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1 DEIM Forum 2018 A W DRAM NAND Storage Class Memory SCM SCM SCM, Storage Class Memory,, SCM 1. HDD SSD PRAM ReRAM MRAM DRAM NAND Storage Class Memory SCM SCM SCM SCM SCM SCM [1], [2] SCM SCM SCM [3] SCM SCM SCM 2. SCM SCM 2. 1 Storage Class Memory SCM 1 CPU SRAM ns DRAM ns SSD NAND µs Storage Class Memory SCM SCM MRAM ReRAM

2 1 PRAM SCM MRAM DRAM SCM Memory-type SCM M-SCM ReRAM PRAM NAND SCM Storage-type SCM S-SCM M-SCM S-SCM M-SCM [4] SCM SCM SCM 2. 2 SCM SCM NAND SCM [1], [2]SCM NAND SSD [5] SCM [6] SCM SCM SCM [3] SCM SCM SCM SCM SCM [7], [8] 2. 3 [9] Y Y X Y = f(x) X Y = f(x) Y = ax + b a, b a b Y = f(x) n (x i, y i)(i = 1, 2,..., n) y i f(x i) a, b b = n x iy i x i a = ( ) 2 n x 2 i x i x i 2 n y i x iy i R 2 = 3. y i ( ) 2 x 2 i x i R 2 0 < = R 2 < = 1 R 2 1 n (x i, y i)(i = 1, 2,..., n) y i ȳ y i ŷ i R 2 (ŷ i ȳ) 2 (y i ȳ) 2 SCM x i

3 3. 1 X Y Y MRAM ReRAM PRAM SCM X X X IO fio [10] Iometer [11] X Y X 2 Y 3 A A 4 A X MRAM Y A 5 B C D A B C D... X Y SSD Intel(R) SSD DC S3520 Series (1.2TB, 2.5in SATA 6Gb/s, 3D1, MLC) SSD Intel(R) Optane SSD 900P Series (480GB, 1/2 Height PCIe x4, 20nm, 3D XPoint) DRAM Samsung M386A4K40BB0-CRC 32GB DDR LP ECC LRDIMM 2 OS Ubuntu LTS CPU Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E GHz 2 Java Java SE 8, Update 151 X Y R 2 X fio Iometer X X 4. SCM SCM NAND SSD 3D XPoint SSD SSD DRAM DRAM Linux tmpfs DRAM MyCassandra [12] Yahoo! Cloud

4 3 YCSB Workload Write-Only 100% 0% Zipfian Write-Heavy 50% 50% Zipfian Read-Heavy 5% 95% Zipfian Read-Only 0% 100% Zipfian Serving Benchmark YCSB [13] MyCassandra MyCassandra MyCassandra Apache Cassandra [14] Apache Cassandra MySQL [15] MyCassandra Apache Cassandra Google Bigtable [16] Bigtable MySQL InnoDB MySQL MyCassandra Bigtable MySQL Yahoo! Cloud Serving Benchmark YCSB YCSB NoSQL 1 YCSB Write-Only Write-Heavy Read-Heavy Read-Only 2G 4G 8G 16G 32G 64G 128G 3 YCSB Zipfian Zipfian fio fio blocksize 1K 4K 16K 64K 256K readwrite randread randwrite NAND Flash 3D XPoint DRAM 1K 4K ext4 4096byte MySQL YCSB MySQL MyCassandra YCSB 3 NAND Flash 3D XPoint DRAM 2G 4G 8G 16G 32G 64G 128G[byte] fio G Write-Only YCSB Y 2 NAND Flash D XPoint DRAM X 5 7 fio Write-Only R 2 X 8 8 fio 64K X R 2 = YCSB

5 2 YCSB MySQL 4 5 fio [µs] blocksize NAND Flash 3D XPoint DRAM 1K K K K K fio [µs] blocksize NAND Flash 3D XPoint DRAM 1K K K K K G Write-Only R 2 1K latency K latency K latency K latency K latency K throughput K throughput K throughput K throughput K throughput fio [MB/s] blocksize NAND Flash 3D XPoint DRAM 1K K K K K fio [MB/s] blocksize NAND Flash 3D XPoint DRAM 1K K K K K G Write-Only 64K latency fio fio R 2 fio X 2

6 9 10 Write- Only fio Write-Only 64K 64K 16K 4K fio Write-Heavy fio 1K 4K fio 1K 256K MyCassandra MySQL X R 2 X Bigtable MySQL Bigtable MyCassandra YCSB MySQL MySQL Bigtable MySQL YCSB fio R 2 fio X MySQL Bigtable 11 9 MySQL YCSB fio YCSB 10 [GB] fio Write-Heavy 2 1K latency Write-Heavy 4 1K latency Write-Heavy 8 1K latency Write-Heavy 16 4K latency Write-Heavy K throughput Write-Heavy 64 4K latency Write-Heavy K latency Read-Heavy 2 256K latency Read-Heavy 4 1K throughput Read-Heavy 8 1K latency Read-Heavy K latency Read-Heavy 32 1K latency Read-Heavy 64 1K throughput Read-Heavy K latency Read-Only 2 256K throughput Read-Only 4 256K latency Read-Only 8 1K latency Read-Only K latency Read-Only 32 1K throughput Read-Only 64 1K latency Read-Only 128 1K throughput MySQL YCSB fio YCSB [GB] fio Write-Only 2 256K latency Write-Only 4 64K latency Write-Only 8 64K latency Write-Only 16 64K latency Write-Only 32 16K latency Write-Only 64 64K latency Write-Only K latency Write-Heavy 2 64K latency Write-Heavy 4 16K latency Write-Heavy 8 64K latency Write-Heavy 16 64K latency Write-Heavy 32 16K latency Write-Heavy K latency Write-Heavy K latency Read-Heavy 2 16K latency Read-Heavy 4 4K latency Read-Heavy 8 4K latency Read-Heavy 16 16K latency Read-Heavy 32 4K latency Read-Heavy 64 4K latency Read-Hevay 128 4K latency Bigtable MySQL

7 11 MySQL Bigtable YCSB a, b SCM [GB] a b SCM 1 SCM YCSB SCM YCSB [GB] SCM 1 SCM R 2 NAND Flash D XPoint DRAM SCM SCM Bigtable [17] Bigtable DRAM DRAM Bigtable SCM SCM MySQL Write-Only 10 Write-Only fio 64K fio 64K 5 NAND Flash D XPoint DRAM SCM SSD S-SCM 50 [µs] SCM 1 DRAM M-SCM 25 [µs] SCM 2 Write-Only fio 64K Y = ax + b a, b YCSB a, b SCM 1 SCM 2 YCSB 12 SCM 2 3D XPoint DRAM 12 SCM YCSB X SCM Y 48GB 96GB 192GB SCM 13 SCM X R 2 YCSB Write-Only X Y R 2 SCM 1 SCM D XPoint DRAM SCM X 5.

8 4 SCM SCM X SCM X X NEDO JSPS K12406 [1] Hideaki Kimura. FOEDUS: OLTP engine for a thousand cores and NVRAM. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIG- MOD International Conference on Management of Data, pp ACM, [2] Katelin A. Bailey, Peter Hornyack, Luis Ceze, Steven D. Gribble, and Henry M. Levy. Exploring storage class memory with key value stores. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Interactions of NVM/FLASH with Operating Systems and Workloads, INFLOW 13, pp. 4:1 4:8. ACM, [3] Dipanjan Sengupta, Qi Wang, Haris Volos, Ludmila Cherkasova, Jun Li, Guilherme Magalhaes, and Karsten Schwan. A framework for emulating non-volatile memory systemswith different performance characteristics. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering, pp ACM, [4] Takahiro Onagi, Chao Sun, and Ken Takeuchi. Design guidelines of storage class memory based solid-state drives to balance performance, power, endurance, and cost. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 54, No. 4S, [5] Chihiro Matsui, Tomoaki Yamada, Yusuke Sugiyama, Yusuke Yamaga, and Ken Takeuchi. Optimal memory configuration analysis in tri-hybrid solid-state drives with storage class memory and multi-level cell/triple-level cell NAND flash memory. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 56, No. 4S, [6] Sheyang Ning, Tomoko Ogura Iwasaki, and Ken Takeuchi. Write stress reduction in 50nm Al x O y ReRAM improves endurance 1.4 and write time, energy by 17%. In Memory Workshop (IMW), th IEEE International, pp IEEE, [7] Naoki Matagawa and Kazuyuki Shudo. Breakdown of a benchmark score without internal analysis of benchmarking program. CoRR, arxiv: , 2016/10/20. [8],.., Vol. 115, No. 518, pp , 2016/3/ [9]..,, Japan, [10] J. Axboe. fio HOWTO. blob/master/howto. [11] Open Source Development Lab. Iometer. org/. [12] Shunsuke Nakamura and Kazuyuki Shudo. MyCassandra: A cloud storage supporting both read heavy and write heavy workloads. Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Systems and Storage Conference SYSTOR 12, p. 14. ACM, [13] Brian F Cooper, Adam Silberstein, Erwin Tam, Raghu Ramakrishnan, and Russell Sears. Benchmarking cloud serving systems with YCSB. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM symposium on Cloud computing, pp ACM, [14] The Apache Software Foundation. Apache Cassandra. [15] Oracle Corporation. MySQL. [16] Fay Chang, Jeffrey Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat, Wilson C Hsieh, Deborah A Wallach, Mike Burrows, Tushar Chandra, Andrew Fikes, and Robert E Gruber. Bigtable: A distributed storage system for structured data. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS), Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 4:1 4:26, [17],,,. Key sorting buffer. 8, 2016.