals an the rejects erive from ry eshaling of six Polish har coals were analyze. The mercury content was measure in the examine samples. The contents of mercury in raw coals an clean coals were compare. Aitionally, with the usage of appropriate factors, the effectiveness of mercury removal from coal with rejects was escribe.

3 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), Experimental 2.1. Methos of research an analysis The mercury contents in the analyze samples were etermine with the use of the MA 2000 Analyzer (Nippon Instruments Corporation), base on col vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS), accoring to the EPA Metho The proximate an ultimate analyses of the samples were performe accoring to ISO stanars. The contents of moisture, ash an volatile matter were etermine with the use of the TGA Thermostep Eltra Analyzer. The contents of carbon, hyrogen an sulfur were etermine with the use of the CHS-580 Eltra Analyzer. The calorific value was etermine with the use of the AC 350 Leco Calorimeter Examine samples In the paper, six Polish har coals as well as clean coals an the rejects erive from their ry eshaling were examine. The ry eshaling process was performe with the use of an air concentrating table of the FGX type, owne by the Institute of Mechanise Construction an Rock Mining (IMBiGS). The principles of the operation an construction of the air concentrating table, among others, were presente in works (Baic et al. 2015a, 2015c). The working outline of the applie air concentrating table is presente in Figure 1. Fig. 1. Working outline of air concentrating table type FGX (Baic an Blaschke 2013) Rys. 1. Zasaa ziałania powietrznego stołu koncentracyjnego (Baic i Blaschke 2013)

4 128 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), Compresse air is injecte uner the separating eck through the air chamber. The flow of air causes coal fluiization an separation on the basis of ifferent ensity (a lower ensity clean coal, a higher ensity the rejects). Aitionally, in orer to ensure a goo separation of coal, the separating esk is put into reciprocating motion. The capacity of the applie air concentrating table ranges from 3 to 7 Mg/h. The mass of coal fee was at least 25 Mg. The coal fee was sample irectly in front of the separating esk. The proucts of coal separation (clean coal, rejects as well as milings an coal ust) Table. 1. Characteristics of raw coals (coal fee) use in the process of ry eshaling on an air concentrating table Tabela 1. Charakterystyka węgli surowych (naaw) poanych procesowi suchego okamieniania przy wykorzystaniu powietrznego stołu koncentracyjnego Coal number M ar M a A ar V af HHV a [MJ/kg] LHV a [MJ/kg] C af H af S t Hg t [μg/kg] W W W W W W ar as receive, a air rie, ry, af ry an ash free. Table. 2. Characteristics of clean coals erive from the process of ry coal eshaling on an air concentrating table Tabela 2. Charakterystyka koncentratów z procesu suchego okamieniania węgli kamiennych przy wykorzystaniu powietrznego stołu koncentracyjnego Coal number Yiel M ar M a A ar V af HHV a [MJ/kg] LHV a [MJ/kg] C af H af S t Hg t [μg/kg] W W W W W W ar as receive, a air rie, ry, af ry an ash free.

5 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), were sample for further analyses from the whole cross-section of the obtaine samples. The sampling as well as the preparation of laboratory samples were conucte accoring to the PN-90/G stanar (Baic et al. 2015b). The characteristics of raw coals (coal fee) use in the process of ry eshaling as well as the obtaine clean coals an the rejects were presente in Tables 1, 2 an 3, respectively. The tables also show the yiels of obtaine clean coals an rejects. The remaining part were the milings an also for some cases a coal ust which was separate from the air use in the process of ry eshaling. Table. 3. Characteristics of rejects erive from the process of ry coal eshaling on an air concentrating table Tabela 3. Charakterystyka opaów z procesu suchego okamieniania węgli kamiennych przy wykorzystaniu powietrznego stołu koncentracyjnego Coal number Yiel M ar M a A ar HHV a [MJ/kg] LHV a [MJ/kg] S t Hg t [μg/kg] W W W W W W ar as receive, a air rie, ry. 2. Results an iscussion A comparison of mercury content in raw coal an clean coals was performe for the preliminary assessment of the possibility of mercury removal from har coal with the use of air concentrating tables. In Figure 2 the comparison of mercury content in raw coals (coal fee) an clean coals is presente. For most cases (cases W1 W5), a ecrease in mercury content, in the range from 11% (case W4) to 53% (case W2), was obtaine. However, it shoul be pointe out that for one case (i.e. case W6), the mercury content in clean coal increase by 19%. Accoring to our previous stuies (Dziok et al. 2015a), such a iversity of the obtaine results may be explaine, among others, by the iversity of mercury occurrence in coal. For steam coals, the mercury content shoul be always relate to the amount of energy containe in coal, i.e. for example to the lower heating value of coal Equation (1).

6 130 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), Fig. 2. Comparison of the mercury content in raw coals (coal fee) an clean coals erive from the process of ry coal eshaling on air concentrating table Rys. 2. Porównanie zawartości rtęci w węglach surowych (naawach) i koncentratach z procesu suchego okamieniania przy wykorzystaniu powietrznego stołu koncentracyjnego Hgcal Hgt = Q i (1) ª ª where: Hg cal mercury content in relation to the lower heating value of coal [μg/mj], Hg t mercury content in coal (ry basis) [μg/kg], Q i the lower heating value of coal (ry basis) [MJ/kg]. The comparison of coal fee an clean coal for mercury content expresse in such a way is given in Figure 3. The effect of the ry eshaling process is clearer. For cases W1 W5, the ry eshaling process allowe for a mercury content ecrease in coal in the range from 36% (case W3) to 83% (case W5). For case W6, the mercury content in clean coal was higher than in coal fee, as previously. However, the ifference was not as significant (ca. 5%). At the next stage of the work, the values of the effectiveness factor of mercury removal from the analyze coals in the ry eshaling process were estimate. This factor was estimate as the amount of mercury remove from coal with the rejects in relation to the amount of mercury in raw coal (coal fee) Equation (2). Such a factor was also use in other works, among others (Pyka an Wierzchowski 201; Zajusz-Zubek an Konieczyński 2014).

7 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), Fig. 3. Comparison of the mercury content relate to the lower heating value of coal in raw coals (coal fee) an clean coals erive from the process of ry coal eshaling on an air concentrating table Rys. 3. Porównanie zawartości rtęci w węglach surowych (naawach) i koncentratach z procesu suchego okamieniania przy wykorzystaniu powietrznego stołu koncentracyjnego w oniesieniu o ich wartości opałowej γrejects Hgrejects η Hg = rejects Hgrawcoal (2) ª ª where: η Hg_rejects the effectiveness factor of mercury removal from coal with rejects, Hg rejects mercury content in the rejects [μg/kg], Hg raw coal mercury content in raw coal (coal fee) [μg/kg], γ rejects yiel of the rejects. The comparison of the values of the effectiveness factor of mercury removal from the analyze coals is presente in Figure 4. The obtaine results showe, that the ry eshaling process allowe for mercury removal for each case, however the effectiveness of mercury removal was highly iversifie: from 9 to 96% (the average value was 44%). The iversity of the mercury removal effectiveness shoul be relate to the moe of mercury occurrence in coal as well as to coal properties an operation parameters of the ry eshaling process affecting the obtaine yiel of rejects. In orer to illustrate the behavior of mercury in the process of ry eshaling of har coal, the istribution of mercury among the obtaine proucts is shown in Figure 5. The presente results show a significant potential of the ry eshaling process for mercury removal from har coals.

8 132 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), Fig. 4. Comparison of the values of the effectiveness factors of mercury removal from coal with rejects obtaine in the process of ry eshaling on an air concentrating table Rys. 4. Porównanie skuteczności usuwania rtęci z węgla kamiennego wraz z opaami w procesie suchego okamieniania przy wykorzystaniu powietrznego stołu koncentracyjnego Fig. 5. Distribution of mercury in the process of ry eshaling of the examine har coals Rys. 5. Dystrybucja rtęci w procesie suchego okamieniania przy wykorzystaniu powietrznego stołu koncentracyjnego

9 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), The comparison of the ranges of the effectiveness of mercury removal from har coal with rejects for the process of ry eshaling on an air concentrating table an the process of coal washing (Dziok an Strugała 2017) is presente in Figure 6. The comparison shows, that both ry an wet methos allowe for effective mercury removal from coal, although the effectiveness for both methos may vary within a relatively wie range. Interestingly enough, both the highest mercury removal effectiveness an the lowest mercury removal effectiveness were observe for the ry eshaling process. Fig. 6. Comparison of the ranges of effectiveness of mercury removal from coal with rejects for the process of ry eshaling on an air concentrating table an the process of coal washing (own results) Rys. 6. Porównanie zakresów skuteczności usuwania rtęci z węgla kamiennego wraz z opaami w procesie suchego okamieniania przy wykorzystaniu powietrznego stołu koncentracyjnego oraz metoami wzbogacania na mokro (wyniki własne) The significant potential of air concentrating tables for mercury removal from har coal is also suggeste by the ata presente in Figure 7. It shows a comparison of the ranges of the effectiveness of mercury removal from coal which were obtaine in this work an the effectiveness of the process of coal washing which is presente in literature. It coul be conclue that the effectiveness of mercury removal from coal in the washing processes, both for Polish an foreign coals, is not significantly higher than in the ry eshaling process. The effectiveness is etermine by the moe of mercury occurrence in coal rather than by the metho of coal cleaning. Consiering the lower investment an operating costs of the ry eshaling process when compare to the coal washing processes (Baic et al. 2015a), this process shoul be preferre in the selection of the metho for mercury removal from har coal.

10 134 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), Fig. 7. Comparison of the ranges of effectiveness of mercury removal from coal with rejects for the process of ry eshaling on an air concentrating table (blue color) an for the process of coal washing (green color) literature ata Rys. 7. Porównanie zakresów skuteczności usuwania rtęci z węgla kamiennego w procesie suchego okamieniania przy wykorzystaniu powietrznego stołu koncentracyjnego (kolor niebieski) z anymi literaturowymi la meto wzbogacania węgla na mokro (kolor zielony) In aition, it shoul be pointe out that an aitional possibility of increasing the effectiveness of mercury removal through the ry eshaling process exists. In the case of coals in which mercury occurs in the organic matter as well as in the inorganic constituents characterize by a relatively low temperature of mercury release, the obtaine clean coals can be aitionally treate in the process of mil pyrolysis. In this process coal is heate at the temperature of C in the atmosphere of e.g. nitrogen or air. The sweep gas which contains mercury release from coal is irecte on a sorbent be in orer to be purifie. The spent sorbent is irecte for isposal. The effectiveness of mercury removal from coal in this process is influence by the following parameters: final process temperature, resience time in final temperature, heating rate, type an flow rate of sweep gas, as well as coal grain size (Chmielniak et al. 2015; Dziok et al. 2014; Dziok 2016). The iea of the combination of the ry eshaling process an the thermal pretreatment process is presente in Figure 8. The propose iea can be use in combination with the coal washing process as well. However, the higher content of moisture in the clean coal may cause an increase in the energy consumption in the thermal pretreatment process. In some cases (an exceptionally high moisture content in clean coal), an aitional unit for moisture removal from coal before thermal pretreatment shoul be consiere. The obtaine results inicate the occurrence of a positive synergy effect resulting from the combination of coal washing an coal mil pyrolysis (Dziok an Strugała 2017). Figure 9

11 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), Fig. 8. Iea of the combination of the coal cleaning process an the thermal pretreatment process (ashe line means aitional possibility for mercury removal from clean coal erive from the ry eshaling/coal washing process in the thermal pretreatment process) Rys. 8. Koncepcja połączenia procesu wzbogacania z procesem wstępnej preparacji termicznej (linia przerywana oznacza oatkową możliwość usunięcia rtęci z koncentratów otrzymanych w procesie suchego okamieniania/wzbogacania w procesie ich wstępnej preparacji termicznej) Fig. 9. Mercury contents in coal obtaine as a result of the combination of the coal cleaning process an the mil pyrolysis process at 300 C (Dziok an Strugała 2017) Rys. 9. Zawartości rtęci w węglu kamiennym uzyskane w wyniku połączenia procesu wzbogacania i wstępnej preparacji termicznej w temperaturze 300 C (Dziok i Strugała 2017)

12 136 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), presents the mercury contents in raw coal, in clean coal which was erive from the coal washing process an in clean coal after the mil pyrolysis process at 300 C. For each of the analyze cases, the combination of both processes ha a positive effect; however, it was iversifie. This iversity coul be connecte with the ifferent moes of mercury occurrence in iniviual coals. Conclusions The process of ry eshaling with the use of an air concentrating table allows for effective mercury removal from har coals. However, the effectiveness of mercury removal is etermine by the moe of mercury occurrence in coal an may vary significantly. For the analyze coals, the effectiveness of mercury removal from coal with the rejects range from 9 to 96%. It shoul be emphasize, that the ry eshaling process i not allow for a ecrease of mercury content for every coal. Although for five analyze coals the mercury content in clean coal was lower in the range from 11 to 53%, for one coal the mercury content was higher by 19%. For that reason, a preliminary assessment of the moe of mercury occurrence in coal shoul be conucte prior to the selection of a metho of its removal from coal. For that purpose, the results of an instrumental investigation coul be use, i.e. the ones obtaine with the usage of the electron probe micro-analyzer EPMA (Dziok 2016; Dziok et al. 2017), or, at least, a statistical analysis of the relationship between the contents of mercury an various forms of sulfur an ash coul be performe (Dziok et al. 2015a). It shoul be pointe out, that the effect of ecreasing the mercury content in coal is more evient when it is relate to the amount of energy containe in coal (for example to the lower heating value of coal). The effectiveness of mercury removal through the ry eshaling process is similar to the effectiveness of mercury removal from coal in the processes of coal washing. A similar effectiveness as well as lower investment an operating costs result in the fact that the ry eshaling process on an air concentrating table shoul be consiere as a competitive metho for the coal washing processes. The effectiveness of mercury removal from coal in the process of ry eshaling coul be aitionally increase through the thermal pretreatment (mil pyrolysis) of clean coal erive from ry eshaling. This solution is only recommene for coals in which mercury occurs in the organic matter as well as in the inorganic constituents characterize by a relatively low temperature of mercury release. This paper was prepare as a part of the statutory activity of the Faculty of Energy an Fuels at the AGH University of Science an Technology, No

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14 138 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), Krzyżyńska et al Krzyżyńska, R., Zhao, Y. an Hutson, N.D Bench- an pilot-scale investigation of integrateremoval of sulphur ioxie, nitrogen oxies an mercury in a wet limestone scrubber. Annual Set The Environment Protection 13, pp Mastalerz, M. an Drobniak, A Vertical variations of mercury in Pennsylvanian coal bes from Iniana. International Journal of Coal Geology 62, pp Ministerstwo Gospoarki Wnioski z analiz prognostycznych na potrzeby Polityki energetycznej Polski o 2050 roku. Załącznik 2 o Polityki energetycznej Polski o 2050 roku. Warszawa: Ministerstwo Gospoarki (in Polish). Pirrone et al Pirrone, N., Cinnirella, S., Feng, X., Finkelman, R.B., Frieli, H.R., Mason, R., Mukherjee, A.B., Stracher, G.B., Streets, D.G. an Telmer, K Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic an natural sources. Atmospheric Chemistry an Physic, 10, pp Poraa et al Poraa, S., Dziok, T., Czerski, G., Grzywacz, P. an Strugała, A Examinations of Polish brown an har coals in terms of their use in the steam gasification process, Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(1), pp Pyka, I. an Wierzchowski, K Split of mercury between proucts of coal cleaning versus mercury emissions reuction. Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process. 52(1), pp Sloss, L.L Issue of mercury emissions from an EU perspective. Scientific an inustrial conference: Mercury emission an possibilities of reucing it in the Polish energy sector, Kraków May Strezov et al Strezov, V., Evans, T.J., Ziolkowski, A. an Nelson, P.F Moe of occurrence an thermal Stability of mercury in coal. Energy Fuels 24, pp Toole-O Neil et al Toole-O Neil, B., Tewalt, S.J., Finkelman, R.B. an Akers, D.J Mercury concentration in coal-unraveling the puzzle. Fuel 78, pp UNEP Mercury Time to act. Genewa: Unite Nations Environment Programme. UNEP Assessment of the mercury content in coal fe to power plants an stuy of mercury emissions from the sector in Inia. Dhanba: Unite Nations Environment Programme. Uruski et al Uruski, Ł., Górecki, J., Macherzyński, M., Dziok, T. an Gołaś, J The ability of Polish coals to release mercury in the process of thermal treatment. Fuel Processing Technology 140, pp Wowin et al Wowin, M., Baran, P., Panek, R., Zarębska, K. an Franus, W Possibility of exhaust gases purification from Hg 0 an CO 2 on synthetic zeolites from fly ash. Annual Set The Environment Protection 17, pp Wichliński et al Wichliński, M., Kobyłecki, R. an Bis, Z The investigation of mercury contents in polish coal samples. Archives of environmental protection 39(2), pp Zajusz-Zubek, E. an Konieczyński, J Coal cleaning versus the reuction of mercury an other trace elements emission from coal combustion processes. Archives of Environmental Protection 40(1), pp Wstępna ocena możliwości usuwania rtęci z węgla kamiennego za pomocą powietrznych stołów koncentracyjnych Słowa kluczowe węgiel kamienny, suche okamienianie, usuwanie rtęci Streszczenie Rtęć charakteryzuje się silnie toksycznymi właściwościami. W śroowisku polega ona naturalnemu obiegowi, co powouje, że każa emitowana jej ilość stanowi potencjalne zagrożenie la zrowia i życia luzkiego. Do głównych źróeł antropogenicznej emisji rtęci należą procesy spalania

15 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), węgla. Z tego też powou w niu 31 lipca 2017 r. ecyzją Komisji Europejskiej przyjęte zostały limity emisyjne rtęci la użych obiektów energetycznego spalania. Problem emisji rtęci jest szczególnie istotny la Polski. Prognozy zużycia nośników energii pokazują, że węgiel pozostanie postawowym źrółem pozyskiwania energii w naszym kraju przez najbliższe ziesięciolecia. Dlatego też konieczne bęzie pojęcie ziałań mających na celu obniżenie jej emisji z elektrowni węglowych. Emisja rtęci z elektrowni węglowych może być ograniczona na szereg sposobów, które można pozielić na wie główne grupy: metoy post-combustion polegające na usuwania rtęci ze spalin oraz metoy pre-combustion polegające na usuwaniu rtęci z węgla prze jego spaleniem. Skuteczność usuwania rtęci z węgla uzależniona jest o sposobu występowania w nim rtęci. W przypaku jej występowania w skłanikach mineralnych węgla wysoką skutecznością oznaczają się metoy przeróbki mechanicznej. W przypaku występowania rtęci w substancji organicznej i/lub substancji mineralnej wewnętrznej metoa ta jest mało skuteczna. Z takich węgli rtęć może zostać usunięta w procesie jego termicznej preparacji (tzw. łagonej pirolizy) polegającej na ogrzaniu węgla o temperatury C. W pracy przeanalizowano możliwość usuwania rtęci z węgla kamiennego w procesie jego suchego okamieniania przy wykorzystaniu powietrznych stołów koncentracyjnych. Analizie poano węgle surowe (naawy), koncentraty i opay uzyskane z procesu suchego okamieniania sześciu krajowych węgli kamiennych. W baanych próbkach oznaczono zawartość rtęci, a następnie porównano zawartość rtęci w węglach surowych i koncentratach oraz określono skuteczność jej usuwania z węgla wraz z opaami. Dla baanych węgli skuteczność usuwania rtęci wraz z opaami w procesie suchego okamieniania na powietrznym stole koncentracyjnym wyniosła o 9 o 96%. Skuteczność ta jest zbliżona o skuteczności usuwania rtęci w procesach wzbogacania metoami mokrymi. Zbliżona skuteczność usuwania rtęci przy równocześnie niższych nakłaach inwestycyjnych oraz kosztach eksploatacyjnych sprawiają, że proces suchego okamieniania należy rozpatrywać jako konkurencyjny w stosunku o procesów wzbogacania węgla na mokro. Istnieje także możliwość oatkowego zwiększenia skuteczności usuwania rtęci w procesie suchego okamieniania poprzez poanie uzyskanego koncentratu procesowi wstępnej preparacji termicznej. Rozwiązanie to rekomenowane jest la węgli, w których rtęć występuje w znaczących ilościach w substancji organicznej oraz w skłanikach mineralnych o relatywnie niskiej temperaturze uwalniania rtęci. Należy jenak zaznaczyć, że nie la wszystkich przypaków proces suchego okamieniania pozwala na obniżenie bezwzglęnej zawartość rtęci w węglu. Dla pięciu analizowanych węgli zawartość rtęci spała o 11 o 53%, a la jenego węgla wzrosła o 19%. W przypaku oniesienia zawartości rtęci o ilości energii zwartej w węglu (wartości opałowej) efekt jej obniżenia jest barziej wioczny. Dla pięciu analizowanych węgli tak wyrażona zawartość rtęci spała o 36 83%, a la jenego węgla wzrosła, choć różnica ta nie była już tak znacząca i kształtowała się na poziomie 5%.

16 140 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), Preliminary Assessment of the Possibility of Mercury Removal From Har Coal With the Use of Air Concentrating Tables Keywors har coal, ry eshaling, mercury removal Abstract Mercury is characterize by highly toxic properties. The natural biogeochemical cycle of mercury occurs in the environment, which results in the fact that even a small amount of mercury emitte to the environment is a potential threat to human health. The process of coal combustion is one of the main sources of anthropogenic mercury emissions. For this reason, on 31 July 2017 the European Commission has aopte the mercury emission stanars for large combustion plants. The issue of mercury emissions is particularly important for Polan. Forecasts concerning energy consumption in Polan show that coal will be the main source for energy prouction in the coming ecaes. Therefore, actions enabling the reuction of mercury emissions from coal-fire power plants will have to be implemente. The mercury emissions from coal-fire power plants may be reuce through the application of a number of methos. These methos can be ivie into two main groups: the post-combustion methos which allow for mercury removal from flue gases, an the pre-combustion methos which allow for mercury removal from coal before its combustion. The effectiveness of mercury removal from coal is etermine by the moe of its occurrence in coal. In the case of mercury occurrence in the aventitious inorganic constituents of coal, high effectiveness will be obtaine in the coal cleaning processes. In the case of mercury occurrence in the organic matter as well as in the inherent inorganic constituents of coal, the effectiveness of this metho will be low. Mercury coul be remove from such coals through the process of thermal pretreatment at the temperature of C (mil pyrolysis). In the paper, the possibility of mercury removal from har coal through the process of ry eshaling on an air concentrating table was examine. Six raw coals (coal fee), clean coals an the rejects erive from their ry eshaling were analyze. The mercury content was measure in the examine samples. The content of mercury in raw coals an clean coals were compare. Aitionally, the effectiveness of mercury removal from coal with rejects was etermine. For the analyze coals, the effectiveness of mercury removal from coal in the process of ry eshaling on an air concentrating table range from 9 to 96%. This effectiveness is similar to the effectiveness of mercury removal from coal in the processes of coal washing. It shoul be mentione that, when compare to the coal washing processes, the ry eshaling process is characterize by lower investment an operating costs. Therefore, the ry eshaling process on an air concentrating table shoul be consiere as a competitive metho for the coal washing processes. There is also a possibility of an increase in the mercury removal efficiency from coal in the process of ry eshaling as a result of the thermal pretreatment of clean coal erive from ry eshaling. This solution is only recommene for coals in which mercury occurs in the organic matter as well as in the inorganic constituents characterize by a relatively low temperature of mercury release.

17 Dziok an Strugała 2017 / Gospoarka Surowcami Mineralnymi Mineral Resources Management 33(4), It shoul be emphasize that the ry eshaling process allowe for a ecrease of mercury content is not suitable for every coal. Although for five of the analyze coals the mercury content in clean coal was lower in the range from 11 to 53%, for one coal the mercury content was higher by 19%. The effect of ecreasing the mercury content in coal is more evient when it is relate to the amount of energy containe in coal (i.e. for example to the lower heating value). For five of the analyze coals mercury content expresse in such a way ecrease in the range from 11 to 53 %, an for one coal the mercury content was, however, higher. Nevertheless, the ifference was not very significant (ca. 5%).

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