BEES (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) FROM CHOSEN PLANT COMMUNITIES OF THE ŒWIÊTOKRZYSKI NATIONAL PARK

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1 Vol. 52 No Journal of Apicultural Science 35 BEES (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) FROM CHOSEN PLANT COMMUNITIES OF THE ŒWIÊTOKRZYSKI NATIONAL PARK Jolanta B¹k Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Œwiêtokrzyska 15, Kielce, Poland, jolanta.bak@ujk.kielce.pl Received 24 July 08; accepted 08 October 08 S u m m a r y The bees were collected from April till September of 01 and 02, in 12 research localities. This research was carried out in natural, semi-natural and synanthropic plant communities of the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park. The aim of the research was to assess the assemblage structure of bees (excluding genera of Bombus Latr. and Psithyrus Lep.) in anthropogenically differentiated plant communities. Altogether 81 species of Apoidea were found in the research localities. As much as of them have not been reported to have been found in the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park yet. Species from the Andrenidae (32.4%) and Halictidae (30.5%) families were most prevalent in the chosen plant communities. Due to using Moerick s traps in two colours were used. They provided high Apoidea catches. The white traps were used in forests and the yellow traps were used in open habitats. The traps in the forest undergrowth and those hung at 1.5 m were more often visited by the insects. Qualitative and quantitative assemblage analysis showed and proved a higher stability of bee assemblages from semi-natural and natural habitats than from synanthropic habitats. Keywords: bees, Apiformes, assemblage structure, plant communities, the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park. INTRODUCTION Bees are phytophagic insects. They can be found in nearly all habitats if they have a sufficient supply of plants to feed from, possible nest building sites and possibility for wintering. Such habitats include natural ones as well as those which man may have changed in some way. Research on natural resources and natural habitats of bees has been carried out in Poland for some decades (e.g. Banaszak 1990, Banaszak and Plewka 1981, Dylewska 1990, Dylewska and Noskiewicz 1963, Kriger and Cierzniak 06, Krzysztofiak 1995, Pawlikowski 1985, 1990). Research in anthropogenic habitats has also been carried out for several years (Banaszak 1983, 04; Pawlikowski 1992, 1993). This research covered mostly Northern and South-Eastern Poland. The data from Central Poland, however, are incomplete. Work from this region was published by Banaszak and Kowalczyk (07), but the work was only partially related to bees of the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park. The first published data from the ysogóry area in the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park, can be found in the paper of Drogoszewski (1932). The research in this area was carried out by: Koñczyk (1965), Dylewska and Zab³ocki (1972), Èmak and Szczypciak-B¹k (1987) and

2 36 covered mostly bumblebees. Additionally, some data on Apiformes of the Œwiêtokrzyskie Mountains were published by Dylewska and B¹k (05). The presented studies has been a continuation of my previous researches which concerns the bees assemblage structure in different anthropogenic habitats of the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park. MATERIAL AND METHODS The research was carried out in the area of the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park. The park is located in the Ma³opolska Upland, the mesoregion of the Œwiêtokrzyskie Mountains (Kondracki 02). The area of the Park (including the protected zone) is ha. It covers the central, and the best preserved part of the Œwiêtokrzyskie Mountains which are one of the oldest mountains in Poland. The submountain climate of the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park is characteristic due to air temperature, precipitation, snow cover and humidity (Olszewski 1992). The soil is rocky and hard (Strzemski 1967). According to the Michalik s division of national parks (1978) the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park was included in the description of areas with a domination of natural biocenoses and a high participation Table 1. A list of research localities and their characteristics in the area of the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park (according to B¹k and Pawlikowski 07). Stand [UTM] Environment characteristics Syntaxonomy Transformation stage Nr1 Miejska Góra Segetal habitat 3 Nr 2 Nowa S³upia Ruderal habitat 4 Nr 3 Podgórze Wet meadow related to the Cirsietum rivularis community from the Molionio-Arrhenatheretea class 2 Nr 4 Wola Szczygie³kowa Ecotone of a wet deciduous forest and a meadow community 2 Nr 5 Bielnik Meadow with herbaceous plants and some xerothermic species 2 Nr6 Bielnik 2 Ecotone of a meadow with herbaceous plants and a deciduous forest 2 Nr 7 Trzcianka Shrubs in meadows ( thorny thickets ) 2 Nr 8 Psary-Pod³azy Abietetum polonicum community 1 Nr 9 Wola Szczygie³kowa 2 Pine tree community - Leucobryo-Pinetum, similar to a mixed forest 1 Nr 10 Kakonin Mixed forest Querco roboris-pinetum 1 Nr 11 Plecionki Mixed riverine forest Fraxino-Alnetum 1 Nr 12 Góra Che³mowa Dry decidus forest Tilio cordatae-carpinetum betuli, similar to a mixed forest 1 Transformation stages of plant communities and associations: 1 natural association (forests with tree stands corresponding to soil types); 2 seminatural associations (forests with planted tree stands, meadows with low-intensity use, shrubs thorny thickets, ecotones); 3 synanthropic associations of segetal characters (arable fields): 4 synanthropic associations of ruderal characters with most transformed habitats (parking places, rubbish dumps).

3 Vol. 52 No Journal of Apicultural Science 37 Fig. 1. The research localities in the area of the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park on the background of the UTM. a research localities (numbers according to Table 1) b borders of the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park c borders of the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park s protection zone of semi-natural ones. The research in the Park was carried out in 12 localities of natural, semi-natural and synanthropic plant communities (Table 1, Fig. 1). Two research methods were used during the bees collecting. The first one is the Moerick s method using coloured traps (1951). It is applied in biocenoses of developed vertical structures (forests, tree clumps). During the research white traps were also used. White traps are the most effective in forest habitats (Banaszak et al. 1994). Yellow traps were also used during catches. Traps of cm in diameter and 15 cm in depth were filled with water, ethylene glycol and detergent. Each research locality was equipped with 3 traps in two colours at 3 different heights: undergrowth (P 1 ), at m (P 2 ) and in tree crowns at m (P 3 ). The traps were emptied every second week. The second research method was the use of a net used along transects for catches (Banaszak 1980; Pawlikowski 1992). Bees were counted and caught with an entomological net along 0 x1meter transects on sunny and windless days. On these days the temperature was -25ºC. The walking time along each transect was 30 minutes. The field research, with the use of both methods, was carried out from April till the end of September in the years 01 and 02. All the samples were used in the calculation of the bee assemblage structure. The bee assemblage structure was characterized by the following indices and parameters: species number (S), number of individuals (N), domination (D), general species differentiation (H ),

4 38 Shannon-Weaver s index (1963) and Pielou s index (1966). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During the two research seasons 367 individuals were caught. They represented 81 species and 6 families. The Apidae family was not included (788 individuals, species) because the results of the research on this group had been published by B¹k and Pawlikowski (07). Representatives of the Andrenidae (32.4%) and Halictidae (30.5%) families dominated in chosen plant communities of the Park. At the same time, bees from the Halictidae family preferred open and deforested habitats. Thus, their share in the catches from forests was insignificant (7.6%). Domination of different species (D) in the collected research material varied from 0.2% to 6.1%. Most of the species (49) represented species from the lowest domination class. Only Evylaeus calceatus (Scop.) was recognised as a dominant species. Common species were: Hylaeus communis Nyl., Andrena flavipes Panz., Andrena haemorrhoa (Fabr.), Panurgus calcaratus (Scop.), Evylaeus calceatus (Scop.), Macropis europaea Warn., Macropis fulvipes (Fabr.) and Dasypoda hirtipes (Harr.). The research revealed species that have never been reported in the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park (Table 2). Altogether 107 individuals were caught in traps (29.2% of all catches) and 260 individuals were caught with a net in transects (70.8%). Traps of two colours, white and yellow were used. The results proved that in forests, the most effective are white traps. This is also supported by Banaszak et al. (1994). In open habitats (fields, meadows, rudelar areas), however, bees were caught more often in yellow traps. The two families of Halictidae and Melittidae were most often represented (Table 3). Similar results were obtained by Banaszak (04), who used yellow traps in inhabited areas. It is quite likely that the yellow colour of the traps was similar to the feeding plants of bees. This was also noted in the research material. The analysis of vertical distribution of bees in the Park, showed that insects more often visited traps in the undergrowth (48.5%) which had been placed at the height of 1.5 m (44%). This refers mainly to the Andrenidae, Halictidae and Melittidae families. In tree crowns, bee catches were sporadic (7.5%). Similar results were also obtained by Krzysztofiak (1995) during research on the bee fauna changes in the Wigry National Park. The relation of species number in a chosen habitat: natural ZN, semi-natural ZP and anthropogenic (segetal ZS and ruderal ZR) was 44:57:33:23 respectively. This can be simplified to 4:6:3:2. The natural and semi-natural habitats held the highest number of species. The semi-natural habitats, mostly open grasslands with rich herbaceous flora, held a higher number of species than natural habitats. A higher number of bees was found in open habitats. These were mostly species that nest in the ground. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the bee assemblage structure were described with the following indices: general species differentiation (H ) and species evenness (J ). The general species differentiation in this area varied from 2.85 to High values of this index proved the high species differentiation. This suggests a high stability of the environment and balanced bee assemblage structure in chosen habitats of the Park, especially semi-natural and natural (Table 4).

5 Vol. 52 No Journal of Apicultural Science 39 Table 2. A list of bee (Apoidea) species collected in the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park in 01-02; n number of samples, D species domination (in %) No. Species Stands Colletes punctatus Moc Colletes succinctus (L.) Hylaeus brevicornis Nyl Hylaeus communis Nyl Hylaeus confusus Nyl Hylaeus nigritus (F.) Hylaeus pectoralis För Hylaeus sinuatus (Sch.) Andrena alfkenella Perk Andrena bicolor Fabr Andrena bimaculata (Kirby) Andrena denticulata (Kirby) Andrena dorsata (Kirby) Andrena falsifica Perk.* Andrena flavipes Panz.* Andrena fucata (Smith) Andrena fulva (Müll.) Andrena fuscipes Kirby Andrena haemorrhoa (Fabr.) Andrena helvola (L.) Andrena jakobi Perk Andrena minutula (Kirby) Andrena minutuloides Perk Andrena nitida (Müll.) Andrena rosae Panz Andrena subopaca Nyl Andrena thoracica (Fabr.) Andrena vaga Panz.* Panurgus calcaratus (Scop.)* Dufourea minuta (Lep.)* Halictus maculatus Smith Halictus rubicundus (Christ.) Seladonia confusa (Smith)* Seladonia tumulorum (L.) Lasioglossum leucozonium(schrank) D%

6 40 Table 2. Alistofbee(Apoidea) species collected in the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park in (continued). No. Species Stands D% 36. Lasioglossum lativentre (Schenck) Lasioglossum majus (Nyl.)* Lasioglossum sexnotatum (Kirby) Lasioglossum quadrinotatum (Kirby) Lasioglossum subfasciatum (Imhoff) Lasioglossum zonulum (Smith) Evylaeus albipes (Fabr.) Evylaeus calceatus (Scop.) Evylaeus fulvicornis (Kirby) Evylaeus morio (Fabr.) Evylaeus parvulus (Schenck)* Evylaeus pauxillus (Schenck) Evylaeus rufitarsis (Zett.) Evylaeus villosulus (Kirby) Sphecodes ephippius (L.) Sphecodes ferruginatus Hag.* Sphecodes geofrellus (Kirby)* Sphecodes monilicornis (Kirby) Melitta leporina (Panz.)* Macropis europaea Warn Macropis fulvipes (Fabr.) Dasypoda hirtipes (Harr.)* Trachusa byssina (Panz.) Proanthidium oblongatum Latr.* Anthidiellum strigatum (Panz.)* Heriades truncorum (L.) Chelostoma campanularum (Kirby) Osmia aurulenta (Panz.) Osmia brevicornis (Fabr.) Osmia coerulescens (L.) Osmia rufa (L.) Megachile centuncularis (L.) Megachile ligniseca (Kirby)* Megachile versicolor Smith* Megachile willughbiella (Kirby) Coelioxys elongata Lep

7 Vol. 52 No Journal of Apicultural Science 41 Table 2. A list of bee (Apoidea) species collected in the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park in (continued). No. Species Stands D% 72. Anthophora furcata (Panz.) Anthophora quadrimaculata (Panz.) Anthophora plumipes (Pall.) Eucera longicornis (L.)* Ceratina cyanea (Kirby) Nomada armata Herr Nomada flavoguttata (Kirby)* Nomada panzeri Lep Nomada rufipes Fabr.* Epeoloides coecutiens (Fabr.)* Total number of specimens Number of specimens * - first time recorded for the territory of the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park Table 3. Number of bees (Apoidea) from particular families collected with different methods in the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park. Trap No. Family P P1 Pk white yellow white yellow white yellow T Total % 1. Colletidae ,7 2. Andrenidae Halictidae Melittidae ,9 5. Megachilidae Anthophoridae Total P Moericke s trap, on the ground P1 Moericke s trap at m Pk Moericke s trap in tree crowns T transect

8 42 Table 4. Structure of bee (Apoidea) assemblages in the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park in Stands Parameters S H' 4,36 3,98 4,40 3,51 4,81 3,39 3,73 2,85 4,10 4,32 3,65 4,36 J' 0,86 0,87 0,95 0,92 0,96 0,98 0,96 0,95 0,98 0,94 0,96 0,98 S number of species H species diversity on the basis of Shannon & Weaver s (1963) formula J evenness on the basis of Pielou s (1966) formula The species number in the research area was distributed evenly and the J index was high, close to These values were the lowest for segetal and ruderal habitat and were 0.86 and 0.87 respectively (Table 4). The research on bees in chosen research localities in the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park will be continued. REFERENCES Banaszak J.(1980)- Studies on methods of censusing the numbers of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Polish Ecological Studies. 6: Banaszak J.(1983)- Ecology of bee (Apoidea) of agricultural landscape. Polish Ecological Studies. 9: Banaszak J.(1990)- Pszczo³y (Apoidea) gr¹dów i d¹brów œwietlistych Niziny Mazowieckiej. Zeszyty Naukowe WSP Bydgoszcz. 8: Banaszak J.(04)- Z badañ nad owadami zapylaj¹cymi w Bydgoszczy (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) [In:] T. Barczak, P. Indykiewicz (ed.) Fauna miast. Wydawnictwo ATR. Bydgoszcz Banaszak J., Cierzniak T., Szymañski R.(1994)- Influence of colour of Moericke traps on numbers and diversity of collected bees (Apoidea, Hymenoptera). Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. 2: Banaszak J.,Kowalczyk J.K. (07)- Notes of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes) of central Poland. Fragmenta faunistica. 50 (1): 1-. Banaszak J.,Plewka T.(1981)- Apoidea (Hymenoptera) Kampinowskiego Parku Narodowego. Fragmenta faunistica. 25: B¹k J.,Pawlikowski T.(07)- Bumblebees and cuckoo-bumblebees (Apiformes: Bombini) of undergrowth and grassland-herbs forest environments in the territory of the Œwiêtokrzyski National Park. Journal of Apicultural Science. 5 (1): Èmak J.,Szczypciak-B¹k J.(1987)- Trzmiele (Bombus LATR.) Œwiêtokrzyskiego Parku Narodowego. Chroñmy przyrodê ojczyst¹. 43: Drogoszewski K.(1932)- Wykaz ¹d³ówek zebranych w Polsce Œrodkowej. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne. 11: Dylewska M.(1990)- Pszczo³y (Apoidea) Ojcowskiego Parku Narodowego. Pr¹dnik. Prace Muzeum Szafera. 1: Dylewska M.,B¹k J.(05)- Apiformes (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of the ysogóry Mountains and adjacent area. Acta zoologica cracoviensia. 48B (1-2): 5-1.

9 Vol. 52 No Journal of Apicultural Science 43 Dylewska M.,Noskiewicz J.(1963)- Apoidea of Pieniny National Park. Part II. Colletidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, Melittidae, Apidae (Nomada SCOP.). Acta zoologica cracoviensia. 8 (13): Dylewska M.,Zab³ocki J.(1972)- Nowe i ma³o znane Apoidea (Hymenoptera) z obszaru Polski. Acta zoologica cracoviensia. 17: Kondracki J.(02)- Geografia regionalna Polski. PWN. Warszawa. Koñczyk J.(1965)- Trzmiele (Bombus LATR.) i trzmielce (Psithyrus LEP.) Œwiêtokrzyskiego Parku Narodowego. Archiwum Uniwersytetu Jagielloñskiego. 1965: Kriger R.,Cierzniak T.(06)- Zmiany sukcesyjne zgrupowañ pszczó³ (Apiformes) w borach Leucobryo-Pinetum w Parku Narodowym Bory Tucholskie. [In:] J. Banaszak, K. Tobolski (ed.) Park Narodowy Bory Tucholskie u progu nowej dekady. Wydawnictwo UKW, Bydgoszcz Krzysztofiak A.(1995)- Zmiany fauny pszczo³owatych (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) œrodowiska leœnego jako element monitoringu ekologicznego w pó³nocno-wschodniej Polsce. Prace Instytutu Badawczego Leœnictwa, Ser. A. 799: Michalik S.(1978)- Parki narodowe, rezerwaty i pomniki przyrody w Polsce ich funkcje i znaczenie [In:] Ochrona i kszta³towanie œrodowiska przyrodniczego, Tom 1. Warszawa: Moericke V.(1951)- Eine Farbfalle zur Kontrolle des Fluges von Blättlausen, insbesondere der Pfisichblattaus M. persicae (Sulz.). Nachrbl. Deutsche Pflanzschutzd. 3: Olszewski J.L. (1992)- Indywidualizm klimatyczny Gór Œwiêtokrzyskich. Rocznik Œwiêtokrzyski. 19: Pawlikowski T.(1985)- Zgrupowania dzikich pszczo³owatych (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) na kserotermicznych siedliskach wydmowych w Kotlinie Toruñskiej. Studia Societatis Scientarum Torunensis. 10: Pawlikowski T.(1990)- Funkcje zespo³ów pszczo³owatych w ró nowiekowych monokulturach sosnowych Kotliny Toruñskiej. Studia Societatis Scientarum Torunensis. 42: PawlikowskiT.(1992)- Struktura zespo³ów pszczo³owatych (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) na obszarach leœnych Kotliny Toruñskiej. Uniwersytet Miko³aja Kopernika. Toruñ. Pawlikowski T.(1993)- Wild bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in alternative habitats in the agricultural landscape of Northern Poland. Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici, Biol. 45, 87: Pielou E.C. (1966)- Species diversity and pattern diversity in the study of ecological succesion. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 10: Shannon C.E., Weaver W.(1963)- The mathematical theory of communication. University Illinois Press, Urbana Strzemski M.(1967)- Gleby Gór Œwiêtokrzyskich. Problemy Zagospodarowania Ziem Górskich. 4 (17):

10 44 PSZCZO Y (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) WYBRANYCH ZBIOROWISK ROŒLINNYCH ŒWIÊTOKRZYSKIEGO PARKU NARODOWEGO B¹k J. S t r e s z c z e n i e Praca przedstawia informacje na temat sk³adu gatunkowego i struktury zgrupowañ pszczó³ stwierdzonych na 12 powierzchniach badawczych: w naturalnych (ZN), pó³naturalnych (ZP), segetalnych (ZS) i ruderalnych (ZR) zbiorowiskach roœlinnych Œwiêtokrzyskiego Parku Narodowego (Tab. 1, Ryc. 1). Materia³ zbierano wykorzystuj¹c metodê pu³apek Moerick ego i metodê pasów, w latach 01-02, a nastêpnie zebrane owady charakteryzowano za pomoc¹ wskaÿników: liczby gatunków (S), liczby osobników (N), dominacji (D), ogólnego zró nicowania gatunkowego (H ) i równomiernoœci rozk³adu (J ). Na trenie badañ odnotowano 367 osobników, nale ¹cych do 81 gatunków i 6 rodzin (Tab. 2), nie uwzglêdniaj¹c rodziny Apidae. Wykazano gatunków nie podawanych dotychczas z terenu Œwiêtokrzyskiego Parku Narodowego W wybranych zbiorowiskach roœlinnych liczebnie dominowali przedstawiciele rodziny Andrenidae (32.4%) i Halictidae (30.5%) (Tab. 3). Udzia³ poszczególnych gatunków (D) w zebranym materiale waha³ siê w granicach 0.2%-6.1%. Jedynym dominantem na terenie badañ by³ Evylaeus calceatus (Scop.). Wœród gatunków licznie wystêpowa³y: Hylaeus communis Nyl., Andrena flavipes Panz., Andrena haemorrhoa (Fabr.), Panurgus calcaratus (Scop.), Evylaeus calceatus (Scop.), Macropis europaea Warn., Macropis fulvipes (Fabr.) i Dasypoda hirtipes (Harr.). Stosunek liczby gatunków w œrodowiskach ZN:ZP:ZS:ZR kszta³towa³ siê jak 44:57:33:23, co mo na uproœciæ do 4:6:3:2. Liczba gatunków zmniejsza siê wiêc w miarê stopnia antropogenizacji œrodowiska. Ogólne zró nicowanie gatunkowe, wyra one wspó³czynnikiem Shannona-Weavera waha³o siê w granicach , przy czym najbardziej zrównowa on¹ strukturê wykazywa³y zgrupowania pszczó³ w œrodowisku pó³naturalnym i naturalnym. Równie w tych zbiorowiskach wskaÿnik równocennoœci osi¹gn¹³ najwy sze wartoœci (0.98), co œwiadczy o równomiernym rozk³adzie liczebnoœci gatunków (Tab. 4). S³owa kluczowe: pszczo³y, Apiformes, struktura zgrupowañ, zbiorowiska roœlinne, Œwiêtokrzyski Park Narodowy.