THE CRANIA FROM MODERN CEMETERIES IN INOWROC AW, KUJAWSKO-POMORSKIE PROVINCE, POLAND

Transkrypt

1 The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie Variability and Evolution, province , Vol. 10: JANUSZ PIONTEK Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznañ, Poland Institute of Anthropology, Department of Human Evolutionary Biology THE CRANIA FROM MODERN CEMETERIES IN INOWROC AW, KUJAWSKO-POMORSKIE PROVINCE, POLAND Piontek J The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province, Poland. Variability and Evolution, Vol. 10: 55 73, Tabs. 6. Figs. 4. Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Poznañ. Abstract: The paper presents the anthropometric characteristics of 23 male and 9 female crania from two church cemeteries in Inowroc³aw: the cemetery located by the Church of Our Lady, also called Ruina (the Ruin) and the one located by the Church of St. Nicholas. The archaeological excavations in Inowroc³aw were carried out in They were rescue works performed in connection with the reconstruction of a road. The crania found were dated to the 17th and 18th centuries. For each cranium 28 anthropometric measurements were performed according to R. Martin s (1928) technique. Their sex and age were estimated according to the methods recommended by European anthropologists (Piontek 1999). Data on craniological traits for 20 population groups from Poland were collected from literature. Using principal components analysis differentiation of the Late Middle Ages and modern populations from Poland was analysed. The analysis was performed also with the use of the biological distance calculation method and the dendrogram method. High degree of resemblance of the group of crania under study to the crania of Central Poland (Kujawy, Wielkopolska) populations was revealed. Key words: modern cranium, craniological traits, Poland

2 56 J. Piontek Introduction Anthropological research excavations in Inowroc³aw were carried out in 1967 at the modern cemeteries located by the Church of Our Lady and the Church of St. Nicholas as a result of the reconstruction of the road and repair work in the churches. From the cemetery by the Church of Our Lady 39 skeletons, numerous bones and crania were isolated from three bone aggregations, while at the St. Nicholas church cemetery 19 skeletons were found. The skeletons can be dated to the 17th 18th century. They were damaged to a large extent; so ultimately only 23 male crania (20 crania from the cemetery of Our Lady Church and 3 crania from the St. Nicholas Church cemetery) and 9 female crania from the cemetery by Our Lady Church could be used for further research. Inowroc³aw was first mentioned in documents in 1185, where it was referred to as a trading settlement. It was granted municipal rights in 1238 (Sikorski 1991). From the 14th century till the partitions of Poland by the neighbour states it was Fig. 1. Location of the city of Inowroc³aw

3 The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province a provincial capital. Currently Inowroc³aw lies in the kujawsko-pomorskie province. It is situated in the central part of Poland (Fig. 1). Its geographical position is 52 40' N and 18 16' O. The Church of Our Lady Ruina dates from the beginning of the 12th century. In the 14th century it was incorporated into the parish of St. Nicholas. In 1779 the building suffered considerable damage and was further ruined as a result of the fire in 1834 to be rebuilt only in The origins of the Church of St. Nicholas may be connected with the emergence of a market settlement at the site of the later town but the earliest mention of this church comes only from It appears that between it was turned into the parish church for the entire city, and in 1585 the church of Our Lady was made its branch church (Frycz 1978: ). In the second part of the 17th century St. Nicholas was rebuilt following the damage suffered during Swedish wars. After the first partition of Poland the church was closed down and turned into a warehouse. It was reconsecrated in Materials and methods 28 craniological measurements were taken according to Martin s technique (1928), with the use of the Martin type calipers, with 1 mm accuracy (Tab. 1 and 2). Due to a small number of female crania available only male skulls were used for comparative studies. Sex and age of individuals were estimated using methods recommended by European anthropologists (Piontek 1999). For estimation of sex the complex method of sex determination on the basis of the cranium according to the method proposed by Acsádi and Nemeskéri (1970) was used, while for individual s age at death estimation, standards describing the sequence of cranial sutures obliteration, attrition of the working occlusal surfaces of dental crowns and alveolar atrophy were applied. Arithmetic means and standard deviations were calculated for all measurements (Tab. 3). Comparative data on 20 late Middle Ages and modern populations from Poland were gathered from literature (Piontek 1989/90, 1990). The list of comparative populations and their characteristics (location, dating, number of crania within a set, type of cemetery and the author who prepared the data) are given in Table 4. For the comparative studies the means of the 10 measurements of male crania were used. Using the principal components analysis (PCA) differentiation of the populations under study and the position of the studied group of crania from Inowroc³aw against the crania of populations from Kujawy, Wielkopolska and other regions of the contemporary Poland (Pomerania, Ma³opolska, Lower Silesia, Mazowsze) were analysed. The analysis of interpopulational differentiation was performed also with the use of the biological distance calculation method and the dendrogram method. In this

4 Individual measurements of male skulls No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age g op eu eu co co ft ft zy zy zm zm au au ast ast 1 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 1 M Adultus Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st M Adultus Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st M Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Adultus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Adultus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Ad/Mat Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Ad/Mat Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2a M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4a M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Mat/Sen Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2ab M Senilis Table 1 58 J. Piontek

5 Individual measurements of male skulls cont. Table 1 No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age ekm ekm enm enm ol sta mf ek mf mf OH apt apt n ns 1 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 1 M Adultus Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st M Adultus Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st M Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Adultus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Adultus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Ad/Mat Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Ad/Mat Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2a M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4a M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Mat/Sen Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2ab M Senilis The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province... 59

6 Individual measurements of male skulls cont. Table 1 No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age n pr n ba n gn ba pr ba b n b b L L i 1 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 1 M Adultus Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st M Adultus Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st M Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Adultus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Adultus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Ad/Mat Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Ad/Mat 70 8 Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2a M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4a M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Mat/Sen Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2ab M Senilis J. Piontek

7 Individual measurements of male skulls No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age i o L o g i n i 1 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 1 M Adultus Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st M Adultus Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st M Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Adultus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Adultus 6 Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Ad/Mat Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Ad/Mat 8 Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus 13 Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2a M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 M Maturus 20 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4a M Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Mat/Sen 22 Inowroc³aw Ruina st M Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2ab M Senilis cont. Table 1 The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province... 61

8 Individual measurements of female skulls No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age g op eu eu co co ft ft zy zy zm zm au au ast ast 1 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Adultus Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Adultus Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Ad/Mat Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 K Senilis No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age ekm ekm enm enm ol sta mf ek mf mf OH apt apt n ns 1 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Adultus Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Adultus 3 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Ad/Mat Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Maturus 6 Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Maturus 7 Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 K Senilis Table 2 62 J. Piontek

9 Individual measurements of female skulls cont. Table 2 No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age n pr n ba n gn ba pr ba b n b b L L i 1 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Adultus Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Adultus Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Ad/Mat Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Maturus 5 Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Maturus 6 Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 K Senilis No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age i o L o g i n i 1 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Adultus 2 Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Adultus Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Ad/Mat Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Maturus 5 Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Maturus 6 Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Maturus Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st K Senilis Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 K Senilis The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province... 63

10 64 J. Piontek Arithmetic means and standard deviations of cranial measurements Table 3 No. Traits Males Females N x SD N x SD 1 g op eu eu co co ft ft zy zy zm zm au au ast ast ekm ekm enm enm ol sta mf ek mf mf OH APB n ns n pr n ba n gn ba pr ba b n b b L L i i o L o g i n i analysis the arithmetical means of male crania were standardized for the standard deviation calculated for the population from Ko³obrzeg, due to a large number of items in the collection of male crania coming from that cemetery. The Excel 7.0 calculation sheet, Statistica 5.0 statistical software and the PCA program developed by Maækiewicz and Ratajczak (1992) were used for computations. Two papers containing anthropological information on the crania under study have been published up to date. In 1969 data on the frequency and intensity of caries in 22 crania, including 257 maxillary teeth and 176 mandibular teeth were published (Malinowski et al. 1969), and arithmetical means calculated from 14 well preserved male crania appeared in print in 1979 (Piontek 1979).

11 Late medieval and modern cemeteries included in the comparative studies Cemetery Chronology Author of data Jaksice, near Inowroc³aw, Kujavia 15 th 17 th Cemetery at church of the local village group (N = 36) Piontek 1981 S³aboszewo, Kujavia 14 th 17 th Cemetery at church of the local village group (N = 170) Piontek 1981 Radziejów Kujawski, Kujavia Late Medieval Cemetery at church of the local village group (N = 33) Piechowska 1966 (unpublished data) Aleksandrów Kujawski, Kujavia Late Medieval Cemetery at church of the local village group (N = 70) Piech 1966 (unpublished data) Wronie, Kujavia Late Medieval Cemetery at church of the local village group ( N = 24) Zduñczyk 1966 (unpublished data) Elbl¹g, Pomerania Late Medieval Cemetery at church of the city group (N = 88) Piontek, Mi³osz (in preparation) Poznañ, Wielkopolska 15 th 18 th Cemetery at church of the city group (N = 143) Ha³ka 1935 Gniezno, Wielkopolska 11 th 17 th Skeletal materials from Cathedral (N = 41) Kaszycka 1989 Lubiñ I, Wielkopolska 18 th Cemetery at church of the local village group (N = 33) Henneberg et al Lubiñ II, Wielkopolska 18 th 19 th Cemetery at church of the local village group (N = 70) Henneberg et al Paw³ów near Trzebnica, Silesia 15 th 17 th City cemetery (N = 39) Miszkiewicz 1968 Milicz, Silesia 12 th 13 th Cemetery of the local group, small city (N = 399) Miszkiewicz, Gronkiewicz 1988 CzeladŸ, Wielkopolska 13 th 14 th Cemetery of the local group, small city (N = 169) Magnuszewicz, Rajchel 1980 Wroc³aw, Silesia 15 th 16 th City cemetery, St. Elizabeth Church (N = 160) Krzy anowska et al Wiœlica, Ma³opolska 18 th 19 th Skeletal materials from Cathedral (N = 60) Wierciñski 1970 Kraków, Ma³opolska 15 th 18 th Cemetery of the local city population (N = 203) Kaczanowski 1965 Góra Che³mska near Koszalin, 13 th 15 th Cemetery at church (N = 264) Wokroj 1972 Pomerania Ko³obrzeg, Pomerania 14 th 18 th Cemetery at Cathedral (N = 634) Wokroj 1971 Czaplinek, Wielkopolska 15 th 18 th Cemetery at church of the small city group (N = 30) Kaliszewska-Drozdowska 1967 Warszawa, Mazovia 17 th Cemetery at church St. Anna (N = 99) Miszkiewicz 1954 Table 4 The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province... 65

12 66 J. Piontek Results and discussion Table 3 represents arithmetical means and standard deviations for 28 cranial measurements for a group of male and female crania. Since mandibular measurements could be taken only in 4 male crania, only n gn measurements were performed, without separate analysis of mandibular measurements. Data for the population from Inowroc³aw were compared with data for 20 populations from different regions of Poland. These populations were excavated at Roman Catholic Church cemeteries and one should expect that they represent Medieval and modern inhabitants of Poland (Table 4). Ten measurements of male crania were selected for comparison. Arithmetical means and standard deviations of cranial measurements for comparative populations are shown in Table 5. Populations used for comparison were chosen according to the following criteria: number of crania within a given set, geographical location [Kujawy, Pomorze (Pomerania), Wielkopolska, Ma³opolska, Dolny Œl¹sk (Lower Silesia), Mazowsze], dating of the cemetery and the set of craniometrical traits studied (Tab. 5a, 5b). The group of populations selected included collections of crania from rural church cemeteries (e.g., from Jaksice, S³aboszewo, Wronie), or town church cemeteries (e.g., from Elbl¹g, Ko³obrzeg, Wiœlica, Warszawa, Poznañ). All the populations have been dated to between 12th 13th century (a cemetery in Milicz) and 18th 19th century (cemetery in Lubiñ). The arrangement of the populations under comparison for the two first principal components is shown in Figure 2, and in relation to the first and third principal components in Figure 3. Coefficients of correlation between the principal components and original variables are shown in Table 6. The first principal component exhausting 18.3% of common variability describes the differentiation of the set of populations studied with regard to: cranial breadth (eu eu), upper face height (n r), orbital breadth (mf ek) and the minimum frontal breadth (ft ft). The second component, exhausting 14% of common variability describes the differentiation of the set of populations under study with regard to: upper face height (n pr) and the piriform aperture breadth (atp atp). The third principal component (15.4% of common variability) describes the differentiation of the population set under study with regard to: cranial breadth (eu eu), cranial height (b ba), minimum frontal breadth (ft ft), maximum facial breadth (zy zy). Therefore, the first component differentiates the set of crania under study with regard to the shape of the braincase and of the face, the second one with regard to the shape of the nose and the height of the face, and the third one with regard to the size of the skull (Tab. 6). In respect of the shape of the braincase and the shape of the face the Inowroc³aw population studied is most similar to the population of Kujawy and Wielkopolska (Lubiñ, Radziejów Kujawski, S³aboszewo, Jaksice, Gniezno), population of Pomerania (Czaplinek and Elbl¹g) and to the population of Kraków and CzeladŸ. With regard to the facial traits (second principal component), the population from Inowroc³aw is most similar to the population from Kujawy and Wielkopolska (Radziejów Kujawski,

13 V Wiœlica Milicz Wroc³aw Paw³ów Ko³obrzeg Warszawa Góra Che³mska Aleksandrów Kuj. Poznañ Lubiñ I Wronie Fig. 2. Distribution of populations by first (V 1 ) and second (V 2 ) principal component V 1 Kraków S³aboszewo Elbl¹g CzeladŸ Jaksice Radziejów Gniezno Lubiñ II Inowroc³aw Czaplinek The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province... 67

14 V Elbl¹g Kraków Poznañ Lubiñ II Warszawa Lubiñ I Góra Che³mska Wislica Ko³obrzeg Wronie Gniezno Aleksandrów Inowroc³aw Radziejów Kuj. CzeladŸ Jaksice Wroc³aw Czaplinek Paw³ów S³aboszewo Milicz Fig. 3. Distribution of populations by first (V 1 ) and third (V 3 ) principal component V 1 68 J. Piontek

15 No. Table 5a Arithmetical means of cranial measurements of male skullsfor various populations from Poland territory: Late Medieval to Modern Times Traits Inowroc³aw 17th 18th Jaksice 15th 17th S³aboszewo 14th 17th Radziejów Kujawski Late Medieval Aleksandrów Kujawski Late Medieval Wronie Late Medieval N x N x N x N x N x N x 1 g op eu eu ba b ft ft zy zy n pr n ns mf ek OH apt apt No. Traits Elbl¹g Late Medieval Poznañ 15th 17th Gniezno 10/11th 17th Lubiñ I 18th Lubiñ II 18th 19th Paw³ów 15th 17th N x N x N x N x N x N x 1 g op eu eu ba b ft ft zy zy n pr n ns mf ek OH apt apt The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province... 69

16 No. Table 5b Arithmetical means of cranial measurements of male skullsfor various populations from Poland territory: Late Medieval to Modern Times Traits Milicz 12th 13th CzeladŸ Wielka 13th 14th Wroc³aw. œw. El bieta 15th 16th Wiœlica 18th 19th Kraków 15th 18th Góra Che³mska 13th 15th N x N x N x N x N x N x 1 g op eu eu ba b ft ft zy zy n pr n ns mf ek OH apt apt Ko³obrzeg Czaplinek Warszawa No. Traits 14th 18th 15th 18th 17th N x N x N x 1 g op eu eu ba b ft ft zy zy n pr n ns mf ek OH apt apt J. Piontek

17 The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province Table 6 Coefficients of correlation between original variables (x) and principal components (V) No. Variables (x)/components (V) V 1 V 2 V 3 1. g op 2. eu eu 3. ba b 4. ft ft 5. zyz zy 6. n pr 7. n ns 8. mf ek 9. OH 10. atp atp ** * ** ** ** ** ** 0.49* 0.53* 0.47* * Significance for p < 0.05; ** Significance for p < 0.01 Aleksandrów Kujawski, Wronie, Gniezno, Lubiñ) and to the population from Pomerania (Czaplinek and Ko³obrzeg). Concerning the size of the cranium (third principal component) the population from Inowroc³aw most resembles the population from Kujawy and Wielkopolska (Gniezno, Radziejów Kujawski, Aleksandrów Kujawski, Wronie, Jaksice, S³aboszewo), the populations from Pomerania (Ko³obrzeg, Czaplinek), and Lower Silesia (Milicz, Paw³ów, Wroc³aw). Figure 4 represents the grouping of the populations compared using the dendrogram method. The matrix of the biological distances (square Euclidean Inowroc³aw Aleksandrów Kuj. Poznañ Jaksice Elbl¹g GóraChe³mska Ko³obrzeg S³aboszewo Radziejów Kuj. Warszawa Lubiñ II Paw³ów Wronie Gniezno Milicz CzeladŸ Lubiñ I Wroc³aw Czaplinek Wiœlica Kraków Biological distance Fig. 4. Dendrogram grouping of the compared populations (Ward s linkage method, squared Euclidean distances)

18 72 J. Piontek distances) was computed from standardized mean values of 10 cranial traits with the Statistica 5.0 statistical software. The matrix was subsequently sorted with the Ward s method. The populations compared were grouped into 4 clusters. The Inowroc³aw population is most similar to the populations from Kujawy and Wielkopolska. The four population clusters separated in the dendrogram are not grouped strongly with regard to the chronology or geographical location factors. They are weakly differentiated in relation to one another, and their regional differentiation is poorly legible. Comparing the groups under study within the arrangement of the first three principal components one can notice only certain tendency of the populations from Kujawy and Wielkopolska to form closer groups. Comparative studies have shown the likely existence of strong biological links among the populations under study, which means they were biologically poorly isolated from one another. Therefore, one may assume that in the late Middle Ages and in the modern times the population of Poland was not strongly differentiated biologically and that the local structural differences were mainly related to factors shaping possibilities of biological and cultural contacts, i.e., to social and historical factors. References Acsádi G., Nemeskéri J History of Human Life Span and Mortality. Akademiai Kiado. Budapest. Frycz J Koœció³ œw. Miko³aja. In: M. Biskup (ed.), Dzieje Inowroc³awia, t 2: Ha³ka S., Czaszki z XV XVIII wieku pochodz¹ce z dawnego cmentarza oko³o koœcio³a œw. Marcina w Poznaniu. Przegl¹d Antropologiczny, 9: Henneberg M., Wrzesiñska A., Brodnicka J., Materia³y szkieletowe z cmentarzyska (XIII XVIII w.) przy koœciele œw. Leonarda w Lubiniu, gmina Krzywiñ. Opracowanie wstêpne. Przegl¹d Antropologiczny, 50: Kaczanowski K Czaszki z cmentarzysk przy koœciele Mariackim w Krakowie (XV XVIII w.). Materia³y i Prace Antropologiczne, 71: Kaliszewska-Drozdowska M.D Czaszki z cmentarzyska przy koœciele Œw. Trójcy w Czaplinku, pow. Szczecinek. Przegl¹d Antropologiczny, 33: Kaszycka K Materia³ szkieletowy z katedry gnieÿnieñskiej (X/XI XVII wiek). Przegl¹d Antropologiczny, 53: Krzy anowska M., Kwiatkowska B., Szczurowski J., Gronkiewicz S Czaszki z koœcio³a œw. El biety we Wroc³awiu (XV XVI w.). Studia Antropologiczne, 4: Maækiewicz A., Ratajczak W Principal components analysis. Accompanied by Fortran 77 Program on diskette. Poznañ. Magnuszewicz M., Rajchel Z Analiza kraniologiczna materia³ów z cmentarzyska w Czeladzi Wielkiej, woj. leszczyñskie (XIII XIV wiek). Materia³y i Prace Antropologiczne, 99: Malinowski A., Lewandowski L., Piontek J État de dentition de la population polonaise depuis l âge neolithique jusqu aux temps modernes. Przegl¹d Antropologiczny, 35: Martin R Lerbuch der Anthropologie. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena. Mi³osz E Procesy przemian biologicznych œredniowiecznych populacji z Pomorza Zachodniego. Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznañ. Miszkiewicz B Czaszki z terenu koœcio³a œw. Anny w Warszawie. Materia³y i Prace Antropologiczne, 4:

19 The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province Miszkiewicz B Analiza antropologiczna œredniowiecznej ludnoœci z Paw³owa, pow. Trzebnicki (XV XVI w. n.e.). Materia³y i Prace Antropologiczne, 76: Miszkiewicz B., Gronkiewicz S Analiza antropologiczna wczesnoœredniowiecznej ludnoœci z Milicza (XII XIII w. n.e.). Przegl¹d Antropologiczny, 52: Piech M Cmentarzysko w Aleksandrowie Kujawskim. (Dissertation in Department of Anthropology, Toruñ University). Piechowska E Cmentarzysko w Radziejowie Kujawskim. (Dissertation in Department of Anthropology, Toruñ University). Piontek J Sprawozdanie z badañ terenowych w Inowroc³awiu w latach Przegl¹d Antropologiczny, 36: Piontek J Procesy mikroewolucyjne w europejskich populacjach ludzkich. Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznañ. Piontek J. 1981a. Cmentarzysko póÿnoœredniowieczne w Jaksicach, woj. bydgoskie. In: A. Malinowski (ed.), ród³a do badañ biologii i historii populacji s³owiañskich. Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, seria Antropologia, 10: Poznañ. Piontek J. 1981b. Biologiczna charakterystyka œredniowiecznej populacji wiejskiej ze S³aboszewa, woj. bydgoskie. In: A. Malinowski (ed.), ród³a do badañ biologii i historii populacji s³owiañskich. Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, seria Antropologia, 10: Poznañ. Piontek J. 1989/90. Antropologia œredniowieczna i nowo ytna Polski. Stan i perspektywy badañ. Prace i Materia³y Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnologicznego w odzi. Seria Archeologiczna, 36: Piontek J Comparative statistical analysis of the late medieval populations from Poland. Glasnik Antropološkog Društva Jugoslavije, 27: Piontek J Biologia populacji pradziejowych. Zarys metodyczny. Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznañ. Sikorski Cz Koœció³ imienia Najœwiêtszej Maryi Panny w Inowroc³awiu. Wydawnictwo Parafii Imienia Najœwiêtszej Maryi Panny, Inowroc³aw. Wierciñski A Zmiany w strukturze antropologicznej ludnoœci Wiœlicy w ostatnim tysi¹cleciu. Rozprawy Naukowe Zespo³u Badañ nad Polskim Œredniowieczem UW i PW, 5: Wokroj F Ko³obrzeg œredniowieczny w œwietle antropologii. Materia³y Zachodniopomorskie, 17: Wokroj F Antropologiczna analiza szcz¹tków kostnych z œredniowiecznego cmentarzyska Góra Che³mska. Materia³y Zachodniopomorskie, 18: Zduñczyk I Cmentarzysko w miejscowoœci Wronie. (Dissertation in Department of Anthropology, Toruñ University).