URBAN FAUNA. Studies of animal biology, ecology and conservation in European cities

Transkrypt

1 URBAN FAUNA Studies of animal biology, ecology and conservation in European cities Editors Piotr Indykiewicz Leszek Jerzak Jörg Böhner Brendan Kavanagh Bydgoszcz 2011

2 URBAN FAUNA Studies of animal biology, ecology and conservation in European cities Editors Piotr Indykiewicz, Leszek Jerzak, Jörg Böhner, Brendan Kavanagh Bydgoszcz 2011

3 EDITORS: Piotr Indykiewicz, Leszek Jerzak, Jörg Böhner, Brendan Kavanagh REVIWERS: Tadeusz Barczak, Jerzy Błoszyk, Janusz Dąbrowski, Aleksander Herczek, Sławomir Kaczmarek, Piotr Kamiński, Andrzej Klimek, Janusz Markowski, Włodzimierz Meissner, Hanna Piekarska-Boniecka, Barbara Piłacińska, Maria Wawrzyniak, Barbara Wilkaniec COVER DISIGN BY: Jan Korbolewski & Piotr Indykiewicz Copyright by Piotr Indykiewicz ISBN: PUBLISHER: Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy w Bydgoszcz (University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz) PRINTED IN POLAND BY: ELPIL in Siedlce Book orders or exchange for other publications: passer@utp.edu.pl

4 URBAN FAUNA Studies of animal biology, ecology and conservation in European cities Piotr Indykiewicz, Leszek Jerzak, Jörg Böhner, Brendan Kavanagh (eds.) UTP Bydgoszcz Paweł Buczyński 1, Krzysztof Lewandowski 2 1 Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Department of Zoology, Akademicka 19, PL Lublin, Poland 2 University of Warmia and Mazury, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Plac Łódzki 3, PL Olsztyn, Poland 1 pawbucz@gmail.com Dragonfly (Odonata) fauna of Olsztyn (Poland) Abstract: The field studies presented in this paper were conducted in and encompassed the Rivers Łyna and Wadąg, streams near Lake Skanda and in the Słoneczny Stok residential estate (usually regulated), eutrophic lakes Skanda, Redykajny and Tyrsko, small water bodies in various parts of the city (city center, Słoneczny Stok, Gutkowo, Municipal Forest, Mazurskie Estate, Jaroty), oxbow lakes, glacial lakes, and a fen near Lake Skanda. A total of larvae (including identified at the species level), 28 exuviae and imagines of 49 dragonfly species were collected, accounting for 67% of the Polish dragonfly fauna. The finding of an imago of Sympetrum striolatum was an important faunistic discovery which confirmed the taxon s presence in the Masurian Lakeland. So far,this species had been sighted only in larval form, and, therefore, its occurrence was uncertain. Sympecma paedisca, Lestes viridis and Aeshna cyanea ware recorded for the first time in the Olsztyn Lakeland. For all analyzed localities, the most diverse dragonfly fauna was found in small water bodies and streams. Rivers were characterized by the lowest faunistic diversity. The abundance of the odonatofauna in small water bodies can be attributed to a high number of small ponds in post-glacial regions, which differ in stability, trophy levels and vegetation cover. A comparison between the highly developed city center and suburban districts revealed that the qualitative diversity of dragonfly fauna in peripheral areas was twice as high as that reported for downtown Olsztyn. Key words: Dragonflies, odonata, Poland, Olsztyn, urban fauna Introduction Olsztyn, a city in the Olsztyn Lakeland characterized by an abundance of diverse water bodies, is a good model for evaluating the effects of urban development on the aquatic fauna and flora. The present study analyzed published data relating to the city of Olsztyn as well as the results of a field study, carried out in The aim was to describe the 109

5 P. Buczyński, K. Lewandowski faunistic, environmental and zoogeographic characteristics of Olsztyn s dragonfly fauna, to determine the most valuable species, and to assess the need for follow-up research and conservation measures. Study area The city of Olsztyn is situated in the center of the Olsztyn Lakeland, a part of the Masurian Lakeland macroregion. The city s administrative boundaries enclose a hilly area of 87.9 km 2 in a terminal moraine belt of the last glacial period. Absolute altitude ranges from 88 to 155 m (Kondracki 2000). Olsztyn has three rivers: Łyna, Wadąg and Kortówka. The Łyna divides the city meridionally into two parts, with 12 lakes in the western part and two in the eastern part. The Wadąg, a right tributary of the River Łyna, forms a part of Olsztyn s northern boundary, and its catchment comprises more than 30 runoffs from various water bodies. The Kortówka, the third largest river in the city and a left tributary of the River Łyna, connects the lakes Ukiel and Kortowskie with the River Łyna. Olsztyn s hydrographic system comprises numerous small watercourses and more than 200 small water bodies, of which most are found in suburban areas and only several in housing estates, allotment gardens and parks. Olsztyn has a typical lakeland climate with significant local variations. Polar-maritime and Atlantic-Baltic air masses mix with polar-continental air masses of Eurasian origin. In comparison with other Polish regions, Olsztyn has a more severe climate with higher air humidity and lower temperatures. Mean annual temperature is C and mean annual precipitation 642 mm. South-western and western winds predominate, with a higher share of southern winds in the fall and winter and south-western winds in the spring and summer. Materials and methods This study involved the use of source data (Buczyński & Czachorowski 1998, Buczyński et al. 2000, Buczyński 2004, Marczak 2007, Regel 1990). A field study was performed in , and the collected material analyzed. The study covered the rivers Łyna and Wadąg, streams by Lake Skanda and in the Słoneczny Stok residential estate (usually regulated), the eutrophic lakes Skanda, Redykajny and Tyrsko, small water bodies of various origin and character in different parts of the city (city center, Słoneczny Stok, Gutkowo, Municipal Forest, Mazurskie Estate, Jaroty), including oxbow lakes, glacial lakes, permanent and temporary water bodies, mostly eutrophic, as well as several water bodies characterized by high trophy levels, such as a fen near Lake Skanda. 110

6 Dragonfly (Odonata) fauna of Olsztyn (Poland) Imagines were collected with an entomological net. The studied taxa were also observed in their natural habitats, to determine the abundance of each species, freshly metamorphosed individuals and their reproductive behaviour (territorialism, copulation, tandems, egg laying). Larvae were caught with a hydrological scoop (semi-quantitative method), and exuviae were sporadically collected. A total of larvae (including identified at the species level), 28 exuviae and imagines were collected. The gathered material is deposited in the authors collections. Results and discussion 1. Faunistic and ecological analysis The authors identified 49 dragonfly species (Tab. 1) within Olsztyn s administrative boundaries, including all of the taxa given in source publications (Buczyński & Czachorowski 1998, Buczyński et al. 2000, Buczyński 2004) and Regel s master s thesis (1990), excluding Anax parthenope quoted by Marczak (2007), (Tab. 2). The identified material accounts for 67% of Poland s dragonfly fauna of 73 species (Bernard et al. 2009), and 69% if A. parthenope is taken into account. Table 1. Dragonflies found in Olsztyn in the years (own data) LE number of collected larvae and exuviae, I imagines. Habitats: A rivers (1 Łyna, 2 Wadąg), B small streams, C lakes, D small water bodies (also oxbow lakes), E fens, Ct center city, Pr periphery, l larvae, e exuviae, i imagines (*although it has not been caught larvae, observed reproductive behavior),? no data. Species Materials Habitats LE I A1 A2 B C D E Ct Pr Calopteryx splendens (Harr) li i i i i i li li C. virgo (L.) 36 i i Sympecma paedisca (Brau.) 3 l l Lestes barbarus (Fabr.) 3 l l L. dryas Kirby li li li i i li L. sponsa (Hansem.) i i i li i li li L. virens (Charp.) 21 l i li L. viridis (Vander L.) 3 5 li i li i l i Ischnura elegans (Vander L.) l i li li li i li li I. pumilio (Vander L.) 1 l l Enallagma cyathigerum (Charp.) i li li li i li li Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulz.) 1 5 i* i lei i lei 111

7 P. Buczyński, K. Lewandowski Coenagrion hastulatum (Charp.) li li li i li li C. lunulatum (Charp.) 4 16 l l l C. puella (L.) li i li li li i li li C. pulchellum (Vander L.) i li li li i li li Erythromma najas (Hansem.) i li li lei i li li E. viridulum (Charp.) 23 l l l l Nehalennia speciosa (Charp.) 2 i i Platycnemis pennipes (Pall.) li i li li li i li lei Gomphus vulgatissimus (L.) 8 13 i li li i i li Ophiogomphus cecilia (Fourcr.) 2 i i Onychogomphus forcipatus (L.) 4 i i Brachytron pratense (O.F. Müll.) 3 2 li li i i li Aeshna cyanea (O.F. Müll.) 7 7 i li lei i lei A. grandis (L.) i i li lei lei i li lei A. juncea (L.) 7 22 i li i i i li A. mixta Latr. (?) 1 l l A. viridis Eversm. 7 3 lei lei Anax imperator Leach 5 3 li li i i li Cordulia aenea (L.) 23 i i i* i* i i i Somatochlora metallica (Vander L.) 5 15 i li i i i S. flavomaculata (Vander L.) 3 i i* i Epitheca bimaculata (Charp.) 2 i i Libellula depressa L. 17 i i i i i i L. fulva (O.F. Müll.) 7 i i* i i i L. quadrimaculata L li i li li li i li li Orthetrum cancellatum (L.) i li lei li i i lei Sympetrum danae (Sulz.) 13 i i i i i i S. flaveolum (L.) i li li li i li li S. pedemontanum (O.F. Müll.) 45 i S. sanguineum (O.F. Müll.) i i li li i li S. striolatum (Charp.) 2 3 l li l li S. vulgatum (L.) i li li li i li li Leucorrhinia albifrons (Burm.) 6 16 i l li i li L. caudalis (Charp.) 3 i i i i L. dubia (Vander L.) i li i li L. pectoralis (Charp.) 3 9 i li i li L. rubicunda (L.) 7 17 i li i li total species: this as larvae and exuviae:

8 Dragonfly (Odonata) fauna of Olsztyn (Poland) The Masurian and Olsztyn Lakelands (region and its mesoregion) are the best inestigated areas of north-eastern Poland. Nevertheless, our study could contribute new faunistic data. The recording of an imago of Sympetrum striolatum was an important faunistic discovery, which confirmed the taxon s presence in the Masurian Lakeland. To date, the species had been acquired only in larval form, and its occurrence status was uncertain. The presence of Sympecma paedisca, Lestes viridis and Aeshna cyanea was noted for the first time in the Olsztyn Lakeland (Buczyński & Lewandowski 2004). The ecological composition of the collected material and the dominant species (Tab. 1) reflect the number and character of aquatic habitats in Olsztyn. Eurytopes, colonizing lakes and small permanent water bodies, were observed in highest abundance: Ischnura elegans, Coenagrion puella, Erythromma najas, Lestes sponsa, Sympetrum vulgatum, and Coenagrion pulchellum. Small temporary water bodies were the habitat of Sympetrum flaveolum and Lestes dryas. In the group of dragonflies characteristic of watercourses, only Calopteryx splendens was observed in large populations. The most abundant species did not include taxa with a preference for fens and peat bags. There are only few optimal localities supporting their development in the Olsztyn area, and the occurring species are confined to secondary habitats. The dragonfly fauna of small water bodies and watercourses showed the greatest species diversity, and that of lakes was also significantly varied. The lowest degree of species diversity was found in rivers (Tab. 1). The predominant dragonfly species found in rivers were taxa colonizing vegetation (phytorheophiles): Calopteryx splendens, C. virgo, Platycnemis pennipes and Pyrrhosoma nymphula. A variety of eurytopic dragonflies were also found, but only Libellula quadrimaculata at the larval stage. Rheophiles associated with sandy and rocky river beds were scantly represented by Gomphus vulgatissimus, Ophiogomphus cecilia and Onychogomphus forcipatus. They were not reported from the River Łyna, and relatively few imagines were collected in the River Wadąg. The dragonfly fauna of small rivers was shaped by the proximity of lakes and small water bodies which are connected and drained by those watercourses. Therefore, rheophilous species had a small share of the noted populations, whereas eurytopes and highly specialized taxa of standing waters were found in abundance, among them Lestes dryas and Sympetrum flaveolum, which are typical of small water bodies, as well as Coenagrion hastulatum and Aeshna juncea, which prefer peatlands and fens. Lakes were colonized by a dragonfly fauna characteristic of this type of water bodies. Their trophy levels varied, and at least several of the surveyed lakes were classified as moderately eutrophic. This is confirmed by the presence of Leucorrhinia albifrons larvae, a species highly sensitive to eutrophication (Bernard et al. 2002). The number of collected Ischnura elegans and Erythromma najas (Mielewczyk 1966, Wendzonka 2004) larvae was also indicative of moderately high trophy levels. The predominant species was I. elegans, 113

9 P. Buczyński, K. Lewandowski whereas E. najas was moderately abundant at most. Larvae of the above mentioned taxa were found mainly in small water bodies. The abundance of the odonatofauna in small water bodies can be attributed to their high number in post-glacial regions and their differences in stability, trophy levels and vegetation cover. A predominance of permanent eutrophic water bodies (natural and man-made) as well as meso-eutrophic and eutrophic temporary sites was noted. The first group is the habitat of species similar to those colonizing lake littoral zones. The dragonfly fauna of the second group of water bodies is highly specific and comprises mostly species adapted to water loss (Lestes spp., Sympetrum spp.). The areas of Lake Skanda and the Słoneczny Stok estate feature dystrophic, often peat-covered lakes that resemble fens. They are the only habitats of peatland and fen taxa, in particular Leucorrhinia Britt., in Olsztyn. Fens have been preserved mainly around lakes. The fen near Lake Skanda was the habitat of 32 dragonfly species, but the species composition revealed a high number of taxa that colonize the nearby lake. 2. Zoogeographic observations In zoogeographic terms, dragonflies can be analyzed in two contexts. The first is the contemporary distribution of dragonfly populations, including Holarctic or Palearctic. The second is related to refugia, where dragonflies had survived the Pleistocene glaciations. After the melting of the ice sheet, those refugia became the source of dragonfly distribution to their contemporary localities (Bernard et al. 2009). At present, faunal elements are more often classified in relation to their refugia. The composition of Olsztyn s dragonfly fauna is largely determined by the city s geographic location. There is a high number of Siberian and West Siberian species which have a significantly smaller quantitative than qualitative share of the local population. This can be attributed to the fact that most of those taxa prefer dystrophic waters, which have been largely transformed in Olsztyn. The synthetic zoogeographical composition index is popularly applied in Central European odonatology to determine the ratio of refugial species to invasive species. In Olsztyn, this index was determined as 0.41:1, i.e. a much lower level than the national average (0.85:1) or the value for the Lakelands of north-eastern Poland (0.66:1), (Bernard et al. 2009). The above findings indicate that Olsztyn s climate does not support thermophilous species. Nevertheless, some of the sampled individuals represent thermophilous species that are found close the northernmost limits of their range, including Lestes barbarus, L. viridis, Erythromma viridulum and Sympetrum striolatum (Dijkstra 2006). Those taxa inhabit small water bodies, and their distribution patterns change frequently (Bernard et al. 2009, Dijkstra 2006, Ott 2008). Therefore, the number of species representing this zoogeographic category can be expected to increase. 114

10 Dragonfly (Odonata) fauna of Olsztyn (Poland) 3. Olsztyn s odonatofauna as an urban fauna Dragonflies are difficult to classify into fauna groups which are characteristic of urban areas. In a study of the odonatofauna of Poznań, Bernard (2002) aptly referred to this group of dragonflies as the fauna of areas enclosed by the present city limits. Urban development leads to the degradation and elimination of dragonfly habitats. The environmental conditions in most urban habitats (fountains, park ponds, recreational ponds) do Table 2. Literatural data on the dragonflies of Olsztyn 1 Buczyński (2004), 2 Buczyński & Czachorowski (1998), 3 Buczyński et al. (2000), 4 Regel (1990), 5 Marczak (2007), certain data, incorrect data. Species Calopteryx splendens (Harr.) C. virgo (L.) Lestes barbarus (Fabr.) L. dryas Kirby L. sponsa (Hansem.) L. virens (Charp.) Ischnura elegans (Vander L.) Enallagma cyathigerum (Charp.) Coenagrion hastulatum (Charp.) C. lunulatum (Hansem.) C. puella (L.) C. pulchellum (Vander L.) C. scitulum (Ramb.) Erythromma najas (Hansem.) E. viridulum (Hansem.) Platycnemis pennipes (Pall.) Brachytron pratense (O.F. Müll.) Aeshna cyanea (O.F. Müll.) A. juncea (L.) A. grandis (L.) A. viridis (Eversm.) Anax imperator Leach A. parthenope (Sèl.) Cordulia aenea (L.) Libellula quadrimaculata L. Orthetrum cancellatum (L.) Sympetrum flaveolum (L.) S. pedemontanum (All.) S. sanguineum (O.F. Müll.) S. vulgatum (L.) Leucorrhinia rubicunda (L.) 115

11 P. Buczyński, K. Lewandowski not support dragonfly colonization. Due to high trophy levels, resulting from bird feeding, poor vegetation, concrete pond bottoms, pond drainage on an annual or more frequent basis, those habitats are colonized by very few dragonfly species, and many water bodies are devoid of any indigenous odonatofauna. In cities, dragonflies are observed mostly in relatively unpolluted natural waters. Their species diversity is limited, and the natural odonatofauna inhabiting highly urbanized habitats is exposed to the long list of threats detailed by Corbet (1999). The number of species and the composition of the dragonfly fauna in Olsztyn is similar to that observed in other areas of the Olsztyn Lakeland (Buczyński, Lewandowski, 2004). The frequency and abundance of each species vary, and they are generally lower in stenotopes and higher in eurytopes and taxa resistant to pollution and eutrophication. In the River Łyna, not a single representative of the family Gomphidae was found, although the species is a principal component of the river s zoobenthos south of Olsztyn (Czachorowski et al. 1998). Gomphus vulgatissimus, a species that is the most resistant to environmental change (Bernard et al. 2002), was not observed. Those taxa were reported for the Wadąg, the river that marks Olsztyn s boundaries and does not intersect the city center. The proportions of Calopteryx splendens and C. virgo abundance were marked by a reverse pattern in the River Łyna, to the disadvantage of the more demanding C. virgo. Pyrrhosoma nymphula, a psychrophilous and oxyphilous species which is frequently observed in small rivers, was rarely collected in Olsztyn s watercourses. Dragonflies that show a preference for peatlands and water bodies characterized by low trophy levels, clear waters and well-developed submerged vegetation were found in just a few localities. In many cases, the observed individuals were probably migrants from populations developing outside the city, such as Nehalennia speciosa. Their populations are residual in Olsztyn, found only in small water bodies and in infrequent fens. The above findings are validated by a comparison of downtown Olsztyn and its peripheral districts (Tab. 1). The qualitative diversity of dragonfly fauna in peripheral areas was twice as high as that reported for the city center. Species with higher environmental requirements were practically not found in the city center, including Calopteryx virgo, Lestes virens, Nehalennia speciosa, Ophiogomphus cecilia, Onychogomphus forcipatus, Aeshna juncea and Somatochlora flavomaculata, as well as species of the genus Leucorrhinia. This can be attributed to the disappearance of surface waters, changes in their trophy levels and plant cover. Our results correspond with the findings of Willigalla and Fartmann (2010). Based on an analysis of data from more than 20 cities in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, these authors classified the above mentioned taxa as urbanophobic (N. speciosa) and moderately urbanophobic (remaining species). A decline in the diversity of dragonfly species, in particular Zygoptera, was also noted in uniform urban habitats, and a dramatic decrease in abundance was observed in highly developed areas (building coverage of 40%), (Willigalla & Fartman 2011). The absence of many 116

12 Dragonfly (Odonata) fauna of Olsztyn (Poland) rheophiles in River Łyna, which has a supportive habitat for the above species, could be attributed to low water quality. In the period of the study, the river carried class 2 waters north of Olsztyn, whereas the section intersecting the city center failed to meet any quality standards (Krajewski 2004). The dragonfly fauna of Poland s largest cities continues to be scantly investigated, which explains the relative absence of comparative data. Comprehensive studies have been carried out only in Łódź (Tończyk 2004, 2006, Tończyk & Pakulnicka 2004) and Poznań (Bernard 1996, 2002, Bernard & Buczyński 2006, Łabędzki 1982, Urbański 1957). Fragmentary data are available for Częstochowa (Jatulewicz 2004), Cracow (Piksa et al. 2006), Lublin (Balana et al. 2006, Buczyński 1995, 2002, 2005, 2006) and Warsaw (Dobrzańska et al. 2011), but these are of limited comparative value. Olsztyn has a relatively diverse odonatofauna in comparison with other Polish cities. In Poznań, 55 species were recorded (presently 53), but only are a permanent element of the local fauna (Bernard 2002). Łódź was reported to be the habitat of 41 species (Tończyk 2004, 2006, Tończyk & Pakulnicka 2004), including a large number of stenotopic taxa. The diversity of the dragonfly fauna of Olsztyn can be attributed to its extensive and weakly developed peripheral areas. Pioneering species have a much lower share of the city s odonatofauna. Similar conclusions follow from a comparison with other Central European cities, including Munich (Bräu et al. 2001), Hagen (Schlüpmann 2001), Münster (Artenmeyer et al. 2000), Oldenburg (Brux et al. 1998) and Lyon (Grand 1998), as well as a meta-analysis by Willigalla and Fartmann (2010). Bibliography Artenmeyer C., Fronek A., Göcking C., Häusler M., Menke N., Willigalla C., Winters S., 2000: Die Libellenfauna der Stadt Münster. Abh. Westf. Mus. Naturk. 62(4): Balana M., Buczyński P., Czarniawski W., Dembicka A., Grądziel T., Ptaszyńska A., Stączek Z., 2006: Uroczysko Lipnik w Lublinie cenny przyrodniczo wąwóz lessowy. Chr. Przyr. ojcz. 62(1): Bernard R., 1996: Ważki (Odonata) rezerwatu Meteoryt Morasko w Poznaniu. Rocz. nauk. Pol. Tow. Ochr. Przyr. Salamandra 1: Bernard R., 2002: Zalotny lot zalotki. [in:] Wśród zwierząt i roślin. Kronika miasta Poznania 2003 (3): Bernard R., 2004: Nehalennia speciosa (Charpentier, 1840), iglica mała. [in:] Z. Głowaciński, J. Nowacki (eds.) Polska czerwona księga zwierząt. Bezkręgowce. Instytut Ochrony Przyrody PAN, Akademia Rolnicza im. A. Cieszkowskiego, Kraków Poznań: Bernard R., Buczyński P., 2006: Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine. [in:] Dijkstra K.D.B. (eds.) Field Guide to the Dragonflies and Damselflies of Britain and Europe. British Wildlife Publishing, Gillingham: Bernard R., Buczyński P., Tończyk G., 2002: Present state, threats and conservation of dragonflies (Odonata) in Poland. Nature Conserv. 59(12):

13 P. Buczyński, K. Lewandowski Bernard R., Buczyński P., Tończyk G., 2009: A distribution atlas of dragonflies (Odonata) in Poland. Bogucki Wyd. Naukowe, Poznań. Bräu M., Schwibinger M., Weihrauch F., 2001: Die Libellenfauna der Stadt München. Nachrbl. bayer. Ent. 50(4): Brux H., Döring G., Hielscher M., Nordmann M., Walter G., Wiegleb G., Zur Fauna der Stadt Oldenburg. Oldenburger Jahrb. 98: Buczyński P., 1995: Materiały do poznania ważek (Odonata) Lubelszczyzny. Część I. Wiad. ent. 14(12): Buczyński P., 2002: Materiały do poznania ważek (Odonata) Lubelszczyzny. Część II. Ważki w zbiorach Zakładu Zoologii UMCS w Lublinie. Wiad. ent. 21(1): Buczyński P., 2004: Ważki (Odonata) z Polski w zbiorach Muzeum i Instytutu Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Warszawie. Nowy Pam. fizjogr. 3: Buczyński P., 2005: Materiały do poznania ważek (Odonata) Lubelszczyzny. Część III. Zbiory Katedry Zoologii i Hydrobiologii AR w Lublinie. Wiad. ent. 24(4): Buczyński P., 2006: Uwagi o występowaniu Aeshna affinis Vander L. w województwie lubelskim. Odonatrix 2(2): Buczyński P., Czachorowski S., 1998: Przyczynek do poznania ważek (Insecta: Odonata) pojezierzy północno-wschodniej Polski. Przegl. przyrodn. 9(3): Buczyński P., Czachorowski S., Pakulnicka J., 2000: Czy drobne zbiorniki antropogeniczne mogą być siedliskiem zastępczym dla bentosu litoralowego? [in:] Cerbin S. (ed.) Fauna denna jezior. Materiały VII Ogólnopolskich Warsztatów Bentologicznych, Jeziory, Wielkopolski Park Narodowy. Poznań: Buczyński P., Lewandowski K., 2004: Długo badana terra incognita stan wiedzy o ważkach (Odonata) pojezierzy północno-wschodniej Polski. Wiad. ent. 23(12): Corbet P.S., 1999: Dragonflies: Behaviour and ecology of Odonata. Harley Books, Colchester. Czachorowski S., Buczyński P., Alexandrovitch O., Stryjecki R., Kurzątkowska A., 1998: Materiały do znajomości owadów i pajęczaków rezerwatu Las Warmiński (Pojezierze Olsztyńskie). Parki nar. Rez. Przyr. 17: Dijkstra K.D.B., (ed.) 2006: Field Guide to the Dragonflies of Britain and Europe. British Wildlife Publishing, Gillingham. Dobrzańska J., Filipowicz S., Sikora A., Pełnia-Iwanicka E., 2001: Ważki (Dolonata) wybranych starorzeczy Wisły w Warszawie. Odonatrix 7(12): Grand D., 1998: Lest Odonates de Lyon (departement du Rhône). Martinia 14(13): Jatulewicz, I., 2004: Ważki (Odonata) zbiorników powyrobiskowych Częstochowy. [in:] T. Namiotko, T. Sywula (eds.) Bioróżnorodność środowisk dna zbiorników wodnych. XI Ogólnopolskie Warsztaty Bentologiczne, Jastrzębia Góra, Nadmorski Park Krajobrazowy, 6-8 maja 2004 r., BEL Studio, Gdańsk Warszawa: Kondracki J., 2000: Geografia regionalna Polski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa. Krajewski Z.W. (ed.), 2004: Raport o stanie środowiska województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego w 2003 roku. Biblioteka Monitoringu Środowiska, Olsztyn. Łabędzki A., 1982: Badania nad rozproszeniem w terenie i długością życia niektórych gatunków ważek (Odonata). Roczn. Akad. roln. Poznań 140: Marczak D., 2007: Materiały do poznania ważek Pojezierza Olsztyńskiego. Przegl. Zool. 51(1-2):

14 Dragonfly (Odonata) fauna of Olsztyn (Poland) Mielewczyk S., 1966: Larwy ważek (Odonata) Wielkopolskiego Parku Narodowego. Pr. monogr. Przyr. Wielkop. Parku nar. 4(1): Ott J., 2008: Libellen als Indikatoren der Klimaänderung Ergebnisse aus Deutschland und Konsequenzen für den Naturschutz. Insecta 11: Piksa K., Wachowicz B., Kwarcińska M., 2006: Dragonflies (Odonata) of some small anthropogenic water bodies in Cracow City. Fragmenta faunistica 49(12): Regel S., 1990: Badania nad ważkami (Odonata) i jętkami (Ephemeroptera) Jeziora Skanda. Praca magisterska, Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna w Olsztynie, Instytut Biologii, Olsztyn. Schlüpmann M., 2001: Die Libellenfauna urbaner Lebensräume am Beispiel der Stadt Hagen. Dortmunder Beitr. Landeskde 35: Tończyk G., 2004: Ważki terenów zurbanizowanych Odonata Parku im. Józefa Piłsudskiego w Łodzi. [in:] Buczyński P., Serafin E., Ptaszyńska A. (eds.) Badania ważek, chrząszczy i chruścików na obszarach chronionych. Materiały II Krajowego Sympozjum Odonatologicznego, XXIX Sympozjum Sekcji Koleopterologicznej PTE, III Seminarium Trichopterologicznego, Urszulin, V.2004 r. Wydawnictwo MANTIS, Olsztyn: 37. Tończyk G., 2006: Ważki (Odonata) Łodzi dane z kolekcji Ernsta Koeppena. Odonatrix 2(2): 39. Tończyk G., Pakulnicka J., 2004: Wstępna analiza wybranych grup owadów wodnych (Odonata, Heteroptera i Coleoptera) Łodzi. [in:] P. Indykiewicz, T. Barczak (eds.) Fana miast Europy Środkowej 21. wieku. Wyd. LOGO, Bydgoszcz: Urbański J., 1957: Niektóre godne uwagi ważki (Odonata) Wielkopolski. Sprawozd. Pozn. Tow. Przyj. Nauk 19 (44/45): Wendzonka J., 2004: Ważki (Odonata) kaszubskich jezior lobeliowych. Parki nar. Rez. Przyr. 23(3): Willigalla C., Fartmann T., 2010: Libellen-Diversität und Zönosen in Städten. NuL 42(11): Willigalla C., Fartmann T., 2011: Einfluss der Bebauung auf die Libellendiversität (Odonata) in Städten. [in:] U. Feit, H. Korn (eds.) Interdisziplinärer Forschungsaustausch im Rahmen des Übereinkommens über die biologische Vielfalt. BfN-Skripten 289. Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn: