36 9 Vol.36,No ACTA OCEANOLOGICASINICA September2014,,. [J].,2014,36(9):94 102,doi: /j.issn ZhangXu,ChengChen,Li

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1 36 9 Vol.36,No ACTA OCEANOLOGICASINICA September2014. [J].,2014,36(9):94 102,doi: /j.issn ZhangXu,ChengChen,LiuYan.AcousticpropagationefectcausedbysubtropicalmodewaterofnorthwesternPacific[J].Acta OceanologicaSinica(inChinese),2014,36(9):94 102,doi: /j.issn ,2 1 1 ( ; ) : Argo (STMW),STMW STMW 10~15dB( 1000 Hz) STMW, 20m, 6.6km; 150m 3.1km, : ; ; ;Argo;BELLHOP :P733.2 :A : (2014) (STMW) Ma- suzawa, 16~18 [1-3] [4] [5-6] [12] STMW, [7] 30 ~34 N,140 ~170 E [13-14] STMW, [15] - [16-18], Hanawa Taley 2000 [19], Argo [8-11], STMW : ; : : (1982 )

2 9 : 95 STMW,Oka 1 1 [20] Qiu 0~5500m 33 [23-24] STMW, WOA09 Argo [25] STMW Mackenzie 10m Argo, Argo c 2 A (z) WOA09 c W (z) 2.1 Z U,Argo WOA09 (NODC) Argo [21] 0~2000m 3 3, 10d [22] ST- MW STMW ( [20]) 5 10 Argo 29 ~34 N 150 ~160 E ( 1) k A (z) k W (z) : c A (z), 烄 z <Z U, k A (z) c A (z)+ c= (1) 烅 k W (z) c W (z) Z U z Z D, 烆 c W (z ) z >Z D, k W (z)= z-zu, (3) Z D -Z U, Z U 900~1100mArgo Z D 2000m (1)~(3) Argo WOA09 ; 1 Argo Fig.1 Theselectedregioninthispaperandthe WOA09 distributionoftheprofilers position [20] STMW, 2.3 [26],KBF:,KEF: BELLHOP,NSTF: ShadowdenotesSTMW sourcearea,rectangleareaisregion, pointsdenoteprofilers position,kbf:kuroshiobifurcatefront, KEF:Kuroshioextendedfront,NSTF:northsubtropicalfront Argo Z D ZD -z k A (z)=, (2) Z D -Z U ( Kraken) ( MMPE) 2.2 Argo 2000m Porter BELLHOP WOA09 Argo WOA09 (NODC) [26-28] : 2009 Levitus 5 m 0.2

96 36 km 1kHz; -90 ~90, 0.5 3 2 2006-2012 Argo,,, ( ) 3 0.05s -1 2, [15] ( ) 2 3 ( 200, m ) [15] ;, 2 Fig.

3 96 36 km 1kHz; -90 ~90, Argo,,, ( ) s -1 2, [15] ( ) 2 3 ( 200, m ) [15] ;, 2 Fig.2 TimeseriesofverticaldistributionofsoundspeedofSTMW sourcearea ~34 N,150 ~160 E; Theabscissaaxisisfrom2006to2012,theregionisin29 ~34 N,150 ~160 E,andthepointlinesdenote thedepthrangeofweaksoundspeedgradsinsubsurfacelayer 4~7 STMW m BELLHOP, 20m 150m ; 4 WOA09 (1)~(3) 8

4 9 : 97 3 Fig.3 ProfilesofmonthlymeanofsoundspeedofSTMW sourcearea ( 8) ( 8a) 10~15dB( ) 150m,,,, 6.6, km, [29-30], SOFAR ( ( 8b), 1.0 ) ( 8), km 10dB( ) 3.1km 20m, 1-20m 150,, m,

5 Fig4 TypicalsoundfieldofSTMW sourceareainfebruary 5 5 Fig5 TypicalsoundfieldofSTMW sourceareain May 6 8 Fig6 TypicalsoundfieldofSTMW sourceareainaugust 7 11 Fig7 TypicalsoundfieldofSTMW sourceareainnovember

6 9 : 99 8 Fig.8 Comparisonofsoundtransmissionlosscurveamongdiferentmonths 1 - Tab.1 ComparisonofCZpositionwithtwodiferentsource-receiverconditions 20m 20m 150m 150m /km /km /km /km Fig.9 Comparisonofraytracingpaternbetweenthesurfaceductinthewinterandthatinthesummer 5 ; STMW 9

7 100 36, ( 1kHz), (2) STMW [31-32], 20m, ( 6.6km ) [33] ; 150 [34-35] m,stmw 3.1km ( (STMW) Argo ), 6 : 10~15dB (1) STMW - ; Argo ; STMW,,, : [1] SugaT,HanawaK.ThemixedlayerclimatologyinthenorthwesternpartoftheNorthPacificsubtropicalgyreandtheformationareaofsubtropi- calmodewater[j].jmarres,1990,48(3): [2] Bingham F M,SugaT.DistributionsofmixedlayerpropertiesinNorthPacificwatermassformationareas:comparisonofArgofloatsand World OceanAtlas2001[J].OceanSci,2006,2(1): [3] OhnoY,IwasakaN,KobashiF,etal.MixedlayerdepthclimatologyoftheNorthPacificbasedonArgoobservations[J].JOceanogr,2009,65 (1):1-16. [4]. [J].,2009,28(4): [5] Munk W H,ForbesA M G.Globaloceanwarmin:anacousticmeasure[J].JPhysOceanogr,1989,19: [6]. [J].,1995,17(3): [7]. [J].,2009,28(6): [8] HenrickRF,Seigmann W L,Jacobson MJ.Generalanalysisofoceaneddyefectsforsoundtransmissionapplications[J].JAcoustSocAm, 1977,62(4): [9] HenrickRF,Burkom H S.Theefectofrangedependenceonacousticpropagationinaconvergencezoneenvironment[J].JAcoustSocAm, 1983,73(1): [10]. [J].,2006,24(2): [11]. [J].,2011,29(2): [12] MasuzawaJ.Subtropicalmodewater[J].Deep-SeaRes,1969,16: [13] Bingham F M.FormationandspreadingofsubtropicalmodewaterintheNorthPacific[J].JGeophysRes,1992,97(C7):

8 9 : 101 [14] SugaT,HanawaK.ThesubtropicalmodewatercirculationintheNorthPacific[J].JPhysOceanogr,1995,25: [15]. : [M].. :,2012. [16] QiuB,ChenS.DecadalvariabilityintheformationoftheNorthPacificsubtropicalmodewater:oceanicversusatmosphericcontrol[J].JPhys Oceanogr,2006,36(7): [17] LiuQ,Hu H.AsubsurfacepathwayforlowpotentialvorticitytransportfromthecentralNorthPacifictowardTaiwanIsland[J].GeophysRes Let,2007,34:L [18] OkaE,ToyamaK,SugaT.SubductionofNorthPacificcentralmodewaterassociatedwithsubsurfacemesoscaleeddy[J].GeophysResLet, 2009,36:L [19] HanawaK,TaleyLD.Modewaters[M]//SiedlerG,ChurchJ,GouldJ.OceanCirculationandClimate.London:AcademicPress,2001: [20] OkaE,QiuB.ProgressofNorthPacificmodewaterresearchinthepastdecade[J].JOceanogr,2012,68(1):5-20. [21] OperationalOceanographyGroup:GlobalArgoDataRepository[DB/OL].U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,NationalOceanicandAtmospheric Administration,NationalOceanographicDataCenter,SilverSpring,Maryland,20910.DateofAccess,2007.htp:// [22] TheArgoScienceTeam.ReportoftheArgoScienceTeam 2nd Meeting(AST-2)[R].2000:1-18. ernmentprintingofice,washingtondc,2010. [24] AntonovJI,SeidovD,BoyerTP,etal.WorldOceanAtlas2009Volume2:Salinity[DB/OL].NOAA AtlasNESDIS69,USGovernment PrintingOfice,WashingtonDC,2010. [25] MackenzieK V.Ninetermequationforsoundspeedintheoceans[J].JAcoustSocAm,1981,70(3): [26] PorterM B,BucherH P.Gaussianbeamtracingforcomputingoceanacousticfields[J].JAcoustSocAm,1987,82(4): [27] BuckerH P.Asimple3-D Gaussianbeamsoundpropagationmodelforshalow water[j].jacoustsocam,1994,95(5): [28] WeinbergH,KeenanRE.Gaussianraybundlesformodelinghigh-frequencypropagationlossundershalow-waterconditions[J].JAcoustSoc Am,1996,100(3): [29] BongiovanniKP,Siegmann W L.Convergencezonefeaturedependenceonoceantemperaturestructure[J].JAcoustSocAm,1996,100(5): [30]. [J].,2011,30(1): [31] FitzgeraldR M,GuthrieA N,NutileD A,etal.Influenceofthesubsurfacesoundchannelonlong-rangepropagationpathsandtraveltimes[J]. JAcoustSocAm,1974,55: [32] DossoSE,ChapmanN R.AcousticpropagationinashalowsoundchannelintheNortheastPacificOcean[J].JAcoustSocAm,1984,75: [33] LaddC,ThompsonL.FormationmechanismsforNorthPacificcentralandeasternsubtropicalmodewaters[J].JPhysOceanogr,2000,30: [34] QiuB,HuangR X.VentilationoftheNorthAtlanticandNorthPacific:subductionversusobduction[J].JPhysOceanogr,1995,25(10): [35] JoyceT M.NewperspectivesonEighteenDegree WaterformationintheNorthAtlantic[J].JOceanogr,2012,68(1): Acousticpropagationefectcausedbysubtropicalmodewater ofnorthwesternpacific ZhangXu 1,2,ChengChen 1,LiuYan 1 (1.Unit91550of People sliberation Armyof China,Dalian116023,China;2.Post-doctoralScientific Research Work Stationin 92493Unitof People eliberation Army,Dalian116023,China) [23] LocarniniR A,MishonovA V,AntonovJI,etal.WorldOceanAtlas2009Volume1:Temperature[R].NOAA AtlasNESDIS68,USGov- Abstract:Acousticalpropagationfeaturescausedbysubtropicalmodewater(STMW)ofNorthwesternPacificdur- ingseasonaltransitionareanalyzedbyargoprofiledataandacousticnumericalmodel.theresultsofsoundfiled showthatthemainpropagatingpaternofstmwformedregionisacombinationofsurfaceorsubsurfaceductand convergencezone(cz).theczexistsaltheyearround,butthesurfaceductappearsinagrowingmixed-layer environmentinautumnandwinter,andthesubsurfaceductappearsonlyinastmwsubductionenvironmentin

9 summer.twotypesofductpropagationshowaninversepaternofsoundenergydistribution,andthediference canbearound10to15dbbetweentheinternalandtheexternaloftheduct(soundfrequencyis1khz).seasonal transitionofstmwcanalsoleadtothechangeofczpositions.thechangesareinfluencedbythesourcedepth. Whenthesourcelocatesat20 m,theczpositionreachesitsfurthestinthesummer,remainsmediuminthe spring,andarivesitsnearestinthewinter,wherethemaximumdiferencecanbe6.6km.whenthesourcelo- catesat150m,theczreduces3.1kminsummerandshowsnodistinctchangesinotherseasons. Keywords:modewater;northwesternPacific;subsurfaceduct;Argo;BELLHOP model