Metropolization : Local Development and Government in Poland Lydia COUDROY DE LILLE Université Lumière-Lyon 2 & Centre Géophile - Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Lyon OCDE- International Conference 6-7 June 2005, Trento «Defend your commune!», before the administrative reform of of 2002 (COUDROY, 2002) 1
Introduction Poland in advance in providing territorial reforms but not in the capital city The pressures of metropolization : economical concentration and political decentralization Which consequences on the territorial design? 1. HESITATIONS ABOUT THE TERRITORIAL FRAMEWORK Communal model? The faith in the local tier as a basis for the building of democracy Metropolitan model? A large-bounded territory and an urban government above the communes 2
1.1.«Union of communes» (1990-94) The first step of the territorial and administrative reform : decentralization only at the communal tier The local autonomy applied to the capital city Administrative structure of the Voivodship (1990-94) Name Voivodship (Wojewódtzwo warszawskie) City = Union of communes (Związek gmin) Communes (Gmina) = districts (dzielnica) Tiers of the territorial structure Number of units Population (1000) Legislative power Executive power head of the 1 2410 _ 1 1655 City council (rada miasta) 7 1655 all together Council : elected by the universal suffrage : indirect suffrage Commune council City (Urząd miejski) Commune (Urząd City President (Prezydent miasta) Mayor (Burmistrz) 3
Territorial divisions of (1990-94) Map : Coudroy de Lille UMR 8504 Géophile, 2004 1.2.The «system» (1994-98) Additional tier : the districts Unequal system, at the advantage of the inner-city Increasing territorial fragmentation 4
Administrative structure of the Voivodship (1994-98) Tiers Name Number Population (1000) voivodship (Województwo Warszawskie) Capital city (Miasto stołeczne Warszawa) Commune (Gmina) Legislative power Executive power head of the 1 2416 - - - 1 1655 City council (rada miasta) 68 members 11 + 1000 in Council of the commune + City (zarząd miasta) City President (Prezydent miasta) = mayor of the commune Districts of the commune (Dzielnica) 10 Council : elected by the universal suffrage : indirect suffrage 655 in the others 10 commune councils (rada gminy) 7 Council of district (rada Commune (zarząd gminy) College of District (Urząd Mayors of the other 10 communes (burmistrz) Director (Dyrektor) Territorial divisions of (1994-2001) 5
1.3.The local governement sank into the territorial reform (1998-2002) One more tier : the powiat A new region : the Mazowsze Voivodship Confused reform in A larger region around 6
Mazowsze and its counties (powiat) Administrative structure of the Voivodship (1998-2002) Tier Name Number Population (1000) Mazowsze voivodship (Województwo mazowieckie) County (Powiat warszawski) City = Union of communes (Związek gmin) the commune + 10 other communes (gminy) Districts in (Dzielnica) Legislative power 1 5065 Voivodship Council (Sejmik wojewódzki) 1 1642 County council powiatu) 1 1642 Council of miasta) 11 1000 600 together Council : elected by the universal suffrage : indirect suffrage Commune council of + 10 other communal councils gminy) 7 District councils Dzielnica) Voivodship wojewódtzwa) County (Starostwo powiatowe) City miasta) Executive of gminy) 10 other communal s District s Executive power head of the Marshal (Marszałek) Starost (Starosta) President of the city (Prezydent miasta) = mayor of the commune + 10 mayors in other communes (Burmistrz) District directors (Dyrektor) 7
1.4.The new administrative framework : dilution of communes (2002) Back to centralism Personalisation of the Mayor s election NUTS tiers NUTS2 Administrative structure of since 2002 Tiers Name Number Population (1000) Mazowsze voivodship (Województwo mawowieckie) Legislative power 1 5080 Voivodship assembly (Sejmik wojewódzki) Voivodship wojewódzki) Executive Power Name of the head of the Marshal (Marszałek) NUTS3= NUTS4= NUTS5 City of (Miasto stołeczne Warszawa)= County of (Warszawski Powiat)= Commune of (Gmina Warszawy) - Districts of (Dzielnica) Council : elected by the universal suffrage : indirect suffrage 1 1609 County council powiatu) 60 members 17 1609 together District council County miejksi) District President of (Prezydent Warszawy) Mayor (Burmistrz) 8
Territorial divisions of (since 2002) 2.LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT metropolis? The ambiguities of local democracy 9
Urban development and territorial framework 1990-94 Emerging of the power of inner-city in an «egalitarian» territorial structure 1994-2002 The choice of territorial structure confirming the leadership of in a contexte of strong metropolization Since 2002 Back to centralization Metropolization without metropolia Back to territorial centralization and to economical growth in..but were is the metropolitan area? 10