REVISION OF NYMPHAEA CANDIDA RANGE NEW DATA ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT PREFERENCES OF THE SPECIES IN SOUTHERN POLAND

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1 nowak_kopia:asbp0w.qxd 00-- : Vol., No. : -0, 00 Strona ACTA SCIETATIS BTANICRUM PNIAE REVISIN NYMPHAEA CANDIDA RANGE NEW DATA N THE DISTRIBUTIN AND HABITAT PREERENCES THE SPECIES IN SUTHERN PAND ARKADIUSZ NWAK, MARCIN NBIS, ZYGMUNT DAJDK, JANNA ZAEWSKA-GAŁSZ, SYWIA NWAK, AGNIESZKA NBIS, IZABEA CZERNIAWSKA-KUSZA, MACIEJ KZAK, ADAM STEBE, RENATA BUA, PITR SUGIER, ANDRZEJ SZACHETKA, WADEMAR BENA0, ANNA TRJECKA, RENATA PIWWARCZYK, AEKSANDRA ADAMIEC, RAAŁ KRAWCZYK abtory of Geobotany and Plant Conservation, Detment of Biosystematics, pole University leska, -0 pole, Poland anowak@uni.opole.pl Detment of Plant Taxonomy and Phytogeography, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University Detment of Plant Ecology, Jagiellonian University Kopernika, -0 Kraków, Poland Institute of Plant Biology Wrocław University Kanonia /, 0- Wrocław, Poland Detment of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Katowice ogórska 0, -00 Sosnowiec, Poland Detment of and Cover Protection, pole University leska, -0 pole, Poland Centre of Nature Heritage of the Upper Silesia św. Huberta, 0- Katowice, Poland Detment of Ecology, Institute of Biology Detment of Nature Conservation Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Akademicka, 0-0 ublin, Poland 0 Parszowice, -00 Ścinawa, Poland lszewskiego, -00 Zgorzelec, Poland Detment of Botany, Institute of Biology Jan Kochanowski University Świętokrzyska, -0 Kielce, Poland (Received: January, 00. Accepted: May, 00) ABSTRACT The paper presents results of geobotanical and taxonomic studies on the diibution and habitat requirements of Nymphaea candida in southern Poland. The researches w conducted in southern Poland in 00-00, in the vinces of ower Silesia, ublin, Małopolska, pole, Silesian vince as well as, in southern ts of Mazowieckie and ubuskie. lowers, leaves and fruits of Nymphaea species w collected from locations. Altogether pollens from populations of N. candida and of N. alba from all the researched area w measu. The trophic level of an ecosystem was evaluated according to the results of the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, transency and biological ameters. As the result of the studies of more than 00 water bodies, localities of N. candida w documented within the investigation area. The populations of N. candida ocy mid-forest water bodies and river ox-bow lakes. A

2 NYMPHAEA CANDIDA IN SUTH PAND Nowak A. et al. significant number of populations was also found in artificial reservoirs fish ponds. The most suitable habitat conditions for N. candida occur in shallow waters in the shore zone with the amplitude of the water column vary from 0. to m. Regarding the trophy level, N. candida ocies diffnt habitats, mainly mesotrophic and also eutrophic with high content of organic matters. Considering the checked morphological ameters, especially the stigma diameter, the number of carpellary teeth, flower and pollen diameters, the found and collected specimens of N. candida significantly differ from N. alba. The study confirms that N. candida ocurrs in whole lowland Poland without any regional diibution gaps. According to the IUCN guidelines to species assessment the data gathd during the presented study do not allow to classify N. candida as a vulnerable species in Poland. Still existing populations for more than 0 years, numerous stable locations, abundant populations, a habitat accessibility, a biotope extent, an ecological amplitude against the trophy level and direct human impacts suggest, that the species should be regarded as a least ern (C) taxon. KEY WRDS: Nymphaea candida, diibution, ponds, aquatic vegetation, habitat, range. INTRDUCTIN Nymphaea candida C. Presl. is an Euro-Siberian element of aquatic fl with the western range limit on the line of the Rhine (Hegi ; Meusel et al. ; Hulten and ries ; Muntendam et al. ). According to Wayda (000), N. candida occurs in Poland only in the northern t of the country reaching th the southern limit of its general continuous range. However, the species was also reported from the Czech Republic (Hejný and Slavík ), southern regions of Germany (Benkert et al. ), eastern rance, Switzerland, south-western Romania, Auia, Hungary and former Yugoslavia (Tutin et al. 00; Muntendam et al. ). The general diibution map of the species in Europe is presented in ig.. Considering the fact that aquatic plants are diibuted widely and limited mostly by climatic zones, a diibution gap in southern Poland is hardly possible to really exist. Moreover, N. candida was reported from southern Poland by Polish and German botanists in the th and early 0th centuries (detailed list of papers cited in Results). Unfortunately, the herbarium materials documented these localities and deposited in WRS w deoyed during the Second World War, so they could not be re-examined. It is worth mentioning that the data published by German botanists w based on careful plant examinations. Moreover, most of their floristic reports have been later confirmed, so they are regarded as a cible source of botanical information. Nevertheless, these data w questioned by Wayda (000), and in result not included in the Atlas of Vascular Plants of Poland (Zając and Zając 00). n the other hand, the occurrence of N. candida in the area of Silesia and the Pojezierze Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie akeland was mentioned by Kłosowski (00) in the Polish Red Data Book of Plants. ocalities of the species w also reported from the southern t of ubuskie vince by Kujawa- Pawlaczyk and Pawlaczyk (00) and from ower Silesia by Bobrowicz and Konieczny (000). Authors of the present paper have found the individuals of water lily in southern Poland, identified in the field as N. candida, based on the botanical key of Rutkowski () or Kubát (00). urther investigations ved, that N. candida occurs also in other regions of central and southern Poland (Nobis 00; Nowak and Nowak 00). RECGNITIN N. candida is closely related to N. alba., with many varieties and species described (Glück ; Heukels and Van der Meijden 0). Despite the fact that the species has been extensively investigated (Glück ; Neuhäusl and Tomšovic ; Radics ; Casper and Krausch ; Jones and Clarke ; Muntendam et al. ), its identification still brings confusions. Most useful for identification both of the species during the field studies is the number of stigma rays. In the case of N. candida, the stigma consists of - rays, whas in the case of N. alba between and (Muntendam et al. ). Several specimens with - stigma rays w hardly possible to determine according to pollen diameter or exine shape. Surelly these cases are rather hybrids of both species. The individuals collected by the authors of this paper in southern Poland have usually had or even carpellary teeth in stigma. Also the equatorial diameter of pollen grains seems to be a comfortable feature in some cases, however these analyses are possible only in the labtory. The highest values of the equatorial length of N. alba pollen do not exceed µm. The pollen of N. candida are in general larger than those of N. alba (Muntendam et al. ). The morphologically closest to N. candida is N. alba var. minor DC. It is a starvation form differing from typical specimens of Nymphaea alba only in size. Recently, this form has been reported from pole Silesia (Spałek 00), but with no taxonomical evidences and herbarium documentation. According to berdorfer () and Muntendam et al. (), the occurrence of N. alba var. minor is reicted to colder, northern regions of Europe. A seate taxonomical blem related with Nymphaea candida is the possible hybridisation with N. alba. Morphologically intermediate forms between these two species are known for a quite long time (e.g. Conard 0; Glück ). Also during N. candida survey in southern Poland such intermediate forms w collected. Molecular studies on hybrid specimens of N. alba and N. candida are planed in the future. The Nymphaea genus is also of considerable importance from the conservation point of view. Both species are legally tected in Poland (Rozporządzenie Minia Środowiska 00). As a taxon with reicted range in

3 Vol., No. : -0, 00 ACTA SCIETATIS BTANICRUM PNIAE Poland N. candida was categorised as a vulnerable species in the Polish Red Data Book of Vascular Plants (Kłosowski 00). So, it is important to have precise information about the diibution of both species to conduct the effective management and conservation. The successive aims of the present study w: ) to vide old, published floristic data on the diibution of N. candida in southern Poland; ) to present the current diibution of the species in the discussed area; ) to stimulate further molecular researches on infraspecific hybridisation in the genus in the area of co-occurrence of the two species representing the genus Nymphaea; ) to vide data on habitat prefnces of N. candida from selected localities, and finally ) to discuss the present threat status of N. candida in Poland. MATERIAS AND METHDS The field studies w conducted in southern Poland in (igs and ). lowers, leaves and fruits of the Nymphaea species w collected from locations, mainly in pole Silesia in July and September 00 on the allowance DKPPogiz-/I-//0/ep issued by the Polish Minister of Environment. The plants w collected during warm days between 0 am. and pm. The fresh material was identified and described in the field using the botanical key of Rutkowski (). n the basis of botanical keys by Rutkowski (), Kubát (00), berdorfer (), Hejný and Slavík (), as well as regarding the research works of Muntendam et al. () and Wayda (000), the following fifteen features w chosen to describe the specimens: the diameter of the stigma (column in Table ), the number of carpellary teeth (), the position of the flower on water (), the shape of the flower (), the side view of the flowerbase (), the underside view of the flowerbase (), the stigma surface ucture and colour (, ), the diameter of the flower () vertical/ct sepals (0), the colour of the underside leafblade (), the nervation of the leafblade (), the direction of the main nerves leafslips () and the portion of the stigma to the width of the ovary () and for some specimens also the pollen diameter and pollen exine morphology (values given in the diibution list). All collected individuals w determined in the field with careful measurement of the chosen features. Altogether, flowers, 0 leaves and ovaries belonging to specimens w collected and checked. The average stigma diameters, the number of carpellary teeth and the flower diameter w comed to the values of N. alba. Pollen diameter was measu using the lympus BX microscope with objective UPlan SA 00 00/0/N. and photographed by the lympus Camedia camera C00 00M. Altogether pollens from populations of N. candida and of N. alba from all the researched areas w measu. Half of them was sampled from fresh material, another half from herbarium collections (WRS, KRA). The collected material was sto in the herbarium of the Division of Geobotany and Plant Conservation of the pole University (PUN). The trophic level of an ecosystem is evaluated according to the results of the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, water transency and biological ameters (Dodds et al. ). However, it is generally admitted that phosphorus plays an important role in the development of aquatic plants and, in most cases, is a limiting factor of eutrophication in temperate lakes (Parinet et al. 00). In order to estimate the status of investigated water bodies, the Trophic State Index (TSI) was calculated according to Carlson s equations (Carlson ): TSI (TP) + TSI (Chl) + TSI (SD) TSI = wh: TSI (TP) = 0[-ln( TP - ) ln - ] TSI (Chl) = 0[-(.0-0. lnchl) ln - ] TSI (SD) = 0(-lnSD ln - ) TP total phosphorus (mg m - ); Chl chlorophyll a (mg m - ); SD Secchi depth (m). ig.. The diibution range of Nymphaea candida in Europe with the investigation area.

4 NYMPHAEA CANDIDA IN SUTH PAND Nowak A. et al. ig.. Diibution of Nymphaea candida in southern Poland on the background of ATP grid. locations known before the year 00; locations known before the year 00, documented with herbarium specimens verified according to methods described in the paper; locations noted after 00. The TSI values, conucted on a scale of 0 to 00, indicate the trophic level of ecosystems from oligotrophic (<0) to eutrophic (0-00). To minimize the sampling mistake the mean value of three indices (TSI TP, TSI Chl and TSI SD ) w taken while determining the trophy level (Pełechaty et al. 00). Also the refnce classification adopted by ECD was taken into account (ECD ; Solheim 00). The endanger status of N. candida in southern Poland was evaluated according to the IUCN categorization method (IUCN 00). All doubtful specimens, bably hybrids, w excluded from the analyses. nly evident individuals of Nymphaea candida w taken into account when generating map and listing the location of the species. The average values of the pollen diameter of both species w comed using the t test for independent variables. RESUTS THE DISTRIBUTIN NYMPHAEA CANDIDA IN SUTHERN PAND All localities of N. candida from southern Poland published before 00 are listed below. Additionally, new records as well as old localities which have been confirmed recently (after 00) in the field are also presented (ig. ). Abbreviations (relate to Results): GB dense exine outgrowths; RB rare exine outgrowths. By location the position in ATP grid 0 0 km (Zając ) was given. If the precise localisation of a population in ATP grid was imposible, a question-mark (?) was given. ower Silesian Province AE: Jagodzin (Barber ; Schube 0a), Węgliniec Dziczy Pond (Schube 0a), Węgliniec Wolno Stary Pond (Schube 0a), Węgliniec Wolno Nowy Pond (Berdowski and Narkiewicz ); AE: Zielonka pond to the NE from the village (Zabawski and Matuła ), Zielonka Krusza Pond (Berdowski and Narkiewicz ), Zielonka Rygle I Pond western reservoir (Berdowski and Narkiewicz ), Zielonka Rygle I Pond eastern reservoir (Berdowski and Narkiewicz ), Zielonka bog to the NE from Rygle I Pond (Berdowski and Narkiewicz ), Zielonka Rygle II (Berdowski and Narkiewicz ), Zielonka midforest pond to the SE from Rygle II Pond forest division section 0 (Berdowski and Narkiewicz ); AE: Zielonka pond to the NE from the village (Zabawski and Matuła ), Zielonka pond close to the railway, to the NE from Zielonka (Berdowski and Narkiewicz ), Węgliniec bog to the NW from railway station (Schube 0a; Zabawski and Matuła ); BD: Radzyń near Sława (leg. E. Kozioł 0.0., WRS 0, pollen ø - µm, GB); BE0: Przychowa near egnica, dra river ox-bow lake (leg. E. Kozioł.0., WRS 0, pollen ø (0)- - µm, GB); Przyborów, dra river ox-bow lake (Macicka and Wilczyńska ; Macicka-Pawlik and Wilczyńska, ; Bobrowicz and Konieczny 000); BE0: Niezgoda (Schube 0a), Ruda Sułowska (Schube 0a), Radziądz (Anioł-Kwiatkowska et al. ); BE0: Nature Reserve Torfowisko Borówki (Cieślak and Szlachetka ; Szlachetka and Szlachetka ), Sześć Stawów (Cieślak and Szlachetka ); BE: Tarchalice dra river ox-bow lake (Macicka- Pawlik and Wilczyńska, ), Tarchalice, ox-bow lake (leg. T. Macicka.0., WRS 0, pollen ø

5 Vol., No. : -0, 00 ACTA SCIETATIS BTANICRUM PNIAE TABE. Sampled specimens with their location and morphological characteristic. Szumirad asowice Mł. Utrata Poliwoda Wielopole St. Kolnie Stobrawa Sowin ocation, specimen rgan..... Morphological features (according to the text)

6 Nowak A. et al. NYMPHAEA CANDIDA IN SUTH PAND TABE. Cont. Sowin Przysiecz Staw Ładnik Staw Nowokuźnicki ocation, specimen 0 rgan Morphological features (according to the text)

7 Vol., No. : -0, 00 ACTA SCIETATIS BTANICRUM PNIAE TABE. Cont. Staw Nowokuźnicki Krogólna Wronów Winna Góra Skorogoszcz ocation, specimen 0 rgan Morphological features (according to the text) 0 0 roun roun roun roun or

8 0 NYMPHAEA CANDIDA IN SUTH PAND Nowak A. et al. TABE. Cont. Morphological features (according to the text) 0 ocation, specimen rgan Skorogoszcz. 0.. Staniszcze Małe. Kościerzyce 0.. Dobrzyń 0 0. ubsza /gr 0. Explanations: tially merged; -shaped flower; star star-shaped flower; aight flowerbase; avely curved flowerbase; are flowerbase; roun rounded flowerbase; carpellary teeth ; shin carpellary teeth shiny; or nge colour of a stigma; yel yellow colour of a stigma; nge/yellow colour of a stigma; ct sepals; tially, tially green colour of the underside leafblade; nervation nounced; direction of main leafslip nerves erging; direction of main leafslip nerves allel; div direction of main leafslip nerves diverging; flower; leaf; ovary..- µm, GB), Tarchalice, ox-bow lake (leg. T. Macicka.0., WRS, pollen ø.- µm, GB), Bszyn dra river ox-bow lake (Macicka-Pawlik and Wilczyńska, ), Bszyn near Wrocław, ox-bow lake (leg. T. Macicka.0., WRS, pollen ø.- µm, GB); Dziewin-Grzybów; dra river ox-bow lake (leg. E. Kozioł.0., WRS 0, pollen ø µm, GB); Dziewin by Ścinawa, ox-bow lake (leg. E. Kozioł 0.0., WRS 0, pollen ø - µm, GB); BE: Jaroszówka near Chojnów (Schube 0a); BE: Jurcz near Ścinawa, dra river ox-bow lake ( specimen leg. E. Kozioł.0., WRS 0, pollen ø - µm, GB; specimens leg. E. Kozioł.0., WRS 0, pollen ø 0- µm, GB; specimens leg. E. Kozioł.0., WRS 0, pollen ø - µm, GB); ubiąż, Nature Reserve drzyska (leg. T. Macicka.0., WRS, pollen ø 0- µm, GB); BE: Wołów, clay pit (leg. Z. Głowacki.0., WRS, pollen ø.-. µm, GB); BE: Grodzanów near Wołów (Schube ), Słup dra river ox-bow lake (Macicka-Pawlik and Wilczyńska, ); BE: Szczepanów near Środa Śląska, forest pond (leg. A. Krawiecowa 0.0., WRS, pollen ø - µm, GB); B0: Ząbkowice Śląskie (Schube 0); CE0: Grabownica near Milicz (Schube 0a); CE: Jelcz, dra river ox-bow lake (leg. E. Krawiecówna 0.0.0; WRS, pollen ø - µm, GB); CE: Stary tok (Anioł-Kwiatkowska et al. ). Misleading locations: Klosterteich pond by ubomierz (Schallow ) according to the author comment it was an anthropogenic population. ublin Province D: Mizak ake, 0.0., rev. M. Kucharczyk ; pollen ø 0- µm, GB; ijałkowski ); Świerże, Tyśmienica river (ijałkowski ); D: Giżyce by Kock, Wieprz river (ijałkowski ); D: Skoki by Czemiernik, Tyśmienica river (ijałkowski ); D: Siemień, fish ponds (ijałkowski ); D: Kleszczów ake, Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie akeland (ijałkowski a; Popiołek ; Sugier and Czarnecka ); Czarne Gościnieckie ake (ijałkowski a; Popiołek ; Sugier ); peat-bog depressions by Miejskie ake (Popiołek ; Czarnecka and Sugier ); E0: Samoklęski, fish ponds (ijałkowski );

9 Vol., No. : -0, 00 ACTA SCIETATIS BTANICRUM PNIAE E0: Rudka Kijańska, ditches (ijałkowski ); E: Jezioro Bartków (ijałkowski ); E: Popów, Bliskowice, Świeciechów Duży, Wisła river (ijałkowski 0); E: Zaklików, Stawy (ijałkowski 0); E: Nature Reserve Stawy Wilczowskie (ijałkowski ); Nature Reserve Imielty Ług (ijałkowski et al. ; ijałkowski ); Nature Reserve asy Janowskie (ijałkowski ); GD: Holeszów by Sławatycze, meadow ditch (ijałkowski ); GD: Dołhobrody by Włodawa, Bug river (ijałkowski ); GD: Surroundings of Sobibor by Włodawa, Bug river (ijałkowski ); GD0: Skomielno ake, Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie akeland (leg. D. ijałkowski 0.0., pollen ø µm, GB; ijałkowski a); GE0: Karaśne ake by Wujek (ijałkowski a; Sugier, Popiołek ); Moszne ake (ijałkowski a; Sugier and Popiołek ); GE0: ubowierz ake, ubowierzek ake (ijałkowski a); GE0: Dubeczyńskie ake, Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie akeland (leg. D. ijałkowski.0.; pollen ø ()- 0 µm, GB; ijałkowski a; ijałkowski et al. a); Hańskie ake, Pojezierze Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie (leg. D. ijałkowski.0.0, pollen ø 0- µm, R-GB; ijałkowski a); GE0: Spilno ake (ijałkowski et al. a); Pspilno ake (ijałkowski a; ijałkowski et al. b); GE0: Płotycze ake, Sobiborskie orests, Łęczyńsko- Włodawskie akeland (ijałkowski a; ijałkowski et al. ); Brudno ake, Sobiborskie orest, Łęczyńsko- Włodawskie akeland (ijałkowski a; ijałkowski et al. ); GE: Eastern shore of Uściwierz ake, Grabniak by Łęczna, Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie akeland (ijałkowski a; Popiołek ); Rotcze ake (ijałkowski a; Popiołek ), Sumin ake (ijałkowski a; Popiołek ); Bikcze ake (ijałkowski a; Popiołek ); Nadrybie ake (ijałkowski a; Popiołek ); GE: Świerszczów ake (ijałkowski a, ; Karczmarz and Malicki ); GE: Słone ake (ijałkowski a); GE: Hniszów, in Bug river (ijałkowski ); GE: Kol. Rudka, Kamień, Strupie, peat-bog depressions in calcareous moors (ijałkowski a); GE: Dorohusk by Chełm, Bug river (ijałkowski ); GE: Uchańka by Dubienka, Bug river (ijałkowski ); GE: Matcze by Horodła, Bug river (ijałkowski ); GE: Stryjów, rłów Murowany, ponds (ijałkowski 0); GE: Sitaniec, Łabuńka river (ijałkowski b); GE: Miączyn, peat-bog depressions (ijałkowski b); GE: ipsko, peat-bog depressions (ijałkowski b); G: Chodywańce by Tomaszów ubelski, peat-bog depressions (ijałkowski ). Małopolska Province D: Kraków Dębniki, data?, leg.?; KRA ; pollen ȹ - µm, GB); D: Tyniec near Kraków pond, leg. H. Błaszczyk may, KRA ; ø pyłku - µm GB); E: Puszcza Niepołomicka, Ispina, ox-bow lake Wiślisko Kobyle in Myriophyllo-Nupharetum association, leg. E. Dubiel.0., KRA ; pollen ø - µm GB); D: Kraków Dębniki, leg.. Berdau, KRA 0; pollen ø,-, µm, GB); D: Kraków Kobierzyn, leg.. Berdau, KRA 0; pollen ø,-,, µm GB). Mazowsze Province EE: Pakosławskie bog (Młyn Bagno) in Pakosław near Iłża (Szafran ); E0: Puszcza Kozienicka, bog near Anielin; leg. H. Błaszczyk 0., KRA; pollen ø -0 µm, GB);?: Puszcza Kozienicka, bog near askowola, drainage ditch (leg. H. Błaszczyk.0., KRA ; pollen ø µm, GB). pole Province CE: Kluczbork (iek ; Schube 0a); CE: Nowe Kolnie (Kuźniewski ); CE: Szumirad near lesno, pond (iek ; Schube 0a); CE: Borki Wielkie (Schube 0b); CE: Buszyce near ewin Brzeski (Schube 0); CE: Chrócice (Wimmer ; Schube 0a); CE: Kup (Schube 0a); CE: Mid forest pond in Staniszcze Małe (Dajdok et al. ); C0: Tułowice Małe, Grodziec (Wimmer ; Schube 0a), Tułowice (Schube 0); C0: Przysiecz (iek, Schube ; Schube 0a); C0: Staw Nowokuźnicki (Michalak ); C0: Zawadzkie (Dajdok et al. ); C: Stara Jamka (Schube 0); C: Dobra (Schube 0); C: Stara Kuźnia (Wimmer ; Schube 0a); DE0: Dalachów, pond in forest sect. No. (ojcik ). Misleading locations: ewin Brzeski (Kuczyńska data from before ) data refers undoubtedly to Buszyce near ewin Brzeski (Schube 0) not to ewin Brzeski itself; Chróścina (Kuczyńska data from before ) data refers to Chróścice (Schube 0a); Korfantów (Kuczyńska data from before ) data refers bably to Stara Jamka near Korfantów (Schube 0); Podkarpacie Province : Płaskowyż Kolbuszowski, Brzóza (S. oster, E. U. Zając, E. Dubiel, A. Zając.0., KRA ; pollen ø - µm, RB). Silesian Province C: Rudziniec (Schube 0a); C: Nature Reserve Łężczok (iek ; Sendek ); Grabowiec Pond in Nature Reserve Łężczok (leg.

10 NYMPHAEA CANDIDA IN SUTH PAND Nowak A. et al. S. Zerger 0.0.0, WRS 0, pollen ø - µm, GB); Brzeziniak Pond in Nature Reserve Łężczok (leg. S. Zerger.0.0, WRS 0, pollen ø - µm, GB); C: Stanice (iek ; Schube 0a); Rybnik, ponds in the Ruda River valley (Uechtritz b; iek ; Schube 0a); DE: Stawy settlement near Parzymiechy (Hźniak ); DE : Brzoza Pond near ubockie (ca. 0 km to the N from ubliniec), leg. A. Czylok, G. Kłys 0, 0, 000, KRA ; pollen ø 0-0 µm, GB); DE: Blachownia, Blachownia ake (Hźniak and Samosiej 0); Blachownia near Częstochowa, pond, leg. H. Błaszczyk.0., KRA ; pollen ø -0 µm, GB); DE: Gorzelnia in Blachownia commune (Hźniak ); DE: Stawki in Przyrów commune (Hźniak ); Knieja near Św. Anna (Hźniak et al. 00); Julianka (Hźniak ); DE: Hadra (Uechtritz a; iek ; Schube 0a); DE: Kijas near Konopiska (Hźniak ); DE: Byzanowice in Janów commune (Hźniak ); D0: Stara Kuźnica (Denisiuk and Grynia ); D0: Czekanów by Pyskowice (Schube 0); D0: Nieborowice (iek ; Schube 0a); D: Mysłowice (Sophienhütte) at present Mysłowice- Piasek (Schube 0a; Schube 0) D: Sosnowiec-Cieśle (Sendek ); ponds near Biała Przemsza by Szczakowa (leg. J. Walas 0., KRA ; pollen ø,-, µm, GB); D0: Rybnik-Kamień (Urbisz ); D: near Bełk (iek and Schube ; Schube 0a); rzesze-zawiść (Celiński et al. ); D0: Rybnik Gotartowice (iek ; Schube 0a); igota Rybnicka, Żory (Urbisz ); Staw Garbocz, to the North from Żory (Urbisz and Urbisz ); D: Żory-Kleszczówka, Suszec-Rudziczka (Urbisz and Urbisz ); D: Tychy-Pacany (Uechtritz ; iek ; Schube 0a; Toma ); D: Near Pszczyna (iek ; Schube 0a); D: Goczałkowice-Zdrój; fish pond (leg. T. Stryczek 0.0.0, WRS, pollen ø - µm, GB). Świętokrzyskie Province E0: akes in carst sink, to the E from Golejów near Staszów (chyra ); EE: ut of use bog by Marianów and Mieczyn in Małogoskie Hills in Świętokrzyskie Mts (leg. K. Pokońska, T. Tacik,.0.; KRA; pollen ø µm, GB);?: Pasieki by Włoszczowa, Włoszczowski Diict pond in pine wood (leg. H. Błaszczyk,.0.; KRA ; pollen ø µm, GB);?: Peat-bog near Włoszczowa (leg. H. Błaszczyk.0., KRA ; pollen ø µm, GB). The list of new localities found or confirmed by authors: ower Silesian Province AE: Stary Węgliniec, drainage ditch to the W from Wolno Stary Pond (W. Bena 00 npbl, Z. Dajdok, Z. Kącki and K. Pender 00 npbl., K. Pender and Z. Dajdok 00 npbl); Węgliniec Tartaczny Pond (obs. Z. Dajdok, A. Nowak, W. Bena.0.00; pollen ø 0- µm, GB); AE: Zielonka bog to the NE from Rygle I Pond (W. Bena, Z. Dajdok, A. Nowak and J. Zalewska-Gałosz 00 npbl), Zielonka mid forest pond to the S from Rygle II (obs. W. Bena, Z. Dajdok, A. Nowak and J. Zalewska- Gałosz.0.00; pollen ø.- µm, GB); BE0: Sześć Stawów (obs. Z. Dajdok, A. Nowak, W. Bena.0.00; pollen ø - µm, GB), between Krzyżowa and Borówki fish pond in forest (Szlachetka 00a, 00); BE: Małowice large ox-bow lake to the W from Małowice (Ruszlewicz and Szlachetka 00), Dziewin ox-bow lake to the S from village (Szlachetka 00b); BE: Grzybów ox-bow lake ca. 00 m to the SE from village (Szlachetka 00b), Jurcz ox-bow lake ca. 00 m to the SW from village (Szlachetka 00b), Jurcz four small ox-bow lakes, ca. 00 m to the E from village (Szlachetka 00b), Jurcz ca. 00 m to the SE from village (A. Szlachetka 00 npbl.), Kwiatkowice ox-bow lake ca. 00 m to the NE from village (Szlachetka 00b). ublin Province D: Kleszczów ake, Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie akeland (obs. P. Sugier ; pollen ø µm, GB); GD0: Skomielno ake near rzechów, Łęczyńsko- Włodawskie akeland (obs. J. Zalewska-Gałosz.0.00; KRA 0; pollen ø µm, GB); GE0: Płotycze ake, Sobiborskie orest, Łęczyńsko- Włodawskie akeland (obs. P. Sugier ; specimen pollen ø -0 µm, GB, specimens, pollen ø - µm, GB, specimens, pollen ø - µm, GB); Brudno ake, Sobiborskie orest, Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie akeland; specimen, obs. P. Sugier ; pollen ø ()- µm, GB; specimens, obs. P. Sugier , pollen ø - µm, GB); GE: Uściwierz ake, E t, Grabniak by Łęczna, Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie akeland, obs..0.00, J. Zalewska-Gałosz, KRA0, ; pollen ø 0,, µm, GB). Małopolska Province D: aski by lkusz small dam reservoirs on the Biała river (leg. W. Bartoszek, M. Radoszek, J. Żelazny,.0.00, KRA ; pollen ø 0 µm, GB). Mazowsze Province EE: Iłża, Błaziny Dolne and Budki Sdzkie, reservoir on the Iłżanka river. Pond in Kolonia Sdzice (Nobis 00; M. Nobis 00 npbl.); dam reservoir on the Iłżanka river by Błaziny Dolne near Iłża to the S from Radom (obs. M. Nobis , KRA ; pollen ø, µm, GB); Iłża, dam reservoir (obs. M. Nobis.0.00, KRA ; pollen ø,-, GB). pole Province CE: x-bow lake in Błota (obs. A. Nowak.0.00);

11 Vol., No. : -0, 00 ACTA SCIETATIS BTANICRUM PNIAE CE: Krogólna, fish ponds (Nowak and Nowak 00; leg. A. Nowak 0.00; pollen ø - µm, GB); CE: x-bow to the S from ubsza and to the SW and NE from Kościerzyce (obs. A. Nowak.0.00); CE: dra river ox-bow lake in Stare Kolnie (Nowak and Nowak 00; leg. A. Nowak 0.00, pollen ø - µm, GB); dra river ox-bow lake in Stobrawa (Nowak and Nowak 00, leg. A. Nowak 0.00; pollen ø - µm, GB); CE: Winna Góra, fish ponds (Nowak and Nowak 00, leg. A. Nowak ; pollen ø of specimens, each µm, GB); CE: Szumirad near lesno, pond (Nowak and Nowak 00; leg. A. Nowak 0.00; specimen pollen ø - µm, GB; specimens pollen ø - µm, GB; specimens pollen ø -0 µm, GB); between asowice Małe and asowice Wielkie, pond (Nowak and Nowak 00); asowice Małe village pond, leg. A. Nowak 0.00, specimen KRA 0; pollen ø - µm, GB; specimens KRA 00, pollen ø ()- µm, GB); CE: dra river ox-bow lake in Wronów (leg. A. Nowak ; pollen ø - µm, GB) Nysa Kłodzka ox-bow lake in Skorogoszcz (Nowak and Nowak 00; leg. A. Nowak ; pollen ø µm, GB); CE: Wielopole by Popielów, dra river ox-bow lake (Nowak and Nowak 00; leg. A. Nowak.0.00; pollen ø µm, GB), dra river ox-bow lake to the N from Narok and in Kopanie (obs. A. Nowak.0.00); CE: dra river ox-bow lake between Niewodniki and Żelazna (obs. A. Nowak.0.00); CE: dra river ox-bow lake in Żelazna (obs. A. Nowak.0.00); CE: Poliwoda, ponds (Nowak and Nowak 00); CE: Mid forest pond in Staniszcze Małe (Nowak and Nowak 00; leg. A. Nowak 0.00; pollen ø - µm, GB); C0: Pustelnik and oża ponds by ipno, Ławnik pond by Tułowice (Nowak and Nowak 00); C0: Przysiecz (Nowak and Nowak 00; leg. A. Nowak.0.00; specimen pollen ø 0- µm, GB; specimens, pollen ø 0- µm, GB); C0: Nature Reserve Staw Nowokuźnicki (Nowak and Nowak 00; leg. A. Nowak 0.00, specimen pollen ø µm, GB; specimens pollen ø 0- µm, GB; specimens pollen ø ()0-; µm, GB); pole-groszowice, pond (Nowak and Nowak 00); C0: Utrata, pond (Nowak and Nowak 00); C: Mid forest pond to the S from Sowin (leg. A. Nowak 0.00, Nowak and Nowak 00; specimen pollen ø - µm, GB; specimens pollen ø - µm, GB). Podkarpacie Province : Pond in Tanew river valley, to the N from Nadtamy settlements by Ulanów (A. Nobis 00 npbl); E: Jan Pond by Zaklików in Sandomierska Basin (leg. R. Krawczyk, , KRA ; pollen ø - µm, GB); E: Świdry in Sandomierska Basin, leńka pond (leg. R. Krawczyk , KRA ; ø of pollen, - µm, GB). Silesian Province C: Nature Reserve Łężczok (A. Stebel 00 npbl); D0: Myszków-sińska Góra (ojcik 00); DE: Kocin Nowy in Mykanów commune (R. Bula and K. Henel 00 npbl); D: Woszczyce, Widek pond (A. Stebel 00 npbl). Świętokrzyskie Province EE: Mid forest lake on Jabłonica river in Rzuców near Chlewiska (obs. M. Nobis.0.00, KRA 0; pollen ø - µm, GB); Rzuców mesotrophic pond (obs. M. Nobis.0.00, KRA ; pollen ø 0- µm, GB); EE: Mesotrophic pond by Barycz near Końskie (A. Trojecka 00 npbl); EE: Mesotrophic pond by Stary Młyn near Końskie (A. Trojecka 00 npbl); EE: Pasternik reservoir on Kamienna river in Starachowice (obs. M. Nobis , KRA 0; Nobis 00; M. Nobis 00 npbl.; pollen ø, 0 µm, GB); Pasternik reservoir on Kamienna river in Starachowice (obs. M. Nobis , KRA 0; pollen ø 0,,, µm, GB); Pasternik reservoir on Kamienna river in Starachowice (obs. M. Nobis , KRA, ; pollen ø, µm, GB); EE0: Peat-bog pond near Skąpe village (Łopuszańskie Hills), (obs. A. Adamiec, R. Piwowarczyk.0.00); EE: Peat-bog pond near Mokre village (Łopuszańskie Hills; obs. A. Adamiec.0.00 npbl); EE: ake within transitional bogs Żarnowski Ług by Gnieździska (Łopuszańskie Hills; obs A. Adamiec, R. Piwowarczyk npbl); E0: akes in carst sink, to the E from Golejów near Staszów (M. Nobis 00, 00 npbl). MRPHGICA EATURES THE CECTED SPECIMENS The field and labtory measurements of the collected specimens are presented in Table. Altogether flowers, 0 leaves and ovaries w collected and determined. The three most diagnostic characters w comed in Table with values known for Nymphaea alba (Nowak and Nowak 00). The mean value of the stigma diameter for the collected flowers and ovaries is ca.. mm ranging from to (Table, ig. ). The average number of carpellary teeth meets perfectly the ict N. candida range of this features and counts ca.., ranging from to (Table, ig. ). Also the flowers of the verified specimens w small with the diameter reicted to the N. candida file. The average value of this characteristic was. cm ranging from to. (Table, ig. ). The pollen diameter was measu for specimens representing populations of N. candida and for specimens representing populations of N. alba. The average value of the ameter was for N. candida. µm and for N. alba. µm (Table, igs -). The pollen diameter for both species has statistically diffnt values (p<0.00; ig. ).

12 NYMPHAEA CANDIDA IN SUTH PAND Nowak A. et al. TABE. Mean values of quantitative features for Nymphaea candida and N. alba. Stigma diameter [mm] Number of carpellary teeth lower diameter [cm] Pollen diameter [µm] N. candida N. alba..*..*..*.. * according to Nowak and Nowak (00) ig.. Values of stigma diameter of N. candida specimens. ig.. lower diameter of N. candida specimens. THE STATE THREAT NYMPHAEA CANDIDA IN SUTHERN PAND To show the conservation state of N. candida in southern Poland, the number of localities for seate regions w comed (Table ). DISCUSSIN ig.. Number of carpellary teeth of N. candida specimens. HABITAT PREERENCES NYMPHAEA CANDIDA C. PRES IN SUTHERN PAND The populations of N. candida in southern Poland ocy mainly water bodies especially surrounded by forests, but in some cases also river ox-bow lakes within the meadow-field landscapes. The most suitable habitat conditions for this species occur in shallow waters in the shore zone with the amplitude of the water column fluctuating from 0. to m. Populations of N. candida develop on open water or close to the rushes with high insolation rate. Higher shading influences directly on the decrease of density and cover rate of the species. In thick reeds or high rushes the species occurs spdically with a low population size. The significant number of these populations w found in artificial reservoirs fish ponds or forest ponds. Regarding the trophy level N. candida ocies diffnt habitats, mainly mesotrophic but also eutrophic with high content of organic matters (Table ). During the presented studies the extent area of southern Poland was surveyed aiming to solve the diibution blem of N. candida and N. alba. Both species of water lily are closely related and many morphological features overlap without any distinct diffnces. However, the number of carpellary teeth and the pollen diameter seems to be the most useful characteristic features for recognition of the two species as it hardly overlaps (Muntendam et al. ). The most useful diagnostic feature, even during the field studies, is the number of carpellary teeth, which is countable in flower as well as in the ovary. Using the current botanical keys we come to the lusion that, with no doubts, Nymphaea candida occurs in south Poland. Moreover, the preliminary analyses of the rarity of both species show, that N. candida is quite frequent. The number of carpellary teeth, which should not exceed, was often below 0. The mean value for the examined specimens was. (from to ). The mean value of pollen diameter was. µm (the maximum value for N. alba doesn t exceed µm) and in some cases even more than 0 µm (see the diibution list and igures and ). Thus, all the individuals suited the range designated for N. candida by Muntendam et al. (), Wayda (000), Rutkowski () and others. Also the other countable features, like the diameter of the flowers (. in average) or the portion of the stigma diameter to the ovary one (mean value 0.) evidently indicated N. candida (Table and ). Almost all plants had -shaped flowers, the

13 nowak_kopia:asbp0w.qxd 00-- : Vol., No. : -0, 00 Strona ACTA SCIETATIS BTANICRUM PNIAE ig.. Morphology of pollens of N. candida from pole Silesia. ig.. Pollen diameter of N. candida specimens. are-shaped flowerbase (sometimes with a rough edge), the nge stigma, and the flower tially merged in the water with cted sepals. eaves w in the majority or -green on the bottom side with erging nerves of leafslips. The results of the study in comison to the recent researches on N. alba (Nowak and Nowak 00) revealed the considerable diffntiation among Nymphaea species. Remarkable diffnces w found within some diagnostic ig.. Results of comison of pollen diameters for N. candida and N. alba checked by t test. features, such as the stigma diameter (. mm for N. candida and. mm for N. alba) and the number of carpellary teeth (respectively. and.). At the same time, the flower diameters also differ significantly reaching. for N. candida and. for N. alba (Table ). The most important diffnce is within the value of pollen diameter, which has the average. for N. candida and. for N. alba. These values closely correspond with results of Muntendam et al. () (adequately. and.).

14 NYMPHAEA CANDIDA IN SUTH PAND Nowak A. et al. TABE. Habitat characterisation of the surveyed population of Nymphaea candida in pole Silesia. ocation T [ C] ph E [µs/cm] SD [cm] TSI [SD] Chl A [µg/dm ] TSI (chl) TP [mg/dm ] TSI (TP) TSI (mean) Trophy Mezo/Eu Mezo Eu Eu Mezo Mezo/Eu Mezo Mezo/Eu Mezo/Eu , bottom 0 0 0, bottom 0, bottom Gęsi Staw Skorogoszcz oża Pond Sowin Staw Nowokuźnicki Smolnik asowice Poliwoda Stobrawa Explanations: E conductivity; T temperature; TP total phosphorus content; Chl chlorophyll A content; TSI Carlson Trophy Index ormer habitat analyses show that N. candida prefers mesotrophic, clear waters with mineral-organic ates (Szańkowski and Kłosowski ; Kłosowski 00). Some reports lude that also eutrophic water reservoirs could give suitable conditions for development of N. candida populations (Tomaszewicz ). In the Czech Republic N. candida was found in varied types of water, among others in meso- and oligotrophic fish ponds, oxbow lakes and bog ponds (Tomšovic ). Within the researched area the species w noted in waters of intermediate character in terms of trophy level, between the values for meso- and eutrophy. nly in three sites populations of N. candida w found in evidently mesotrophic waters and in two cases in eutrophic. A slight shifting of the trophy level in the mesotrophy direction for the analysed samples is detectable when investigating the chlorophyll a. This analyse classifies the waters generally to mesotrophy and in the case of the Staw Nowokuźnicki pond even to oligotrophy (ECD ). Thus, we found the species able to thrive in poor waters of small, mid-forest ponds or bog ponds as well as in rich with mineral stances waters of fish ponds or ox-bow lakes. Such adaptation potential significantly broadened the habitat amplitude of N. candida in southern Poland. However, in comison to N. alba habitats, it seems to be sure that N. candida occurs in waters of slightly lower trophy level, what was suggested earlier by Tomaszewicz (). The outcomes of the conducted researches have considerable meanings for the phytogeography of the Nymphaea genus in Central Europe. They fill up the diibution gap in the southern t of N. candida range in Europe and definitely explain and ve the results of former researches. The continuous diibution of N.candida in southern Poland is also well-founded in climatic and ecological conditions (see Kłosowski 00). With no doubts the south t of Poland is the transition area wh the diibution ranges of both species overlap. Existence of hybrids within the genus could cause the morphological characters very unstable and labile making the easy determination of the species, its hybrids or introgressive forms hardly possible. urther cytological and genetic researches of diffnt specimens of Nymphaea genus in southern Poland should be conducted to solve the blem of genetic flow between the populations of both relatives and their hybrids. The taxonomic and chorological surveys in neighbouring areas should be attentively monito. Some intsting new data on the diibution of N. candida w published for the Saxony region in south-east Germany. The revision of the collected specimens and new field studies changed the regional range of the species, considerably diminishing the diibution acreage and splitting it into some small patches (tto et al. 000; tto 00). Thus, th is a question whether the natural south-western range of N. canidida in Germany, Auia, the Czech Republic, Switzerland and Poland is continuous or patchy due to uncomfortable ecological conditions, e.g. too high elevation or a lack of suitable waters. This situation is possible for some areas in south Poland wh we found scarce number of the N. candida population (e.g. Małopolska). THE STATE THREAT NYMPHAEA CANDIDA IN SUTHERN PAND The detailed study on the taxonomy and diibution of the species within the Nymphaea genus is obviously indispensable tool in per management and effective conservation of both taxa (comp. Nowak and Nowak 00). Without precise data relating to chorology, dynamic and range changes of these plants the legal tection of water lilies could be ineffective. In the neighbouring countries N. candida is considd as a taxon with diffnt dynamic and endangerment status. In the Czech Republic it was categorized as a critically endangd (Procházka 00). Generally, in the area of Germany it is regarded as an endangd but in Bavaria as a critically endangd (Korneck et al. ). In the last edition of the Polish Red Data Book of Plant, Kłosowski (00) treats N. candida as a vulnerable. Surprisingly, the species has not been listed in Poland (Zarzycki and Szeląg 00). In seate regions of southern Poland, N. candida was evaluated against criteria of IUCN and was classified as a vulnerable taxon in pole Province (Nowak et al. 00). It is hardly possible to precisely determine the real degree of endangerment in the whole country using only informa-

15 Vol., No. : -0, 00 ACTA SCIETATIS BTANICRUM PNIAE TABE. The endangerment status of N. candida in south Poland. Province ower Silesian ubelskie Małopolskie polskie Podkarpackie Silesian Świętokrzyskie S Poland Number of locations Before tion from southern regions of Poland. Because of the taxonomical discrepancies th is also a lack of cible data in some regions. So, it seems to be indispensable to verify the synanthropodynamic situation of N. cadida as well as N. alba in whole Poland. The comative analyses within the diffnt time periods for seate regions of southern Poland show, that for some vinces N. candida increases the number of locations. Inconsiderable decrease is observed in case of ower Silesia, much worse is the situation in Upper Silesia (Table ). Even worse is the situation in ubelskie voivodeship, however, th are some additional information relating to pollen findings of N. candida in several lakes, which w not included in presented assessment (see Bałaga et al. 00; Bałaga 00a, b). In some regions (e.g. Podkarpacie) the species was found for the first time. However it does not ve its expansive perties, but rather reflects the intensification of floristic surveys and shows the potential of N. candida to settled in mountainous areas. It is also worth to mention that in some regions (north-eastern t of the Małopolska Uppland or pole Silesia) the species is more frequent than N. alba (comp. Nobis 00). According to the IUCN guidelines to species assessment (IUCN 00) the data gathd during the presented study do not allow to consider N. candida as a vulnerable species in Poland. Still existing populations known from the XIX century, numerous stable locations and abundant populations in some regions at present suggest that the species should be regarded as a least ern (C). Also the analyze of the habitat accessibility, a biotope extent, an ecological amplitude against the trophy level and direct human impacts support this categorization. Nevertheless it is bable, that in some regions the species could have the considerable withdrawing tendency and has to be listed in higher categories. ACKNWEDGEMENTS The authors want to thank Prof. Wiesław Włoch (Polish Academy of Sciences, Katowice) for the assistance in measuring the pollen diameter. ITERATURE CITED ANIŁ-KWIATKWSKA J., BERDWSKI W., KŁA W., KWIATKWSKI P., MACICKA T., PANEK E., PENDER K., WERETENIK E., WICZYŃSKA W.. Charakterystyka botaniczna rezerwatu Stawy Milickie. Acta Univ. Wrat. Prace Bot. : -. (in Polish) Threat category NT EN VU C VU EN C C ANIŁ-KWIATKWSKA J., DAJDK Z., KĄCKI Z.. 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