YIELD OF BIOMASS AND BIOGAS PROFITABILITY OF RAW MATERIAL FROM SPECIAL PURPOSE ENERGETIC CROPS CULTIVATION

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2 National Project POIG /08 Model agroenergy complexes as an example of distributed cogeneration based on a local renewable energy sources in the Innovative Economy Operational Programme YIELD OF BIOMASS AND BIOGAS PROFITABILITY OF RAW MATERIAL FROM SPECIAL PURPOSE ENERGETIC CROPS CULTIVATION mgr inż. T. Sałek prof. dr hab. W. Budzyński dr W. Truszkowski Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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4 National Project POIG /08 Model agroenergy complexes as an example of distributed cogeneration based on a local renewable energy sources in the Innovative Economy Operational Programme Methods and materials Field experiments were: conducted during the years located on the fields of the Production - Experimental Enterprise in Bałcyny in Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship (those years were average as concerns the thermal and humidity conditions)

5 Crops in experiment: National Project POIG /08 Model agroenergy complexes as an example of distributed cogeneration based on a local renewable energy sources in the Innovative Economy Operational Programme Methods and materials 1. maize (Zea mays L.) 2. sweet sorghum (Sorghum saccharatum L.) 3. purple clover (Trifolium pratense L.) 4. lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cultivated in the mix with timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.) 5. goats rue (Galega orientalis L.) 6. rogue cock s foot (Dactylis glomerata L.) 7. timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.) 8. miscanthus giganteus (Miskanthus x giganteus Greef et Deu) 9. amur silver grass (Miskanthus sacharaiflorus Hack) 10. sida hermaphrodita (Sida hermaphrodita L.)

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7 Maize Sweet sorghum Purple clover + timothy grass Lecerne cultiwated + timothy grass Goats rue Rogue cock s foot Timothy grass Miscanthus giganteus Amur silvergrass Sida hermaphrodita National Project POIG /08 Model agroenergy complexes as an example of distributed cogeneration based on a local renewable energy sources in the Innovative Economy Operational Programme Expenditure of cumulated energy and costs amounted of cultivation Species Energy expenditure and costs Energy edition in general (MJ ha -1 ) Direct costs (PLN ha -1 )

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9 Lecerne cultiwated + timothy grass Maize Purple clover + timothy grass Sweet sorghum Goats rue Miscanthus giganteus Rogue cock s foot Timothy grass Sida hermaphrodita Amur silvergrass National Project POIG /08 Model agroenergy complexes as an example of distributed cogeneration based on a local renewable energy sources in the Innovative Economy Operational Programme Yields of fresh mass (Mg ha -1 )of energetic plants ( ) Species Harvest years ,2 52,4 58,2 35, , ,5 71,4 62,8 64,8 41,6 45,7 43,2 35,5 30,5 32, ,5 51,4 44, ,9 48,6 40,4 42,4 31,4 21,7 average 59,4 58,4 55,1 54,3 47,3 47,2 40,5 35,7 31,0 27,1

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11 Ranking of energetic plants according to the organic dry mass yield (in homogenous groups) 19,83 National Project POIG /08 Model agroenergy complexes as an example of distributed cogeneration based on a local renewable energy sources in the Innovative Economy Operational Programme ,00 18,00 16,52 16,00 14,00 12,00 10,00 12,43 10,92 10,45 9,51 9,40 9,30 8,18 8,11 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0,00 Maize Miscanthus giganteus Lecerne cultiwated + timothy grass Sida hermaphrodita Sweet sorghum Purple clover + timothy grass Rogue cock s foot Amur silvergrass Timothy grass Goats rue

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13 ,96 National Project POIG /08 Model agroenergy complexes as an example of distributed cogeneration based on a local renewable energy sources in the Innovative Economy Operational Programme Cumulated energy field in the biomass obtained (in homogenous groups) 320, ,04 224,08 214,2 197,06 186,67 179,86 169,19 165, Kukurydza zwyczajna Maize Miskant olbrzymi Miscanthus giganteus Lecerne cultiwated + timothy grass Lucerna siewna + tymotka łąkowa Purple clover + timothy grass Koniczyna łąkowa + tymotka łąkowa Ślazowiec pensylwański Sida hermaphrod ita Sorgo cukrowe Sweet sorghum Kupkówka pospolita Rogue cock s foot Miskant cukrowy Amur silvergra ss Rutwica wschodnia Goats rue Tymotka łąkowa Timothy grass

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15 Maize Sweet sorghum Purple clover + timothy grass Lecerne cultiwated + timothy grass Goats rue Rogue cock s foot Timothy grass Miscanthus giganteus Amur silvergrass Sida hermaphrodita National Project POIG /08 Model agroenergy complexes as an example of distributed cogeneration based on a local renewable energy sources in the Innovative Economy Operational Programme Selected characteristics of the silage as the biogas substrate Species Specification Dry mass (%) 28,3 19,5 16,0 21,4 19,4 25,7 22,9 33,1 46,2 28,1 Ogranic dry mass (% d.m.) 95,3 93,9 76,8 91,3 85,3 91,6 89,9 95,4 95,1 93,3 Raw asg (% d.m.) 4,7 6,1 23,2 8,7 14,7 8,4 10,1 4,6 4,9 6,7 Chemical oxygen demand 1,39 1,48 1,27 1,43 1,25 1,36 1,35 1,32 1,61 1,26 (g O 2 /g d.m.) Nitrogen (% d.m.) 1,16 1,13 2,90 2,08 2,45 1,16 1,24 0,65 0,74 0,52

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17 Maize Miscanthus giganteus Sweet sorghum Amur silvergrass Goats rue Lucerne cultivated + timothy grass Timothy grass Purple clover + timothy grass Rogue cock s foot Sida hermaphrodita National Project POIG /08 Model agroenergy complexes as an example of distributed cogeneration based on a local renewable energy sources in the Innovative Economy Operational Programme Biogas profitability of energetic plants biomass ( ) Species Discriminants biogas yield: (Ndm 3 /kg o.d.m.) (Nm 3 ha-1 ) content CH 4 (%) methane yield: (Ndm 3 CH 4 /kg o.d.m.) (Nm 3 CH 4 ha -1 ) time for obtaining 90% of biogas (number of fermentation days)

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19 biogas yield (Ndm 3 kg -1 o.d.m. National Project POIG /08 Model agroenergy complexes as an example of distributed cogeneration based on a local renewable energy sources in the Innovative Economy Operational Programme Biogas profitability curve for substrates of biomass from one-year and multiannual grasess with raw C4 photosythesis sweet sorghum amur silvergrass maize miscanthus gigantheus fermentation time (days)

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21 National Project POIG /08 Model agroenergy complexes as an example of distributed cogeneration based on a local renewable energy sources in the Innovative Economy Operational Programme Conclusion The comparison of the 3-year average yields of fresh mass of 10 species of agricultural crops per 1 ha allows concluding that: the lucerne in mixed cultivation with timothy grass, common maize, purple clover with timothy grass and sorghum were the most productive; in the ranking according to the criterion of organic dry mass yield common maize, miscanthus giganteus, lucerne with timothy grass, sida hermaphrodita and sorghum had no competitors; the yield of biogas from the biomass of the studied species was diversified highly (even 4-5 fold) and, unfortunately, rather low. The highest level of biogas as well as biomethane yield per hectare was offered by grasses with C 4 photosynthesis. the possibility of expanding the choice of species of high biogas profitability plants beyond the C 4 type grasses (common maize, miscanthus giganteus, sorghum) are rather limited (the choice of taxa for special cultivation of biomass for biogas production requires further evaluations according to numerous criteria).

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