Rydz E., Szymańska W., 2010, The dfferentaton of levels of socal and economc development n the rural areas of Mddle Pomerana, [w:] Chursk P., Ratajczak W. (ed.), Regonal development and regonal polcy n Poland: frst experences and new challenges of the European Unon membershp. Part II, Polsh Academy of Scences Commttee for Spatal Economy and Regonal Plannng, Studa Regonala, vol. 27, part II, Warszawa, s. 233-243 THE DIFFERENTIATION OF LEVELS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE RURAL AREAS OF MIDDLE POMERANIA 1 The outlne of content: The purpose of the artcle s to show the level of socal and economc development n the rural areas of Mddle Pomerana, wth regard to broadly understood regonal development. The area of Mddle Pomerana s specfc accordng to ts hstory and demography as well as ts settlng, agrcultural and socal structure, and n consequence of economc restructurng and socal transformaton t s the reason why these occurrences have dfferent character, course and dynamcs than n other regons of Poland. Changes n the rural areas of Mddle Pomerana have been analyzed usng synthetc ndcators accordng to the level of techncal nfrastructure, socal dfferentaton and changes of economc functons. Key words: regonal development, rural areas, Mddle Pomerana At the end of the 80 s the process of system transformaton began. It have had nfluence on formaton of level of development of rural areas, whch compose 92,3% of state surface and comprse approxmately 15 mllon people lvng there, that s 38,8% populaton of Poland. In the case of Mddle Pomerana rural areas compose respectvely 96,0%, populated by 385,4 thousand people,.e. 41.6% of the populaton of regon 2. Even comparson of these quanttes ndcates specfc value of rural space n the context of equalzng chances n socal and economc development. Rural areas of Mddle Pomerana, lkewse n the scale of the whole country, are characterzed by huge dfferentaton of spatal and functonal systems, whle ther condton s an mportant factor concernng the condtons of lve and management opportuntes for the nhabtants, n relaton to the drectons and the rate of development as well. By and large, the areas of moderate level of socal and economc development, worse opportuntes for mprovement and harder condtonng of economc growth, demandng an ncrease n the level and qualty of lfe, are prevalng. It s the result of dstnct paths of hstorcal development and contemporary n the local, regonal and natonal scale, too, evolutonary or revolutonary changng the functons of rural housng estates (e.g. n the areas of bg contrbuton of stateowned property) and spatal systems. Ths area s functonng today as perpheral terran of two admnstratve regons (Pomeranan and West Pomeranan). Specfcty of analyzed regon conssts nter ala n the fact, that durng the post-war perod t was dstngushed by the hghest contrbuton of state-owned economy n the country. Even n 1988 the state-owned lands composed 60,1% of the surface of arable lands, 1
whle almost 55% of t n State Agrcultural Farms (PGRs), whlst the natonal average of the contrbuton of ths form of property equaled 23,7% and 18,8% of ths belonged to PGR (Rydz, 2006). It shall be underlned that state-owned property n agrculture occurred n Mddle Pomerana n all admnstratve unts of communal level, but ths contrbuton was clearly dfferentated and fluctuated from 3,8% n the communty of Lpnca to 77,4% n the communty of Bobolce. The unts wth the hghest contrbuton of state-owned lands were located n the mddle part of regon presented, formng tght lane runnng n parallel wth the coast, ncludng part of the Heght of Damnca, the Lakeland of Bytow, the Heght of Polanow, the Plan of Slupsk and the Lakeland of Drawsko. Transformaton n polsh economy touched n the frst place state-owned agrculture. In effect, the prvate sector n agrculture has been wdened and well grounded. Its contrbuton n usng agrcultural land n Mddle Pomerana ncreased n 1990-2002 by more than 21%. The poston of ndvdual agrcultural farms strengthened. Transfer of the ground between sectors, mpelled n the process of property transformaton of Mddle Pomerana, strengthened ndvdual economy by almost 158,5 thousand hectares of arable land,.e. by 55%. Development n prvate sector of dfferent types of agrcultural farms n new legal and organzaton forms created n post-pgr property s remarkable. Owng to purchasng or leasng ths property, that s organzed n 100 ha and more, few bgger farms appeared, wth average surface of 620 ha. Huge part of them are farms owned by natural persons or companes, whch are functonng as ndvdual farms. Socal and economc development understood as drected and rreversble changes, whch compose the socety as well as the economy (Chursk, 2008), n the area of presented regon has been formed on the bass of formerly exstng system of structures economc and socal. Its rregularty results from dfferentated level of adaptaton to new condtons of management, whch occurred n the moment of transformaton nto market economy and snce 2004 polsh accesson to the European Unon. The analyze of dfferentaton was based on defnng the level of development wth regard to human resources (demographc potental, level of educaton and access to educaton servce, the condton of job market), materal captal (natural resources and the condton of natural envronment, techncal nfrastructure, socal nfrastructure), fnancal captal (fnancal stuaton of local government, funds from European Unon, the level of nvestment) and socal captal (entrepreneurshp) aggregated to general ndcator of development (synthetc ndcator) 3. The role of human resources 4 n economc development seems unquestonable today. Earlest these assocatons were notced by economsts dealng wth the theory of economc 2
growth and factors of ts dfferentaton. 5 Research carred out between the level of knowledge and sklls and regonal development seems to confrm these belefs, especally n Mddle Pomerana t s notceable. To begn the consderaton wth accommodaton n rural areas, specfc rregularty s perceved. Most populated are communtes n the neghbourhood of bgger ctes (e.g. communty Bedzno near Koszaln, communty of Slupsk, Kobylnca, Debnca Kaszubska near Lebork) and n seasde sphere (the communty of Kolobrzeg, Ustka, Postomno, Darlowo). Less populated are the communtes located n south part of Mddle Pomerana (Kalsz Pomorsk, Ostrowce, Zlocenec, Konarzyny), what s connected wth ther lttle surface. However, t reflects the demographc potental of human resources. By the bggest demographc dynamcs are characterzed suburban spheres of bgger ctes,.e. Koszaln, Slupsk, Kolobrzeg, Czluchow or Lebork. Especally worth attenton are the communtes of the Lakeland of Bytow and east parts of Mddle Pomerana, whch are populated by Kashubans and represent unque progressve model of demographc development (Fg. 1). The next feature regardng the qualty of human resources of mmense mportance for regonal development s the level and accessblty to educaton. In the area of Mddle Pomerana the hghest values of ths ndcator have been observed n the communty of Manowo (63,16), Kolobrzeg (61,56) and Przechlewo, Goscno, Slawoborze, Ustrone Morske (lttle more than 40). The lowest values occur n south unts of mentoned regon,.e. n the communtes of Czarne, Debrzno, Baly Bor, Zlocenec. For human resources pecular mportance appear n the sphere of job market. Good stuaton n ths area allows to fulfll not only fundamental needs, but also hgher needs. The most benefcal stuaton n ths felds have suburban communtes of Slupsk and Kobylnca and Ustka. It s expressed n the hghest amount of workng people for 10000 people and lowest unemployment rates. Good stuaton on job market occurs as well at the seasde, where the expanson of toursm generates condtons for mprovement n economc stuaton and employment growth. Toursm remans a feld whch moblzes local communtes of the Lakeland of Bytow and Drawsko to take up economc ntatves. These communtes take the advantage of condtons of creatng job places and unque attractveness of natural envronment. 3
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The analyss of materal captal 6 comprse the state of natural envronment, techncal and socal nfrastructure. Each of these categores nfluences on possbltes of socal and economc development of the regon. Especally mportant seems to be mantenance of numerous vrtues of natural envronment of areas, whch are not affluent n mneral resources, but show evdent values n the vew of toursm and agrtoursm development n Mddle Pomerana. The analyss confrms huge possbltes of seasde communtes and located n Lakelands (Fg. 2). Tourst colonzaton of these terrans and care for competent adaptaton of accessblty of these places through the mprovement of techncal nfrastructure explans ther proftable economc stuaton n other felds. At present seasde communtes of Melno (91,43), Ustrone Morske (69,57), Kolobrzeg (57,74) and Ustka (46,44) and pcturesque communty of Zlocenec (41,44) have the greatest potental of materal captal. Remanng communtes to a lttle lower extent have good condtons of materal captal, especally accordng to lmted accessblty to socal nfrastructure and nsuffcent mprovement of techncal nfrastructure. 5
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Socal captal 7 wth regard to ts complcty and varety of aspects s dfferently defned and nvestgated on many levels (Bartkowsk, 2007). In functonal aspect t s consdered as a group of occurrences or mechansms, whch are the aspects of socal structure, furthermore, they enable and facltate fulfllng lfe targets by ndvduals. In the face of the lack of statstcal data defnng socal captal on the level of communtes, only entrepreneurshp has been analyzed. It s expressed n socal actvtes and cooperaton, provdng smultaneously possbltes of achevng lfe targets. As t stems from research n rural areas of Mddle Pomerana n 2000-2008 the level of entrepreneurshp s ncreasng, however t s rather moderate growth. The most dynamc are suburban communtes, seasde communtes and areas n Lakelands (Fg. 3). So, t relates to the areas, whch cumulate entrepreneurshp as a result of suburbanzaton and tourst colonzaton. These are at the moment the two most vsble processes of actvaton of rural areas of Mddle Pomerana. Fnancal captal 8 n a drect way characterzes condton of local government and ts possbltes of creatng development, as well as ablty to purchase funds from EU, whch to 7
some extent mproves condton of local communtes. In ths aspect rural areas of Mddle Pomerana prove more homogenous (Fg. 4). Generally, qute good fnancal stuaton occurs n rural areas of Karlno (57,96%) and Postomno (57,67), what s a result from huge contrbuton of funds from EU ganed n 2006-2008. In addton n the communtes of Slupsk, Kolobrzeg, Kalsz Pomorsk, Ustka, Melno, what stems from hgh nvestment ndcator and good fnancal stuaton of local government. Accordng to regonal development t seems to be mportant to what extent are local governments actve n ganng fnancal ad from EU, whch would help to equalze development chances of rural areas. In 2006-2008 support comng from EU budget amounted to about 65 mllon zloty, whlst 45 mllon were funds for nvestment. One nhabtant equvalent n researched perod has been 150 zloty, n t nvestng more than 100 zloty. In 2006-2008 all rural unts got balout from EU budget, although the bggest part was used n 2007. Dfferentaton n ganng funds appears n the aspect of tme and space. Funds n the amount of more than 1 mllon zloty were ganed n 2006 by the communtes: Bedzno, Besekerz, Manowo, Polanow, Postomno, Bytow, Potegowo, Slupsk; n 2007 by the communtes: Karlno, Melno, Postomno, Borne Sulnowo and Glowczyce and n 2008 agan the communtes: Karlno, Postomno and Glowczyce. In general the most vtal turned out to be unts lke Postomno (more than 11 mllon zloty), Melno (6,5 mllon), Karlno and Borne Sulnowo (each more than 3,5 mllon). In consequence, level of socal and economc development of rural areas of Mddle Pomerana from 2004 to 2008 ndcates bgger and bgger polarzaton (Fg. 5). Unquestonably, the greatest development n ths aspect s notced n the communtes of seasde lane, whch concentrate funds and development possbltes to hgher and hgher extent. It relates not only to drectly seasde communtes (Kolobrzeg, Melno, Postomno, Ustka, Wcko), but also those, whch are progressng n suburban spheres of bgger ctes (Slupsk, Kobylnca, Manowo, Sweszyno). In a lttle worse, but all n all, also qute good stuaton are the communtes of the Lakeland of Bytow. Here n drect surroundng of the cty of Bytow, the level of development s ncreasng the most rapdly n studzence, n the rural areas of the communty of Bytow and n Tuchome. 8
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Stll, after 20 years of transformaton mddle and south part of Mddle Pomerana demand the utmost care and exerton to mprove the stuaton of rural populaton. These terrans are retarded n development, whch s often the effect of former hstorcal structures, connected wth economc maladjustment, but also wth socal atttudes, and therefore wth lack of actveness of local communty. Facng these challenges depends on cooperaton, whch could be ntated by dynamc local governments, followng the rule of expanson. References: Bartkowsk J., 2007, Kaptał społeczny jego oddzaływane na rozwój w ujęcu socjologcznym, [w:] Herbst M. (red.), Kaptał ludzk kaptał społeczny a rozwój regonalny, Centrum Europejskch Studów Regonalnych Lokalnych, Warszawa, s. 54-97 Chursk P., 2008, Czynnk rozwoju regonalnego poltyka regonalna w Polsce w okrese ntegracj z Uną Europejską, Unwersytet m. Adama Mckewcza w Poznanu, Poznań, Sera Geografa, 79 Cchy K., Malaga K., 2007, Kaptał ludzk w modelach teor wzrostu gospodarczego, [w:] Herbst M. (red.), Kaptał ludzk kaptał społeczny a rozwój regonalny, Centrum Europejskch Studów Regonalnych Lokalnych, Warszawa, s. 18-53 Herbst M., 2007, Kaptał ludzk, dochód wzrost gospodarczy w badanach emprycznych, [w:] Herbst M. (red.), Kaptał ludzk kaptał społeczny a rozwój regonalny, Centrum Europejskch Studów Regonalnych Lokalnych, Warszawa, s. 98-125 Jasulewcz M., 1998, Przekształcena strukturalno-przestrzenne obszarów wejskch Pomorza Środkowego w okrese transformacj systemowej, Poltechnka Koszalńska, Koszaln Jasulewcz M., 2000, Możlwośc rozwoju welofunkcyjnego Pomorza Środkowego, Studa KPZK PAN, CX, s. 257-278 Kołodzejsk J., 1973, Koncepcja rozwoju regonu koszalńskego w śwetle strateg makroregonu nadmorskego, Koszalńske Studa Materały, 3, s. 3-30 Nekrasz J.A., Sedlak J., Zdrojewsk E.Z., 1981, Przemeszczena ludnośc na Pomorzu Środkowym w latach 1975-1978, Koszalńsk Ośrodek Naukowo-Badawczy, Koszaln Rydz E., 1996, Charakterystyka społeczno-gospodarcza Pomorza Środkowego, [w:] 45 Zjazd Polskego Towarzystwa Geografcznego. Przewodnk wyceczek, WSP, Słupsk, s. 5-22 10
Rydz E., 2006, Przemany struktur społeczno-gospodarczych w okrese transformacj systemowej na Pomorzu Środkowym, Pomorska Akadema Pedagogczna w Słupsku, Słupsk Suszyńsk A., 1993, Funkcje podstawowe w rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczym Pomorza Środkowego, Rozprawy Studa, Unwersytet Szczecńsk, Szczecn, 131 Zdrojewsk E.Z., 1976, Problematyka demografczna Pomorza Środkowego, Koszalńsk Ośrodek Naukowo-Badawczy, Koszaln Streszczene ZRÓŻNICOWANIE POZIOMU ROZWOJU SPOŁECZNO-GOSPODARCZEGO NA OBSZARACH WIEJSKICH POMORZA ŚRODKOWEGO Obszar Pomorza Środkowego charakteryzuje sę swostą odrębnoścą pod względem hstorycznym, demografcznym, osadnczym, struktury agrarnej społecznej, co w konsekwencj zachodzących procesów restrukturyzacj gospodark transformacj społecznej sprawa, że zjawska tu występujące mają odmenny charakter, przebeg dynamkę nż w nnych regonach Polsk. Obszary wejske Pomorza Środkowego charakteryzują sę dużym zróżncowanem układów przestrzennych funkcjonalnych, a ch stan ma stotne znaczene dla warunków życa meszkańców dla możlwośc gospodarowana, a co za tym dze, równeż dla kerunków tempa rozwoju. Generalne przeważają obszary o nskm (40,1% gmn wejskch na Pomorzu Środkowym) stosunkowo umarkowanym (28,8%) pozome rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego, gorszych możlwoścach poprawy trudnejszych uwarunkowanach wzrostu gospodarczego, wymagające podnesena pozomu jakośc życa. Łączne prawe 70% gmn wejskch obejmujących środkowe połudnowe tereny Pomorza Środkowego wymaga podnesena warunków życa wzrostu zaangażowana w przyspeszene rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Najlepsza sytuacja występuje w gmnach nadmorskch, gdze rozwój turystyk jest motorem napędowym dla gospodark rozwoju społecznego, ale równeż w gmnach podmejskch dwóch najwększych mast regonu Koszalna Słupska, gdze obszary wejske nabywają mejskch cech stając sę zapleczem rozwojowym terenów mejskch. Dosyć dobrą sytuacją charakteryzują sę równeż gmny Pojezerza Bytowskego ogólne wschodnej częśc regonu, które specyfkę swoją zawdzęczają zameszkującej tam ludnośc kaszubskej o odmennych wzorcach demografcznych gospodarczych. Obszary te wykazują wyraźną domnację pod względem wyposażena w nfrastrukturę społeczną, czy technczną. Zdecydowane lepej wykorzystany jest kaptał społeczny kaptał ludzk, który dzsaj ma ogromne znaczene dla organzacj 11
życa społeczno-gospodarczego, szczególne w oblczu występowana zjawska konkurencyjnośc. Lst of fgures: Fg. 1 The level of development n the aspect of human resources n the rural areas of Mddle Pomerana n 2008. Fg. 2 The level of development n the aspect of materal captal n the rural areas of Mddle Pomerana n 2008. Fg. 3 The level of development n the aspect of socal captal n the rural areas of Mddle Pomerana n 2008. Fg. 4 The level of development n the aspect of fnancal captal n the rural areas of Mddle Pomerana n 2008. Fg. 5 General level of socal and economc development n the rural areas of Mddle Pomerana n 2008. 1 In dfferent types of research, journalsm, economc lfe, for many years areas of former voevodeshps of Koszaln and Slupsk are treated together and named Mddle Pomerana. The fact, that n 1950-1975 almost entre area composed to the voevodeshp of Koszaln, had a great mpact on separate treatment ths area as a regon. Obvous physcal-geographcal, socal-economc, demographc, cultural, hstorcal and settlng smlarty plays a vtal role as well. Whlst before 1975 wth regard to vast majorty of these areas was used the name voevodeshp of Koszaln, whch was adequate to admnstratve dvson, then after ths perod appear two new termns: Mddle Coast and Mddle Pomerana. The frst was ntroduced.a. by J. Kolodzejsk (1973) regardng former voevodeshp of Koszaln, but n later studes (Zdrojewsk 1976; Nekrasz, Sedlak, Zdrojewsk 1981); Suszynsk 1993; Jaslewcz 1998, 2000; Rydz 1996, and others) more and more common, and to my mnd justfed, seemed to be accordng to both former voevodeshps (of Koszaln and Slupsk) the name Mddle Pomerana. 2 Terrtoral dvson; Populaton, Regonal Database, GUS, Warsaw, www.stat.gov.pl dated 3.11.2009 3 Estmaton of the level of development was carred out by the method of synthetc ndcator, usng nomnalzaton of ndcators by the procedure of untarzaton by formulas: for stmulants x mn{ x}, for destmulants max{ x} x ' ' x = x = max{ x } mn{ x } max{ x } mn{ x } 4 Human resources s defned by domans and ndcators: 1. Demographc potental expressed by features: populaton growth per 1000 people, % share of populaton aged under 18, % share of populaton aged 60+ (women) and 65+ (men), mgraton balance per 1000 people, 2. Educaton characterzed on the bass of ndcators: % share of populaton wth hgher educaton aged 18-60/65 and 60+/65+, the number of pupls of prmary and secondary schools per 1 school, 3. Job market, whch s defned by the ndcators: the number of workng people per 1000 populaton, % share of unemployed among populaton aged 60+/65+. 5 Revew of mportance of human resources n economc development s made by.a. Cchy K. and Malaga K. (2007), Herbst M. (2007) 6 Materal captal s defned by domans and ndcators: 1. Natural resources and state of natural envronment (% of populaton operated by wastewater treatment plant, expenses for communal economy n zl per 1 nhabtant), 2. Techncal nfrastructure (densty of water supply network per 100 km 2, densty of santary sewer per 100 km 2 ), 3. Socal nfrastructure (average number of people for chamber n flats, average usable surface of a flat, number of 12
flats for one s own use per 10 thousand people, number of pharmaces per 10 thousand of people, number of lbrares and lbraran ponts per 10 thousand people, number of tourst objects per 10 thousand of people). 7 Socal captal has been defned by entrepreneurshp ndcator expressed by the number of economc enttes per 10 thousand of people. 8 Fnancal captal has been defned on the bass of domans and ndcators: 1. Fnancal stuaton of local government (% of ncomes from own tasks n ncomes generally, ncomes n zloty per 1 nhabtant, relaton between ncomes and expenses, 2. Funds from EU (% of funds comng from EU), 3. Level of nvestment (% of fnancal expenses n expenses of communty generally). 13