THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM TO DETERMINE RESOURCES OF BIOMASS AND GUIDELINES FOR THE LOGISTICS IN SUPPORT OF THE POWER STATION DOLNA ODRA **

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1 Rafał PUDEŁKO, Antoni FABER, Magdalena BORZĘCKA- WALKER THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM TO DETERMINE RESOURCES OF BIOMASS AND GUIDELINES FOR THE LOGISTICS IN SUPPORT OF THE POWER STATION DOLNA ODRA ** Outline of content: The aim of this work was to determine potential possibilities to obtain biomass for energy use in the immediate neighbourhood of the power station Dolna Odra. The possibilities of biomass production originating from long-term cultivations were estimated, and based on the updated soil-agricultural map for this region, 1: scale, and of hydrogeology map, 1: scale. An analysis into the possibility of using other biomass crops such as postharvest straw, and other energy plant cultivations was carried out. A spatial analysis was carried out over a 100 km radius from the power station, increasing at 10 km intervals. The result of this analyse were allocated radiuses, and the radius was situated where the assessed yield will cover 10, 15 and 25 % of the power station s needs of biomass for solid fuels. Key words: biomass, geographical information systems, spatial analyses, Dolna Odra Power Station 1. INTRODUCTION In counteracting climate change, this process has imposed an obligation for the power industry to reduce CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere. The only possibility at present to achieve this is by combustion or co-combustion of biomass. According to binding laws, power plants have a duty to have an 11.4% involvement of green energy by 2014 and 12.9% by 2017 of the total energy produced. In not fulfilling this duty, the station will be forced into penalty payments or to purchase electricity tariffs for its CO 2 emissions and this is expensive. At the same time from 2008, power plants will have a duty to reduce forest biomass and replace it with biomass that originates from agricultural, and by 2017 has to achieve a level of 60% of used biomass. Larger power stations * Department of Agrometeorology and Applied Informatics, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivations State Research Institute ** The project was founded by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the research project PBZ- MNiSW-1/3/2006 (

2 Rafał Pudełko, Antoni Faber, Magdalena Borzęcka-Walker will need many thousands of tons of agricultural biomass. It is important to have precise information in order to determine potential sources of obtaining such amounts of biomass, along with organising its production and delivery to the power station. Biomass has a very low density; therefore, the effective organisation of logistics plays a significant role in this case, because the logistic cost can even be up to 30% of the biomass price. It will be necessary to organise the biomass logistics, and at the same time form enterprises that will be able to manage these new logistical challenges. The Geographic Information System (GIS) is an effective tool for modelling with cartographic data. The spatial and economic analyses can be carried out by using GIS or it can also be used for supporting logistics (Grahama et al., 2000, Panichelli and Gnansounou 2008, Voivontas et al., 2001). 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Dolna Odra Power Station in the first half of 2008 had used 116,100 ton of biomass, a yearly demand for biomass was calculated at 164,149 t dm (dry matter). Biomass co-combustion (20% biomass) will increase up to 236,754 t dm of agricultural biomass by 2020 of this Power Station. Potential possibilities of obtaining biomass for the Dolna Odra Power Station needs were assessed with the GIS environment ArcGIS 9.2 program. The analyses were carried out for willow, miscanthus and Sida hermaphrodita. These plants seem to be the most suitable as an energy source for Polish conditions. We assumed that the optimal conditions for plantations of the above-mentioned plants are on soil types from cereal fodder strong complex (8) and cereal fodder weak complex (9) for willow, good rye complex (5) for miscanthus and weak rye complex for Sida hermaphrodita. There is also a possibility of cultivating willow by the eko-salix system on average, weak, and very weak grassland complex (2, 3). Additionally, the possibility of cultivating these plants is limited by the availability of water. It is assumed that for miscanthus and willow plantations on arable lands, ground water should be available at the first level (to 2 m), while for Sida hermaphrodita at the second level (to 5m). The water availability has been defined on Hydrogeology Maps of Poland, and surface of individual soil complexes was defined on updated soil-agricultural maps for this region. Moreover, an analysis into the possibility of using other biomass such as postharvest straw, and other energy plant cultivations was carried out. The amount of straw was evaluated on the bases of available arable land surfaces with a production surplus were also taken into consideration, in the amount that is related to this region (Kuś et al., 2006). A spatial analysis was carried out over a 100 km radius from the power station, increasing at 10 km intervals. As a result of this project there are

3 Geographic information system to determine resources of biomass and guidelines for the logistics in support of the power station Dolna Odra identified areas on which the evaluate yield will cover 10, 15, and 25% of the power station s demand for fuel. 3. RESULTS Based on a comparison between a soil-agricultural map and a hydrogeology map, areas that fulfil the criterion for the localisation of the chosen energy crop cultivation were outlined (Fig. 1). This outlining was determined according to a structural agricultural land analysis at 100 km radiuses from the Dolna Odra Power Station. At each 10 km interval, the surface of the arable land, grasslands, and the potential of the arable land and grassland usage for energy purposes were evaluated (tab. 1). An evaluation into the maximum surface, which can be used for energy crop production, was done by taking into consideration a need for food production as a priority of agricultural land use, which can be used for energy crop production. For this purpose, a model was developed by the Wageningen University was used (Wageningen University, 2007). The results from this model indicated a possible adaption of 4% of the agricultural land for energy crop use. The localisation of the power station in the Odra valley gives high potential possibilities to locate willow plantations on grassland. It is proven in an analysis for the percentage of individual soil complexes surface. At the 40 km radius point from the power station, grasslands located at 2 nd and 3 rd complex constitute and 22.52% of energy complexes respectively (Fig. 2). Together at increasing radiuses, there is a decrease in the grassland complex involvement, and at the 100 km radius, grassland 2 nd complex was at 36.34% and 3 th complex was at 36.34% (Fig. 3). The percentage of cereal fodder complex was very low at the 40 km radius as well as at 100 km. In this case, willow cultivated on arable land should not play any important role. Sida hermaphrodita can become the dominate biomass plant for the Dolna Odra Power Station, for this cultivation 25% of the energy complexes can be found at the 40 km radius and approx. 35% at the 100 km radius can be used (Fig 2 and 3). Accurate characteristics for the potential availability of raw material resources for the Dolna Odra Power Station are shown in Tab 2. The analysed results found that 4% is the maximum amount of rural land that can be used for energy crops and surplus of straw.

4 Rafał Pudełko, Antoni Faber, Magdalena Borzęcka-Walker 4. SUMMARY Based on the results obtained from the modelling process of agriculture biomass availability, it can be assumed that for the Dolna Odra Power Station demand for this type of biofuel can come from the cultivation of energy crops located at a distance of: 80 km 10% biomass in co-combustion 90 km 15% biomass in co-combustion The intention of the Dolna Odra Power Station is to achieve a combustion 394,590 t dm of agriculture energy crops (25% coal combustion). At the radius of 100 km, it is possible to produce 280,000 ton of biomass from farmland (71% of required biomass). It should be taken into consideration that the primary mission of agriculture is to produce sources of food. Agriculture production is limited, so for energy purposes only that amount of land can be allowed, which will not disorder food and feedstuff production. In addition, production technologies must fulfil the basic demands in relation to economic and energetic efficiency, biomass quality standards and environmental protection standards. The biomass logistics for larger power stations will need appropriate planning and organisation, and management of raw material resources in semi-realtime. We are carrying out work in this direction, and at the same time we are searching for collaborating partners in solving logistical problems for the delivery of 5-mln tons of biomass by 2020 to power stations.

5 Geographic information system to determine resources of biomass and guidelines for the logistics in support of the power station Dolna Odra Figure 1. Spatial analyse of biomass available from farm land performed at a 100 km radius from the Dolna Odra Power Station in 10 km intervals Rys. 1. Analiza przestrzenna dostępności biomasy z użytków rolnych, wykonana dla promienia 100 km od Elektrowni Dolna Odra, w interwałach 10 km Źródło: opracowanie własne

6 Rafał Pudełko, Antoni Faber, Magdalena Borzęcka-Walker Figure 2. Percentage of potential area of energy crop cultivations at a 40 km radius from the Dolna Odra Power Station Rys. 2. Udział potencjalnych powierzchni upraw roślin energetycznych dla promienia 40 km od Elektrowni Dolna Odra Źródło: opracowanie własne Figure 3. Percentage of potential area of energy crop cultivations at a 100 km radius from the Dolna Odra Power Station Rys. 3. Udział potencjalnych powierzchni upraw roślin energetycznych dla promienia 100 km od Elektrowni Dolna Odra Źródło: opracowanie własne

7 Geographic information system to determine resources of biomass and guidelines for the logistics in support of the power station Dolna Odra Table 1. Structure of rural areas at a 100 km radius from the Dolna Odra Power Station Tabela 1 Struktura użytków rolnych w promieniu 100km od Elektrowni Dolna Odra Radius (km) Arable Land (ha) Grassland (ha) Potential arable land for energy crops Potential grassland for energy crops 10 10,205 5, , ,003 11,571 1,757 6, ,615 21,562 4,077 10, ,807 37,615 9,072 16, ,940 56,791 17,147 22, ,856 77,899 26,581 30, ,966 98,627 40,571 39, , ,890 59,643 56, , ,741 74,159 67, , ,853 86,578 83,287 Źródło: opracowanie własne. Table 2. Raw material sources potentially available for the Dolna Odra Power Station at a 100km radius Tabela 2. Potencjalnie dostepna baza surowcowa Elektrowni Dolna Odra w promieniu 100km Radius (km) Yield 4% rural areas (tdm) Straw yield (tdm) Sum (tdm) 10 2,984 1,510 4, ,893 6,510 17, ,791 13,258 35, ,695 23,642 62, ,551 35,793 94, ,176 46, , ,508 59, , ,142 76, , ,582 90, , , , ,122 Źródło: opracowanie własne.

8 Rafał Pudełko, Antoni Faber, Magdalena Borzęcka-Walker BIBLIOGRAFIA Cyfrowa mapa glebowo-rolnicza, skala 1: 100,000, IUNG-PIB Faber A., Kuś J. Alternatywne kierunki produkcji rolnictwa polskiego. Pam. Puł., 2003, 132: Grahama RL, English BC, Noon CE. A Geographic Information System-based modelling system for evaluating the cost of delivered energy crop feedstock. Biomass and Bioenergy 2000, 18: Kuś J., Madej A., Kopiński J. Bilans słomy w ujęciu regionalnym, Raport IUNG-PIB, 2006, 3: Mapa hydrogeologiczna Polski, skala 1: Panichelli L., Gnansounou E. GIS-based approach for defining bioenergy facilities location: A case study in Northern Spain based on marginal delivery costs and resources competition between facilities, BIOMASS AND BIOENERGY 2008, 32: Voivontas D, Assimacopoulos D, Koukios EG. Assessment of biomass potential for power production: a GIS based method. Biomass and Bioenergy 2001, 20: Wageningen University (2007), A scenario study on Europe s Rural Areas to support policy discussion ZASTOSOWANIE SYSTEMU INFORMACJI GEOGRAFICZNEJ DO OKREŚLENIA ZASOBÓW BIOMASY ORAZ ZAŁOŻEŃ LOGISTYKI DLA ELEKTROWNI DOLNA ODRA Przeciwdziałanie zmianom klimatu nakłada na energetykę obowiązek zmniejszenia emisji CO do atmosfery. Jedynie możliwym obecnie sposobem na dokonanie tego jest spalanie lub współspalania biomasy. Zgodnie z obowiązującym prawem zakłady energetyczne mają obowiązek wykazać 11,4 % udział zielonej energii do 2014 r. oraz 12,9 % w stosunku do sumy energii produkowanej. Jeśli obowiązku tego nie spełnią będą zmuszone wnieść opłaty zastępcze lub zakupić uprawnienia do dodatkowej emisji CO, co jest kosztowne. Jednocześnie od 2008 r. zakłady mają obowiązek obniżać ilości wykorzystywanej biomasy leśnej na rzecz biomasy pochodzenia rolniczego, która w 2017 r. ma osiągnąć 60 %. Duże elektrownie potrzebować będą biomasy rolniczej w ilościach idących w setki ton. Trzeba umieć określić potencjalne możliwości pozyskania takich ilości biomasy, zorganizować jej

9 Geographic information system to determine resources of biomass and guidelines for the logistics in support of the power station Dolna Odra produkcję i dostarczyć do elektrowni. Biomasa ma małą gęstość dlatego właściwa organizacja logistyki ma w tym przypadku bardzo duże znaczenie. Gdyż koszty logistyki stanowić mogą nawet do 30 % ceny biomasy. Trzeba będzie więc w perspektywie logistykę biomasy umieć modelować, tworząc jednocześnie przedsiębiorstwa mogące podołać tym nowym wyzwaniom logistycznym. Celem pracy jest określenie potencjalnych możliwości pozyskiwania biomasy na cele energetyczne w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie Elektrowni Dolna Odra. Możliwości produkcji biomasy stałej pochodzącej z upraw wieloletnich oszacowano na podstawie zaktualizowanej dla tego regionu mapy glebowo-rolniczej, w skali 1: oraz mapy hydrogeologicznej, w skali 1: Wykonano analizę możliwości kompensacji słomą pożniwną różnicy w zapotrzebowaniu na biomasę i możliwościach uprawy roślin energetycznych. Analizy przestrzenne przeprowadzono dla promienia 100 km od elektrowni, narastająco dla interwałów 10 km. Wynikiem pracy są wyznaczone odległości, w promieniu których, szacowany plon biomasy pokryje 10, 15 i 25 % zapotrzebowania elektrowni na paliwa stałe.