L INSTITUT D ARCHEOLOGIE DE L UNIVERSITE JAGELLONNE DE CRACOVIE RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUES NOUVELLE SERIE 1

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1 L INSTITUT D ARCHEOLOGIE DE L UNIVERSITE JAGELLONNE DE CRACOVIE RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUES NOUVELLE SERIE 1 KRAKÓW 2009

2 Copyright by Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University Kraków 2009 REDACTION Wojciech Blajer CONSEIL EN REDACTION Jan Chochorowski, Krzysztof Ciałowicz, Piotr Kaczanowski, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Jacek Poleski, Joachim Śliwa, Paweł Valde-Nowak TRADUCTION Piotr Godlewski, Romana Kiełbasińska et auteurs des articles SECRETAIRE DE LA REDACTION Marcin S. Przybyła ILLUSTRATIONS Urszula Bąk, Elżbieta Pohorska-Kleja, Urszula Socha et auteurs des articles MAQUETTE DE COUVERTURE Jacek Poleski MISE EN PAGES Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna PROFIL Magdalena Dzięgielewska EN COUVERTURE Trois figurines d ivoire de site prédynastique de Tell el-farkha ADRESSE DE LA REDACTION Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, ul. Gołębia 11, PL Kraków ISSN Cette publication est financée aux moyens destinés à l activité statutaire de la Faculté d Histoire de l Université Jagellonne

3 CONTENU To Readers and co-authors of Recherches Archéologiques 7 FOUILLES ARCHEOLOGIQUES EN POLOGNE Bolesław Ginter, Marta Połtowicz-Bobak: Dzierżysław 35 an open-air Magdalenian site in Upper Silesia (part III) Paweł Valde-Nowak: Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians. Settlements at Łoniowa and Żerków Piotr Godlewski: Rescue excavations at the multi-cultural site 1 in Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district, season 2005 Tobias L. Kienlin, Paweł Valde-Nowak: Bronzezeitliches Siedlungswesen im Vorfeld der polnischen Westkarpaten: Geomagnetische Untersuchungen und Geländebegehungen im Bereich des Dunajectals Wojciech Blajer: Die Ausgrabungen an der Fundstelle 5 in Lipnik, Kr. Przeworsk (Siedlung der Trzciniec-Kultur, Gräberfeld der Tarnobrzeg-Gruppe), in den Jahren (7. 9. Grabungssaison) Anna Gawlik, Piotr Godlewski: Rescue excavations at site 1 in Witów, Proszowice district. Seasons Ulana Zielińska: Bone material from the Lusatian culture settlement in Witów Karol Dzięgielewski, Urszula Bąk, Tomasz Kalicki, Barbara Szybowicz: Investigations in at the Bronze Age cemetery (site 3) at Zbrojewsko, district Kłobuck, voiv. Śląskie Agnieszka Klimek, Łukasz Oleszczak, Zbigniew Robak: Forschungen an der Fundstelle der Lausitzer Kultur in Sufczyce, Fst. 8, Kr. Staszów, im Jahre 2005 Marcin S. Przybyła: Sondierungsausgrabungen auf der Siedlung aus der Bronzezeit und der römischen Kaiserzeit in Markowa, Kr. Łańcut, Fst. 85 Marzena J. Przybyła: Bericht von den Rettungsausgrabungen in Lipnik, Fst. 3, Gde. Kańczuga, Kr. Przeworsk, Woiw. Podkarpackie. Saison Michał Grygiel, Jacek Pikulski, Marek Trojan: The research on the multicultural site no. 1 in Zagórzyce, com. and distr. Kazimierza Wielka, voiv. Świętokrzyskie during the years 2003 to 2004 Michał Grygiel, Jacek Pikulski, Marek Trojan: Rescue excavations on the Late Roman period settlement on site 3 in Zagórzyce, com. and distr. Kazimierza Wielka, voiv. Świętokrzyskie Renata Madyda-Legutko, Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak, Joanna Zagórska-Telega: Prusiek, Fst. 25, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie das erste Gräberfeld der Bevölkerung der Przeworsk-Kultur in den polnischen Karpaten Renata Madyda-Legutko, Elżbieta Pohorska-Kleja, Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak: Pakoszówka, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie, Fst. 1 (Siedlung aus der Römischen Kaiserzeit) Marcin Biborski: Abschließende Grabungsuntersuchungen an der Fundstelle 8 in Mokra, Gde. Miedźno, Kr. Kłobuck, Woiw. Śląskie

4 4 Jacek Poleski: Results of excavations conducted on the stronghold at Damice, commune Iwanowice, district Kraków, in the years Dariusz Niemiec: Fragment der städtischen Wehrmauer des Krakauer Kazimierz, freigelegt 2005 an der Podgórska-Straße im Bereich des Spitals der Barmherzigen Brüder Dariusz Niemiec: Archäologische Grabungen im Bereich des Wróblewski-Collegium der Jagiellonen Universität in Kraków in den Jahren Dariusz Niemiec: Archäologisch-architektonische Untersuchungen im Hof des Collegium Novum der Jagiellonen-Universität in Kraków in den Jahren RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUES A L ETRANGER Valery Sitlivy, Krzysztof Sobczyk, Margarita Koumouzelis, Panagiotis Karkanas: The New Middle Palaeolithic Human Occupations in Cave 1 in Klissoura, Greece. The Investigations in Małgorzata Kaczanowska, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Adamantios Sampson: Results of investigations into the Early Mesolithic site of Maroulas on the island of Kythnos (Western Cyclades) Marek Nowak, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Maria Lityńska-Zając, Tomasz Kalicki, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Georgiy I. Litvinyuk, Marian Vizdal: A settlement of the early Eastern Linear Pottery Culture at Moravany (Eastern Slovakia) Preliminary report on seasons 2004 and 2006 Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz: Excavations of the Western Kom at Tell el-farkha in 2006 Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin: The catalogue of graves from Tell el-farkha Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Eugenia F. Redina, Jarosław Bodzek, Wojciech Machowski: The Koshary Project (Ukraine, Odessa province), seasons Wiesław Koszkul, Jarosław Źrałka, Bernard Hermes: Archaeological Investigations at Nakum, Peten, Guatemala: New Data on the Site s Development and the Discovery of a Royal Tomb Radosław Palonka, Kristin Kuckelman: Goodman Point Pueblo: Research on the Final Period of Settlement of the Ancestral Pueblo Indians in the Mesa Verde Region, Colorado, USA. The Preliminary Report, Seasons THESES DE DISSERTATIONS Jacek Poleski: Frühmittelalterliche Burgen am Dunajec Grażyna Bąkowska: Oriental elements in the iconography of magical gems (1 st 3 rd centuries A.D.) Marcin Biborski: Schwerter aus der jüngeren und spätrömischen Kaiserzeit sowie der Frühphase der Völkerwanderungszeit aus dem Gebiet des europäischen Barbaricums und des Römischen Kaiserreichs. Typologie, Chronologie, Identifizierung römischer Erzeugnisse

5 5 Mikołaj Budzanowski: The cult niches on the upper court of the temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-bahari. Royal cult aspects in the Temple of Millions of Years Djeser-Djeseru during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin: Burial custom in Lower Egypt in the Pre- and Early Dynastic period Anna Gawlik: Scythian influences on the western and north-western borderlands of Great Scythia Dorota Gorzelany: Burial form vs. ideologia funeraria. Formation of monumental tombs in Macedonia in the Classical and Hellenistic periods and their impact on the funerary complexes of Alexandria Wojciech Machowski: Kurgans in the necropoleis of ancient cities on the Black Sea northern coast Jacek Pierzak: Mittelalterliche Topfhelme auf polnischem Boden im Hinblick auf Westeuropa Aleksandra Zięba: The Middle Palaeolithic in Kraków region: Piekary IIa and Kraków ul. Księcia Józefa sites, in European context Leszek Zinkow: Legacy of the Ancient Egypt in Polish literature (until 1914) Jarosław Źrałka: Terminal Classic Occupation in the Maya sites located in the Triangulo Park area and the problem of their collapse Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Wojciech Machowski, Marta Kania: Black Sea links: exhibition and conference in Cracow

6 Recherches Archéologiques SN 1, 2009, ISSN Jacek Poleski Results of excavations conducted on the stronghold at Damice, commune Iwanowice, district Kraków, in the years The stronghold at Damice was discovered before 1911 by L. Kozłowski (Kozłowski 1911, 80). Between the two world wars the site was repeatedly visited by J. Żurowski. Sounding investigations were conducted in 1948 by G. Leńczyk (1983, 17 18, 56 57) and in 1970 by T. Radwańska (1971). The stronghold is situated on the right bank of the Dłubnia River, at the edge of a plateau which ends there with a steep scarp (limestone rocks outcrops) forming a 20-meters high wall of the river s valley. The site occupies a loess plateau gently falling down towards the Dłubnia valley, from NW and SE cut off by small ravines (Fig. 1). It has the shape of an elongated, asymmetric triangle, with NW and S sides slightly convex while NE side is slightly concave. On the Dłubnia valley side the stronghold was defended by a single line of ramparts. From the side of plateau and ravines, it was surrounded by a double line of ramparts, separated by a dry moat. The courtyard (majdan), together with ramparts, covered 4 hectares, and total area of the site amounted to 7 hectares (Poleski 1995, ). This state of knowledge about the stronghold at Damice remained unchanged until 1998, when aerial photography was used to examine the site. Analysis of the aerial pictures taken by J. Poleski revealed that initially a separated segment of stronghold existed in its eastern corner, in the form of an irregular quadrangle, separated from the rest of the maidan by two lines of earthworks preceded by dry moats (Fig. 1). The ramparts were approximately 40 m distant one from another. Area of this segment of the stronghold amounts to approximately 0.3 ha. At present, the ramparts are completely invisible on the ground, as they became significantly leveled by many centuries of agricultural activity in this place. It cannot be excluded, that originally one more the third line of fortifications ran some m west of the outer line of the ramparts that defended the separate segment. This is indirectly suggested by the lay of land and by a small hump running there parallel to the ramparts. This supposed third line of fortifications was not visible on aerial pictures. Its existence can be confirmed only with excavation works. The width of the ramparts (except the fortifications of a quadrangle-shaped separated segment of stronghold) reaches 15 m, and the height m. The outer line is m distant from the inner line of the ramparts. Stratigraphy of the courtyard was fragmentarily identified during G. Leńczyk s excavations by a series of small soundings. No cultural layers were recorded, except for the area directly adjoining the inner rampart.

7 328 Jacek Poleski Fig. 1. Plan of the stronghold at Damice: 1 early medieval ramparts visible on the ground, 2 early medieval ramparts reconstructed based on excavations and aerial pictures analysis, 3 early medieval moats reconstructed based on excavations and aerial pictures analysis, 4 archeological trenches from years

8 Results of excavations conducted on the stronghold at Damice In the course of the excavations conducted in 1948 and 1970, a series of stone-laid hearths was discovered on the courtyard. Perhaps they were the remains of dwellings built on the ground surface. G. Leńczyk and T. Radwańska investigated only the inner and outer parts of the stronghold inner rampart (from south and south-west). The central (middle) part remained uninvestigated. The works of G. Leńczyk revealed the remains of a palisade made of wooden poles over 20-cm in diameter, dug in vertically one next to the other. The palisade probably formed the embankment s inner wall in its older (?) phase. At the inner base of the embankment, a layer saturated with charcoals and daub, maybe a post-fire layer, was recorded. It was covered by thick layers of laminated loess, containing in its upper part distinct layers of charcoal and daub perhaps traces of fire of the younger line of fortifications. The construction of the inner rampart, which separated the eastern segment from the rest of the stronghold was not explored. Stratigraphy of moats remained unexplored as well. During the excavations led in 1948 and 1970, animal bones and numerous fragments of early medieval clay vessels were discovered. In the course of T. Radwańska s investigations, a stone mould for casting lunulae was found. Apart from early medieval artifacts, the explorations also yielded single objects from the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Archeologists were also informed that a hoard of 12 iron sickles had been found within the stronghold area. However, the artifacts had been lost (Żaki 1974, 293). In the years the expedition from the Institute of Archeology of the Jagiellonian University conducted excavations at the Damice stronghold (site 10), commune Iwanowice. In 2004, 11 excavation units m each (1/04 11/04) were opened, forming a trench of m. Another trench, m, was opened south of units 7/04 and 8/04. Altogether, trenches covered the area of m 2 ( are). Trenches were explored to the depth ranging from 50 to 140 cm. They were situated in the area where the so-called dry moat (outer one), separating the main segment of the stronghold from the rest of maidan, was identified after analysis of aerial pictures. In 2005, 10 units m each (12/05 18/05, 18a/05, 19/05, 20/05) were opened, forming a trench of m. Unit 18a/05 (5 2.5 m) was opened south of units 17/05 and 18/05. Trenches covered total area of 125 m 2 (1.25 are). Trenches were explored to the depth ranging from 50 to 280 cm. They were situated in the area where the so-called dry moat (inner one), separating the main segment of the stronghold from the rest of maidan, was identified after analysis of aerial pictures. In 2006, two trenches were opened. The first one cut perpendicularly the southern segment of inner rampart surrounding the stronghold. It consisted of three units 5 5 m (21/06 23/06) and two units m (24/06 and 25/06). The second trench was opened 55 m to NNE from the first one (on the courtyard). It consisted of two units 5 5 m (26/06 and 27/06). Total excavated area amounted to 150 m 2 (1.5 are). Trenches were explored to the depth ranging from 60 to 320 cm. Cultural layers were explored using the stratigraphic method. Descriptive, drawing, geodetic (i.e. height measurements of ceiling parts of individual layers and features) and photographic documentations were made, appropriate for multilayered sites with extended horizontal and vertical stratigraphy. In the course of exploration it was found that in the investigated parts of the stronghold (apart from the area of moats and ramparts), loess bedrock occurs under the layer (30 cm thick) of contemporary humus. All features discovered outside the

9 330 Jacek Poleski moats and ramparts area were dug into the bedrock. In the course of 2004 investigations, the total number of 23 features (including 3 postholes) were discovered, among which 13 were prehistoric features and 6 early medieval ones. In other cases, absolute chronology of the features could not be determined. Among prehistoric features, 6 can be connected with the Neolithic (in 3 cases they were Lengyel culture features nos. 3, 5, 14). One feature can be attributed to the Lusatian culture (2A). All explored prehistoric features were pits, in majority of circular or oval shape, probably in most cases they were used as storage pits. In the case of early medieval features (storage pits?), one pear-like storage pit (no. 1) and a small circular pit of unknown function (no. 15) were discovered. The most important result of the excavations was the discovery of an early medieval ditch (feature no. 7, the so-called dry moat m wide and up to 1.25 m deep) in the place indicated by aerial pictures. The ditch separated the main segment of the stronghold from the rest of courtyard. It was the so-called outer moat of the stronghold s main segment which together with the inner moat (see below) divided the area enclosed by the main rampart into three parts, with a distinctly separated main segment. Of particular interest was the discovery of a narrow ditch, which is interpreted as the remains of a palisade trench (no. 8). It ran 3 m away from the eastern, inner edge of the so-called dry moat (no. 7), and very likely was functionally related to it. It is also the first so-called single palisade in Małopolska (Lesser Poland) discovered together with the so-called dry moat on the remains of a stronghold from the tribal phase of early Middle Ages 1. Another very 1 It cannot be excluded that the above-mentioned palisade trench was the only remains of a wood and earth interesting discovery was a large, rectangular early medieval feature (no. 10, 11), being probably the remains of some ground building (household or dwelling). One of its walls (W) could have been built in the palisade or plaiting technique. In this feature, a large number of vessel fragments (1155) were discovered together with 15 so-called selected finds. The most interesting proved to be a clay spindle-whorl decorated with wavy lines (Fig. 5:2). Based on the analogies from the Avar Khanate and Great Moravia, this artifact can be dated to the 8th or 9th century, which makes it the so-called independent chronological indicator 2. In 2004, rampart with inner and outer palisade walls. The width of this supposed rampart would be less than 3 m. Such constructions are known from several early medieval strongholds in Małopolska (Poleski 2004, ). 2 This artifact has only 2 analogies from Poland. One is a spindle-whorl from Kraków-Wawel (main segment of the stronghold), incorrectly dated by its discoverer to the 12th 13th centuries (Firlet E. 2006, 298, fig. 46). Another very similar spindle-whorl was discovered at the tribal period stronghold at Naszacowice, located in the vicinity of Nowy Sącz (Poleski 2004, fig. 134:8). The unique limestone spindle-whorl decorated with single zig-zag lines around the hole, found at a settlement in Kraków, Nowa Huta-Mogiła site 1 (Hachulska-Ledwos 1971, 160, pl. XCI:8) reveals only limited resemblance. An ornament somewhat similar to the specimen from Naszacowice can be seen on one of spindle-whorls discovered in the Church of the Tithes (Desyatinnaya Tserkov) region in Kiev (Toločko 1996, 104). Very similar or identical spindle-whorls are common in women graves in the Avar Khanate, so they come from the 8th century or, at the latest, from the end of the 8th beginning of the 9th century. Such specimens were discovered, among other places, in grave 187 at cemetery in Devínska Nová Ves (Eisner 1952, fig. 31:1) and in graves: 136, 140, 185, 313, 479, 695 and 727 at cemetery in Želovce (Čilinská 1973, pl. IX:6, XXIV:16, XXV:4, XXXII:29, LIII:22, LXXX:15, XIX:10, CXV:5). A few spindle-whorls identical with that from Naszacowice were discovered during excavations of the 9th century stronghold at Mikulčice (Marek, Kostelníková 1998, fig. 4:8). Therefore it cannot be excluded that the specimen from Damice (as well as these from Kraków-Wawel and Naszacowice) are imports from the Avar Khanate or Great Moravia territory. Alternately, they may be imitations of spindle-whorls

10 Results of excavations conducted on the stronghold at Damice Fig. 2. Stronghold at Damice. Cross-section of early medieval dry moat separating the stronghold s main segment (investigations in 2005) the exploration of features and humus layer produced 2974 artifacts, including 2122 fragments of clay vessels and 812 flint objects. Moreover, 42 artifacts recognized as selected finds were discovered (including: 2 flint cores, several spindle-whorls, 2 iron knives, iron arrowhead). The excavations in 2005 yielded 12 features (including 6 postholes). Among them were 4 prehistoric features and 2 early medieval ones. In other cases, it was not possible to determine absolute chronology. Prehistoric features discovered in that season can be related to the Lengyel culture from the Neolithic (nos 20 22). All explored decorated with single, double or triple wavy lines originating from the above-mentioned territories. features were pits, in majority of circular or oval shape, (2 of them were trapeziumshaped, and the profile of the third one was not determined), serving probably as storage pits. The most important result of the excavations was the discovery of an early medieval ditch (Fig. 2; feature no e, the so-called dry moat 5 8 m wide and up to 2.6 m deep) in the place indicated by aerial pictures. The ditch separated the main segment of early medieval stronghold from the rest of maidan. It was the so-called inner moat (hollow-shaped cross-section, inclination of walls about 40 ), about 40 m distant from the so-called outer moat investigated in 2004 (at present, both moats are filled with material transported by rains and thaw waters from the upper parts of the

11 332 Jacek Poleski Fig. 3. Stronghold at Damice. Cross-section of early medieval main rampart surrounding the stronghold (southern segment, eastern profile; investigations in 2006) stronghold). Particularly interesting is the discovery of 3 postholes (features A/14, B/14, C/14), which probably are the remains of a plaiting wall of a wood and earth embankment that ran along the inner, eastern side of the dry moat (feature 19 19e). The width of the supposed embankment probably did not exceed m. Similar ramparts were discovered on early medieval strongholds in Małopolska, among others at Trzcinica, Stradów and Naszacowice (Poleski 2004, ). Another interesting feature was a quadrangle sunken hut (its shape resembling a square m, flat bottom sunken approximately 1.3 m below the present ground level), chronologically related to the early medieval occupation on the stronghold area (feature III). This small hut was provided with a stone-clay stove in one corner (Fig. 4). Its fill produced a large collection of pottery, bones and a few iron artifacts. In 2005, the total number of 1274 portable finds were discovered (not counting charcoal samples and animal bones), including 1012 fragments of clay vessels and 191 flint artifacts. There were also 71 objects regarded as selected finds (including 2 flint cores, several spindle whorls, several iron knives, iron arrowhead, a small bolthead-like ingot from the 9th first half of the 10th century and a bronze, Late Avar belt fitting). Bronze, Late Avar belt end in the form of a box (Fig. 5:1), dated to the 8th century (type 8; see Zábojnik 1991, 282, pl. 3:8/3), was discovered on a secondary deposit, in the moat s fill (feature

12 Results of excavations conducted on the stronghold at Damice Fig. 4. Stronghold at Damice. Early medieval, square sunken hut with stove built from tiny limestones in a corner (investigations in 2005) 19 19e). The above-mentioned small iron bolthead-like ingot (Fig. 5:3), found in the upper part of the hut s fill (feature III) turned out to be an interesting artifact. Identical objects were discovered in the course of excavations at Naszacowice near Nowy Sącz (6 specimens, dated to the 8th 9th centuries; Poleski 2004, 285). To some degree they resemble crossbow bolt heads, although they lack a characteristic shank for attaching head to wooden shaft. These artifacts were cast in the shape of two pyramids (a shorter and longer one) with common base. A very similar iron artifact was unearthed during excavations of a settlement on the stronghold at Chodlik-Żmijowiska, site IV (roughly dated to the 9th 10th centuries) (Gardawski 1970, pl. 15:b), eight specimens come from the stronghold Horodna at Trepcza, dated to the 9th 10th century (Kotowicz 2002), one was discovered in the suburbium of the Horodyszcze stronghold in Trepcza (Ginalski, Kotowicz 2006, fig. 24:1), one was found in the vicinity of the Sanok-Biała Góra stronghold (Fedyk, Kotowicz 2006, fig. 24:1), and one was discovered on a settlement from before the 9th century at Ulucz on the San (Mianowska 2002, 2, pl. 1:3). Into the category of iron bolthead-like objects one should also include a specimen discovered on the stronghold at Szczaworyż (without a stratigraphical context), incorrectly interpreted as a crossbow bolt head (Dąbrowska 1969, fig. 9:n). Identical objects were discovered in Silesia on the 9th century stronghold at Gilów and

13 334 Jacek Poleski Fig. 5. Stronghold at Damice. 1 bronze, Late Avar belt-end fitting (8th century), 2 clay spindle-whorl decorated with horizontal zig-zag lines (8th 9th century), 3 iron bolthead-like object (8th 9th century) on settlements at Czeladź Wielka and Obiszów. Similar specimens come also from Great Moravian strongholds at Mikulčice and Břeclav-Pohansko (Wachowski 1997; Jaworski 1998b, 472). A bolthead-like artifact was also discovered on the Pod hradiskom site (suburbium) at Smižany- Čingov, stronghold I (previously known as stronghold in Spišské Tomášovce; Javorský 1977, fig. 95:4) dated from the second half of the 8th to 9th century. According to K. Wachowski, bolthead-like objects could originally have the function of small ingot a kind of commodity money. It seems

14 Results of excavations conducted on the stronghold at Damice that these objects could also play the role of standardized iron semi-raw material for further processing. Of course, these two functions are not mutually exclusive. However, due to the lack of shank, these objects most likely could not be used as arrowheads. In the course of excavations conducted in 2006, several features and layers were discovered representing prehistoric and early medieval occupation phases. 17 features can be related to prehistoric phases. Among them, fourteen are various kinds of pits (probably storage pits), in majority having circular shape and trapezium or rectangular cross-sections (features 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 31A, 32, XIIIc, XIIId, XIIIe, XIIIg, XIIIh). Feature XIIIi is a small posthole, while feature VIII is a hollow-like ditch ca 3 m wide, its depth reaching 1.2 m. This ditch ran along the E-W direction, about m from the upper edge of the so-called dry moat (early medieval). It seems that this moat is in fact a slightly deepened natural ravine, separating the promontory on which the site is located from the plateau. It is difficult to determine the function of the ditch (feature VIII). Lack of any traces of possible fortifications in its vicinity considerably weakens the hypothesis about originally defensive function of this feature. Original function of feature 33 (in the form of a ditch less than 1 m wide and even 50 cm deep, bending at a right angle) is also difficult to determine. It should be emphasized that only part of this feature was recorded, as the rest entered into the eastern profile of unit 24/06. It should be stressed that, apart from features from layers of XIII series, pottery and flints discovered in all other features mentioned above allowed attributing these features to the Lengyel culture. This confirms the results obtained in the years , when several features containing also the Lengyel culture artifacts were discovered. As for early medieval features and deposits, all features but one (partially explored pit 24 in unit 26/06) were recorded during the exploration of a trench which cut the southern segment of the rampart (sections 21/06 25/06). One should stress the fact of exploring the inner part of the earthen embankment, situated on a slightly inclined slope of a promontory (layer IXc in unit 24/06). This rampart was recorded in a trench 4 meters wide. Its original construction (and height) cannot be credibly inferred from such a fragmentary relics (Fig. 3). Its preserved thickness amounted to slightly over 1 m. Originally, it was at least two times higher. No clear remains of rampart s wooden construction were found. What should be underlined is that neither beneath the embankment nor in its vicinity (on courtyard) was a clearly visible layer of original humus soil discovered. This may indicate an intentional leveling of the ground prior to the construction of early medieval fortifications. Most probably, to the period of functioning of this rampart one should also refer a two-phase stove (XIIIa and XIIIb) located close to its inner base. Only bottom parts of the stove are preserved. It is very likely that with this stove are connected plaiting walls, the remains of which, in the form of two rows of small poles sunk into the ground, were discovered south and north of the stove. However, it cannot be excluded that a plaiting wall, discovered close to the inner base of the rampart mentioned above and running parallel to it, can be linked with its construction. Stratigraphic situation in unit 21/06 does not permit to solve unambiguously the question of relative chronology of a hearth (XIIb), discovered on the then ground surface. The same applies to a pavement made of tiny limestones (feature 23/06, unit 21/06) recorded a few centi meters above the hearth. It seems likely that both objects were functioning in the period

15 336 Jacek Poleski of existence of the rampart, the remains of which is layer IXc. Probably, to its period of existence one should also assign a shallow, hollow-like ditch m wide (VII, XIIIf, unit 21/06), running parallel to the rampart, more than 7 m from its inner base. It may be the remains of a sort of drainage ditch, protecting the embankment from being destroyed by rains and thaw water flowing down from upper parts of maidan. The ceiling of layer IXc was covered by postdestruction layers (IXa, XII, XI, IX, VI and VIa), formed by accumulation (at the foot of embankment, on its inner side) of material washed by water form upper parts of the ruins. However, it cannot be excluded that the stratigraphically younger layers from this set are post-destruction deposits of another, younger line of fortifications. To the rampart s younger phase (which originally topped the ruins of older embankment) one should most probably refer layers V and Va, which passed smoothly into layers III and IIa. During the exploration, no wooden elements of the younger rampart preserved in situ were found. However, the existence of wooden construction is evidenced by numerous charcoals and lumps of daub deposited in post-destruction layers of this fortification. The rampart s original dimensions can be inferred only from the width of the older rampart s ruin (which formed its basis) and from the thickness of postdestruction layers. The rampart s width was probably no more than m, while the height could originally exceed 2.5 m. Layer V was strongly saturated with charcoals and daub lumps, which was probably the result of a fire destroying this supposed younger line of early medieval fortifications. In 2006, exploration of archeological features and humus soil produced the total number of 2379 portable artifacts (not counting charcoal samples and animal bones), including 1295 fragments of clay vessels and 1011 flint artifacts. There were also 73 objects regarded as selected finds (including 2 fragments of stone axes, a fragment of stone battle-axe, 3 spindle-whorls, 8 iron knives, 2 iron arrowheads, the socalled clay chlebek 3 in the bottom part of clay stove XIIIa). The partially explored early medieval feature (number 24 in unit 26/06) yielded 14 fragments of the so-called prażnica (rectangular, shallow clay vessel for roasting seeds). It should be emphasized that in the years only 3 early medieval artifacts which could play the role of precise, independent chronological indicators were discovered (they were: clay spindle-whorl decorated with a wavy line, iron boltheadlike small ingot and Late Avar bronze belt fitting). Therefore, the chronology of early medieval features and layers was established using also a comparative analysis of pottery fragments. Comparison with early medieval pottery from Kraków (Radwański 1975) allows us to claim that, as yet, no vessel fragments were discovered at Damice that would be dated in Kraków to the 11th century or later. Thus, a general dating of early medieval occupation of the site to the 8th 10th centuries, proposed already in 2005, should be sustained. It should be stressed that while the main rampart was a two-phase construction, the embankments and moat dividing the stronghold into three separate segments were all one-phase structures. The present state of investigations does not permit to establish the relative chronology of particular lines of fortifications. Summarizing the results of the studies performed so far, we can state that the early medieval stronghold at Damice was functioning no longer than until the moment 3 Lump of clay formed in the shape of small round loaf of bread, used in hearths and stoves to cumulate the heat.

16 Results of excavations conducted on the stronghold at Damice when Małopolska got under the control of Mieszko I (end of the 10th century). The site belonged to larger ones among about fifty tribal strongholds functioning in Małopolska. It probably played the role of a refugium, which is evidenced by a relatively small number of dwellings. Further investigations of the site are needed to establish whether the Damice stronghold played other than purely defensive role. Rezultaty badań wykopaliskowych przeprowadzonych na grodzisku w Damicach, gm. Iwanowice, pow. Kraków, w latach Grodzisko w Damicach koło Krakowa, położone nad prawobrzeżnym dopływem Wisły Dłubnią, jest znane od 1911 r. Jest to wieloczłonowe, wczesnośredniowieczne założenie obronne o powierzchni około 7 ha. Stanowisko było badane sondażowo w latach 1948 (G. Leńczyk), 1971 (T. Radwańska) i przed 1974 (A. Żaki). Ponowne, systematyczne badania wykopaliskowe w latach przeprowadziła ekspedycja Instytutu Archeologii UJ. W trakcie ostatnio prowadzonych badań potwierdzono przebieg rozpoznanych na podstawie analizy zdjęć lotniczych wewnętrznych fos i wałów, dzielących powierzchnię grodu na 3 człony. Udało się rozpoznać konstrukcję wałów dzielących wnętrze grodu była to pojedyncza linia palisady oraz wał drewniano-ziemny o ścianach wykonanych w konstrukcji plecionkowej. Wały od zewnątrz poprzedzały suche fosy, o szerokości 2,7 do 4,5 m i głębokości do 3,7 m. Rozpoznano także wał obwodowy grodziska, natrafiając na relikty dwóch faz funkcjonowania tej linii umocnień. Stan zachowania tych wałów pozwala jedynie na wysunięcie przypuszczenia, iż ziemne wypełnisko starszej linii umocnień od strony wewnętrznej podtrzymywała ściana plecionkowa, zaś młodsza linia wału mogła zostać wzniesiona w konstrukcji skrzyniowej. W trakcie badań odkryto liczne obiekty kultury lendzielskiej, związane z funkcjonującą tu osadą otwartą oraz nieco mniej liczne obiekty wczesnośredniowieczne (w tym czworokątną półziemiankę, obiekty wannowate, gliniany piec kopułkowy i koliste jamy zasobowe), w większości najpewniej funkcjonujące w tym czasie, co wały i fosy. Oprócz licznych fragmentów naczyń glinianych i wyrobów krzemiennych i kamiennych kultury lendzielskiej w trackie wykopalisk odkryto też spory zbiór ceramiki wczesnośredniowiecznej oraz kilkadziesiąt przedmiotów żelaznych i pojedyncze brązowe, związane z okresem funkcjonowania grodu. Analiza porównawcza ceramiki wczesnośredniowiecznej, a przede wszystkim odkrycie prostego, brązowego okucia pasa, charakterystycznego dla kultury kaganatu późnoawarskiego i glinianego przęślika zdobionego liniami falistymi (zabytki takie wystepują w kulturze kaganatu późnoawarskiego oraz w kulturze Wielkich Moraw), pozwala określić ramy czasowe osadnictwa wczesnośredniowiecznego na stanowisku na VIII X w. References Čilinská Z., 1973 Frühhmittelalterliches Gräberfeld in Želovce, Bratislava. Dąbrowska E., 1969 Sprawozdanie z badań wykopaliskowych na wczesnośredniowiecznym grodzisku w Szczaworyżu, pow. Busko, w latach (rejon: gród właściwy), Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, 20, pp

17 338 Jacek Poleski Eisner J., 1952 Devínska Nová Ves. Slovanské pohřebištĕ, Bratislava. Fedyk R., Kotowicz P. N., 2006 Zamczysko. Średniowieczne grodzisko w Sanoku-Białej Górze. Część I. Zabytki metalowe i kamienne, Sanok. Firlet E. (ed.), 2006 Kraków w chrześcijańskiej Europie X XIII w. Katalog wystawy, Kraków. Ginalski J., Kotowicz P. N., 2004 Elementy uzbrojenia i oporządzenia jeździeckiego z grodziska wczesnośredniowiecznego Horodyszcze w Trepczy, pow. Sanok, stan. 2, Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 25, pp Hachulska-Ledwos R., 1971 Wczesnośredniowieczna osada w Nowej Hucie-Mogile, Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty, 3, pp Javorský F., 1997 Výskum na akropole hradiska I pri Smižanoch, Archeologické výskumy a nálezy na Slovensku, 1995, pp Jaworski K., 1998 Konstrukcje obronne wczesnośredniowiecznego grodziska w Gilowie w świetle najnowszych badań, Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, 40, pp Kotowicz P., 2002 Żelazne grzywny grotopodobne z grodziska wczesnośredniowiecznego Horodna w Trepczy, pow. Sanok, Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 23, pp Kozłowski L., 1911 Sprawozdanie tymczasowe z poszukiwań archeologiczno-prehistorycznych w dorzeczu Dłubni, Przemszy i Szreniawy, Światowit, 9, pp Leńczyk G., 1983 Katalog grodzisk i zamczysk z terenu Małopolski, (ed. S. Kołodziejski), Kraków, pp Marek O., Kostelníková M., 1998 Die Spinnwirtel aus Mikulčice, (in:) L. Poláček (ed.), Studien zum Burgwall von Mikulčice, 3, Brno, pp Mianowska I., 2002 Frühmittelalterliche Siedlung von Ulucz, Kr. Brzozów, (in:) M. Parczewski (ed.), Quellen zur slawischen Besiedlung im Karpatengebiet, 1, Moravia Magna. Seria Polona, I, Kraków, pp Poleski J., 2004 Wczesnośredniowieczne grody w dorzeczu Dunajca, Kraków. Radwańska T., 1971 Damice, pow. Miechów, Informator Archeologiczny. Badania 1970 r., pp Toločko P.P., 1996 Cerkva Bogorodicy Desatinna v Kievi, Kiev.

18 Results of excavations conducted on the stronghold at Damice Wachowski K., 1997 Północny zasięg ekspansji Wielkich Moraw w świetle badań archeologicznych, (in:) K. Wachowski (ed.), Śląsk i Czechy a kultura wielkomorawska, Wrocław, pp Zábojnik J., 1991 Seriation von Gürtelbeschlaggarnituren aus dem Gebiet der Slowakei und Österreichs (Beitrag zur Chronologie der Zeit des awarischen Kaganats), (in:) Z. Čilinská (ed.), K problematike osídlenia stredodunajskej oblasti vo včasnem stredoveku, Nitra, pp Żaki A., 1974 Archeologia Małopolski wczesnośredniowiecznej, Wrocław.

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