Dictionary of Law Terms English-Polish Polish-English. S³ownik terminologii prawniczej angielsko-polski polsko-angielski

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1 Dictionary of Law Terms English-Polish Polish-English S³ownik terminologii prawniczej angielsko-polski polsko-angielski

2 Dictionary of Law Terms By Ewa Myrczek English-Polish Polish-English Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck Warszawa 2005

3 S³ownik terminologii prawniczej Opracowanie Ewa Myrczek angielsko-polski polsko-angielski Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck Warszawa 2005

4 Dictionary of Law Terms S³ownik terminologii prawniczej Cover by/projekt ok³adki: Robert Rogiñski Editing/Redakcja: Tomasz Rodzik All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck 2005 All inquires should be addressed to: Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck Sp. z o.o. 9, Gen. Zaj¹czka Str Warsaw Typesetting/Sk³ad i ³amanie: Krzysztof Biesaga Printing and binding/druk i oprawa: WDG Drukarnia w Gdyni Sp. z o.o. ISBN:

5 Table of contents Preface... Wstêp... References / Bibliografia... Abbreviations / Wykaz skrótów... Introduction to legal translation... VI VII VIII IX XI Dictionary Part I. English-Polish... 3 Part II. Polish-English Test Your Knowledge of Legal English Key and Translation V

6 Preface This bilingual DICTIONARY OF LAW TERMS is intended for students of the law, legal secretaries, paralegals, legal executives, ESP teachers, translators and professional people who need English for their present or future day-to-day work in the legal field. Though this dictionary lays no claim to comprehensiveness, it aims at serving three primary functions. Firstly, it contains an exposition of essential legal terms and phrases. Entries derive largely from the traditional core of legal studies from Constitution, Contracts, Torts, Civil law, Criminal procedure, Land law, Labour law, Family law but also from the fields of European Community law, Bankruptcy and Reorganisation law, Companies law, and Customs and Fiscal law. Secondly, the Introduction to legal translation gives helpful guidance on some of the most vexing questions that legal writers, translators and law students face, from offering advice on usage and grammar to covering issues related to text-normative equivalence in translation of legislative texts. Since translators-to-be and law students need to be familiarised with the principles of specific conventions related to syntax, lexis and stylistics of the legal Polish and English language as applied in the field of legislative texts, these rules and principles have been described in the Introduction to legal translation, thus providing prospective readers with practical guidelines on legislative drafting and translation. In accordance with the rules of legal modality, legislative sentences have been subdivided into prohibitions, obligations, permissions and non-permissions, and illustrated with instructive examples for translation of statutes. Thirdly, this book contains Tests which can be used both for self-study and in class. Students preparing for the Test of Legal English Skills examinations and other equivalent examinations will find this part particularly relevant to their needs. A wide range of topics is covered through a variety of exercises which include gap filling and matching. The book includes a comprehensive key with not only answers to the exercises but also some translation hints which should help students to distinguish between similar but distinct legal terms. Unlike most dictionaries, which are devoted to questions of terminology, this book has also dealt with problems that are related to textual and pragmatic considerations, taking account of legal construction rules applicable in civil law and common law systems accordingly. Endeavours have been made to include a body of practical information that can orient and complement the learning process of translator-trainees and self-learners; teachers are also encouraged to make use of it. Jaworze, August 2005 Ewa Myrczek VI

7 Wstêp S OWNIK TERMINOLOGII PRAWNICZEJ jest skierowany do studentów prawa, t³umaczy przysiêg³ych, pracowników kancelarii prawniczych, nauczycieli specjalistycznego jêzyka angielskiego oraz wszystkich zainteresowanych pog³êbianiem swej wiedzy z zakresu tekstów prawnych i prawniczych. Ksi¹ ka sk³ada siê z trzech czêœci, z których najwa niejsza i najobszerniejsza zawiera podstawowe terminy prawnicze z zakresu prawa konstytucyjnego, cywilnego, handlowego, karnego, skarbowego, europejskiego, prawa pracy, etc. Wszystkie has³a u³o ono w porz¹dku alfabetycznym. We Wstêpie do t³umaczenia tekstów prawnych podano informacje, których pró no szukaæ w innych s³ownikach dotycz¹ one norm tekstowo-jêzykowych charakterystycznych dla angielskich i polskich tekstów prawnych. W ujêciu porównawczym omówiono warstwê sk³adniow¹ tekstów prawnych, ze szczególnym naciskiem na czas gramatyczny i typy zdañ z³o onych. Opisano równie warstwê leksykaln¹ przepisów nakazuj¹cych, zakazuj¹cych i opisowych. Poruszono tak e kilka zagadnieñ dotycz¹cych warstwy tekstowej, m.in. struktury aktów prawnych i nazewnictwa ich jednostek redakcyjnych. Wszystkie rozwa ania zosta³y poparte odpowiednimi przyk³adami w jêzyku polskim i angielskim. Szczególny nacisk po³o ono na styl redagowania tekstów ustawowych w obydwu systemach w oparciu o wydawane przez w³adze ustawodawcze podrêczniki (drafting manuals), które w przypadku jêzyka polskiego przybra³y postaæ urzêdowego zbioru dyrektyw techniki prawodawczej, nosz¹cych nazwê Zasady techniki prawodawczej. Jednoczeœnie, zwrócono równie uwagê na fakt archaicznoœci jêzyka angielskich tekstów prawnych i zwi¹zanej z tym ma³ej ich komunikatywnoœci. Obecnie toczy siê dyskusja na temat przeprowadzenia koniecznych reform w celu uproszczenia i ujednolicenia tego jêzyka (plain English movement). S OWNIK TERMINOLOGII PRAWNICZEJ zawiera równie Testy sprawdzaj¹ce wiedzê z polskiej i angielskiej terminologii prawniczej. Takie æwiczenia, tradycyjnie zarezerwowane dla podrêczników do nauki jêzyka angielskiego, zosta³y tutaj umieszczone celowo: maj¹ pomóc w przygotowaniu do egzaminów TOLES (Test of Legal English Skills). Testy kontrolne o zró nicowanym stopniu trudnoœci zawieraj¹ liczne przyk³ady s³ów i konstrukcji najczêœciej mylonych przez u ytkowników i osoby ucz¹ce siê jêzyka angielskiego, zaœ za³¹czony klucz podaje odpowiedÿ na ka de pytanie testowe, czêsto opatrzon¹ dodatkowymi uwagami dla ucz¹cego siê. W przeciwieñstwie do wiêkszoœci dostêpnych na polskim rynku specjalistycznych s³owników z zakresu prawa, ten dwujêzyczny wokabularz zawiera równie dodatkowe informacje, które powinny okazaæ siê przydatne w szczególnoœci pocz¹tkuj¹cym t³umaczom w przek³adzie tekstów prawnych, zaœ studentom prawa w ich tworzeniu. Jaworze, sierpieñ 2005 r. Ewa Myrczek VII

8 References Bibliografia E. Alcaraz, B. Hughes, Legal Translation Explained, Manchester 2002, (LTE). J. Bogudziñski, K. Buczkowski, A. Kaznowski, Wzory umów i pism. Compendium of Legal Templates, Warszawa 2002, (WUIP). W.J. Brown, GCSE Law, London 1993, (GL). J. Evans (ed.), Law of International Trade, London 2001, (LOIT). B.A. Garner (ed.), Black s Law Dictionary, USA 2004, (BLD). B.A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, Oxford 1995, (MLU). H. Gubby, English Legal Terminology. Legal concepts in language, Den Haag 2004, (ELT). R. Hara, J.T. Murphy, T. Wardyñski, English-Polish Business Glossary. Angielsko-polski encyklopedyczny s³ownik biznesu, Warszawa 1996, (EPBG). S.I. Hayakawa (ed.), Cassell s Modern Guide to Synonyms and Related Words, London 1971, (CMG). M. Jakubaszek, Legal English, Warszawa 2004, (LE). J. Justyñska, J. Justyñski, The Main Institutions of the English Legal System, Toruñ 1998, (MIOELS). I. Kienzler, New English Business, Gdynia 2001, (NEB). D. Kierzkowska (ed.), The Polish Civil Code, Warszawa 1997, (PCC). J.S. Lynton, Ballentine s legal dictionary and thesaurus, New York 1995, (BLDAT). E. Martin, A Dictionary of Law, Oxford/New York 1994, (DL). J.E. Penner, Mozley&Whiteley s Law Dictionary, London, Edinburgh, Dublin 2001, (MWLD). C.R. Robertson, The Complete Book of Business Forms and Agreements, New York 1994, (BFAA). F. Russell, Ch. Locke, English Law and Language, London 1992, (ELAL). 301 Legal Forms, Letters & Agreements, London 2002, (LP). VIII

9 Abbreviations Wykaz skrótów BLD BLDAT CMG DL ELAL ELT EPBG GL LE LOIT LP LTE MIOELS MWLD PCC Black s Law Dictionary Ballentine s legal dictionary and thesaurus Cassell s Modem Guide to Synonyms and Related Words A Dictionary of Law English Law and Language English Legal Terminology. Legal concepts in language English-Polish Business Glossary GCSE Law Legal English Law of International Trade 301 Legal Forms, Letters & Agreements. Legal Translation Explained The Main Institutions of the English Legal System Mozley & Whiteley s Law Dictionary The Polish Civil Code IX

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11 Introduction to legal translation

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13 1. Introduction Law is concerned with human behaviour. Although different societies encourage different forms of behaviour all human beings have the capacity to behave in any way prescribed, on the condition we do understand what the law requires us to do. The same applies to legal translation, which in order to be successful in terms of communication must incorporate target language-oriented text-normative equivalents. Legal translators are usually left to their own devices in making their decisions as to the right stylistics and tone to be adopted in translation. These decisions are usually based on comparative analysis of random parallel texts, which may prove to be a time-consuming and tiresome activity. This introduction aims to offer practical information regarding the conventions and norms which are characteristic of legislative texts. It is also designed to aid translators in their work by offering a practical comparative manual of the Polish and English drafting styles and other useful information on legal translation Legal norm A legal norm can be defined to contain a normative statement that produces some legal effects. Any legal norm must convey information in order to fulfil its function of communicating standards of behaviour. Consequently, a norm serves as a scheme of interpretation 1. The problem of the legal norm has also been discussed in terms of legislative sentences 2 which consist of the following elements: fact-situation (Tatbestand) which specifies the conditions under which the particular rule operates in other words, it gives conditions of application of a given norm; statement of law (Tatfolge) which prescribes the action to be taken and by whom in the event the conditions constituting the fact-situation are met; in point of fact, it determines legal modality of the norm Fact-situation in English legislative sentences The statement of law, which specifies its modality, is always in the main clause (or clauses), whereas the elements pertaining to the fact-situation are more flexible, being formulated as adverbial modifiers in a subordinate if or where clause. The clauses which express fact-situation can be introduced in English by conjunctions such as if (je eli, jeœli), on condition that (pod warunkiem, e...), provided that (pod warunkiem, e..., o ile...), providing that (pod warunkiem, e..., o ile...), so / as long as (dopóki..., tak d³ugo jak..., pod warunkiem, e...) and unless (je eli nie..., jeœli nie..., o ile nie..., chyba e...). In the case of English legislative texts, however, legal rules are being formulated mostly as conditional sentences, with if clauses and where clauses introducing the fact-situation. 1 Van Kralingen, 2 One of the first analyses of legislative texts was written in 1843 by an English barrister named George Code. 3 See: S. Šarèeviæ, New Approach to Legal Translation. The Hague/London/Boston, 2000, p XIII

14 Introduction to legal translation 1.3. Fact-situation in Polish legislative sentences The clauses which express fact-situation can be introduced in Polish by conjunctions such as je eli, jeœli, w przypadku gdy, w wypadku gdy, pod warunkiem, chyba e, o ile, w razie. See the following examples: je eli = where / if / embedded fact situation Je eli wspólnik nie uiœci³ dop³aty w okreœlonym terminie, obowi¹zany jest do zap³aty odsetek ustawowych.... (KSH 4 Art ) Where a shareholder fails to make an additional payment by the specified date, he shall be obliged to pay statutory interest.... (CCC1) 5 If a shareholder does not pay the additional contribution within a specified deadline, he shall pay statutory interest.... (PCCC) 6 w wypadku gdy = when Przepis powy szy stosuje siê odpowiednio w wypadku, gdy umowa zosta³a zawarta w imieniu osoby prawnej, która nie istnieje. (KC 7 Art. 39 2) The above provision shall correspondingly apply when a contract has been concluded in the name of a legal person which is non-existent. (PCC 8 ) pod warunkiem = on condition that Stosowanie niebezpiecznych substancji i niebezpiecznych preparatów chemicznych jest dopuszczalne pod warunkiem zastosowania œrodków zapewniaj¹cych pracownikom ochronê ich zdrowia i ycia. (KP 9 Art ) Hazardous chemical substances and preparations may be used on condition that measures are taken to protect the health and life of employees. (PLC) 10 chyba e = unless / save as Je eli akcjonariusz nie dokona³ wp³aty w terminie okreœlonym w 1, jest on obowi¹zany do zap³acenia odsetek ustawowych za opóÿnienie lub odszkodowania, chyba e statut stanowi inaczej. (KSH Art ) If the shareholder fails to make the payment on the date specified in 1, the shareholder shall pay statutory interest on delay or damages, unless the statutes provide otherwise. (PCCC) Save as otherwise provided in the company articles, a shareholder who has failed to make payment by the date referred to in paragraph 1 shall be liable to pay statutory interest for the default, or damages. (PCOCPAC) 11 4 Kodeks spó³ek handlowych (KSH). 5 Bem R., E. Kucharska, J. Marynowicz, A. M¹czka, Code of Commercial Companies, Kraków 2002 (CCC1). 6 K. Micha³owska, Polish Commercial Companies Code, Warszawa Kodeks Cywilny (KC). 8 D. Kierzkowska (ed.), The Polish Civil Code, Warszawa 1997 (PCC). 9 Kodeks Pracy (KP). 10 K. Micha³owska, Polish Labour Code, Warszawa 2003 (PLC). 11 D. Kierzkowska (ed.), The Polish Code of Commercial Partnerships and Companies, Warszawa 2001 (PCOCPAC). XIV

15 o ile = if Zmiany i uzupe³nienia zg³oszone przez wierzycieli mog¹ byæ przedmiotem obrad i g³osowania, o ile upad³y na nie siê zgodzi. (PU Art. 185) 12 The alterations and amendments submitted by the creditors may be discussed at the debates and may be put to the vote if the bankrupt approves them. (PCC) Embedded fact-situation in Polish legislative sentences The fact-situation may also take the form of an embedded modifier which is introduced in Polish legislative sentences by means of w razie, w przypadku, w wypadku. See the examples below: (i) w razie = in case W razie dokonanego naruszenia mo e on tak e ¹daæ, a eby osoba, która dopuœci³a siê naruszenia, dope³ni³a czynnoœci potrzebnych do usuniêcia jego skutków.... (KC). Art. 24 In case of an infringement he may demand that the person who committed the infringement perform acts necessary to remove its effects....(pcc) (ii) w razie = upon / should Statut mo e stanowiæ, e akcje ulegaj¹ umorzeniu w razie ziszczenia siê okreœlonego zdarzenia bez powziêcia uchwa³y przez walne zgromadzenie. (KSH Art ) The statutes may provide for share redemption upon the occurrence of a specific event without a resolution of the general meeting. (CCC1) The company articles may provide for redeeming shares without the resolution of the general meeting should a certain event occur. (PCOCPAC) (iii) w razie = when / in the case where / in the case of Przepisy 1, 2, 4i5stosuje siê odpowiednio w razie ustania stosunku zale noœci. (KSH Art. 6 6) The provisions of 1, 2, 4, and 5 above shall apply accordingly to instances when the dependence relationship has ceased. (CCC1) The provisions of 1, 2, 4 and 5 shall apply mutatis mutandis in the case where arelation of dependence ceases to exist. (PCCC) The provisions of paragraphs 1, 2, 4 and 5 shall apply accordingly in the case of cessation of a relationship of dependency. (PCOCPAC) (iv) w wypadku = if Przepis 2 stosuje siê odpowiednio w wypadku wydzier awienia przedsiêbiorstwa lub ustanowienia na nim u ytkowania. The provision of paragraph 2 shall apply correspondingly if an enterprise is leased or a usufruct is established on it. 2. Tenses in legislative drafting 2.1. Tense in English legislative drafting The present tense used in drafting of French and Polish legislative texts is generally rendered by the mandatory shall in English. According to modern drafting manu- 12 Prawo upad³oœciowe (PU) Tense in English legislative drafting XV

16 Introduction to legal translation als, however, the drafter may also use present tense since the majority of rules have a continuing effect. They speak at the time of reading, not merely at the time of their adoption. The present tense thus includes the future tense. Therefore, the word shall is not to be used for stating a rule of law; the drafter should use it only to differentiate between mandatory and permissive statements. See the example below: A violation of any provision of this article shall be a misdemeanour. A violation of any provision of this article is a misdemeanour. The practice of using shall to state a legal result is called the false imperative and some legislative drafters and translators suggest that shall should be abandoned Tense in Polish legislative drafting There are no separate grammar rules to be applied in Polish legislative texts. One must only remember that the present tense is used in Polish drafting to express both normative content of a legislative sentence (legal / deontic modality) and fact-situation (epistemic modality). See the following example: stosuje siê = shall be governed / shall apply W sprawach okreœlonych w art. 1 1 nieuregulowanych w ustawie stosuje siê przepisy Kodeksu cywilnego. (KSH Art. 2) All matters set forth in Article 1 1 which are not regulated in this Act shall be governed by the provisions of the Civil Code. (CCC1) The provisions of the Civil Code shall apply to any matters specified in Article 1, paragraph 1 not regulated in this Act. (PCOCPAC) 3. Permission and authorisation in legislative sentences 3.1. Permission in English legislative sentences As acknowledged by many lawyers, an act which is not prohibited is permitted. Permissions and authorisations convey rights, privileges and powers on legal subjects. Permissions usually express a facultative operation which a person or legal institution is free to do. In other words, permissions cannot be violated. It must also be remembered that the granting of a permission serves as a means of cancelling a command, requirement, or a prohibition or making an exception to a command, requirement, or prohibition 13. As for authorisations, they are usually defined as a special type of legal speech act in which the permissive may can be interpreted as expressing a duty. May as permitted action The English drafters are advised to use may to authorise, but not require a person to take an action. To put it differently, may should be used to denote discretionary authority. 13 See: S. Šarèeviæ, op. cit., p XVI

17 3.2. Authorisation in English legislative sentences It is lawful to / it shall be lawful to = dopuszcza siê / jest zgodne z prawem It is lawful for a person to use such force as is reasonable to prevent the suicide of another person or any act which the person believes on reasonable grounds would, if committed, result in the suicide of another person. (Crimes Act 1900 Sect ) It shall be lawful for collecting officers to receive certified checks drawn on National and State banks and trust companies, during such time and under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, in payment for duties on imports, and all public dues, including special customs deposits. (US Law Collection Title 19 Customs and Duties 15 ) 3.2. Authorisation in English legislative sentences Authorisation confers power on a natural or legal person to perform an act which otherwise that person would not be permitted to perform 16 and can be formulated by using the quasi modal phrases such as be entitled to, be authorised, have the right to... and so forth. All these phrases usually appear in the indicative tense. Be entitled to = byæ uprawnionym do To create a right, drafters should use is/are entitled to, not shall be entitled to. At the same time, it must be noted that shall be entitled to appears mostly in main clauses which present statements of law, whereas be entitled in the present tense indicative mood occurs in subordinate clauses expressing fact-situation. Be empowered = byæ umocowanym The Board is empowered, as hereinafter provided, to prevent any person from engaging in any unfair labor practice. (US Law Collection Title 29 Labor 17 ). The agent who receives the fugitive into his custody shall be empowered to transport him to the jurisdiction from which he has fled. (US Law Collection Title 18 - Crimes and Criminal Procedure 18 ) Be authorised / authorised = byæ upowa nionym A person is authorised to carry out a forensic procedure on a suspect with the informed consent of the suspect. [Crimes Act 1914 (Act No. 12 of 1914)] The corporation shall be authorized to charge a fee to the small business borrower, in an amount determined by the office pursuant to regulation. (California Corporations Code 19 ) 14 Retrieved from: ca190082/?quwry=title+%28+%22crime+act+1900%22+%29 15 Retrieved from: 16 See: S. Šarèeviæ, op. cit., p Retrieved from: 18 Retrieved from: 19 Retrieved from: XVII

18 Introduction to legal translation Shall have the power to = mieæ prawo do The Secretary shall have the power to Delegation of functions; appointment of personnel, technical assistance to make delegations, to appoint such agents and employees.... (US Code Title US Law Collection Title 29 Labor Section ) 3.3. Negation of command, prohibition and requirement in English legislative sentences As mentioned above, permission can also be construed as cancellation of a command, prohibition or requirement. This is done by means of negation. Use of shall in permissions Generally, drafters are advised against using shall to grant permissions. According to drafting manual of North Dakota 21, shall not and no person shall mean that no one is required to act. In other words, a provision that includes one of these phrases negates the obligation, but not permission to act. Thus it has been suggested that in prohibiting action, drafters should avoid shall not and use may not instead. This approach, however, is not in line with Coode s recommendations; for Coode it shall not be lawful expresses a prohibition which in fact can be better formulated by using no person shall. Coode s suggestions have been accepted in Britain and the Commonwealth. (1) shall not be required = nie jest wymagany The Secretary of State shall not be required by subsection (5) to lay before Parliament, or may exclude from what he does to lay, anything the publication of which, in his opinion- (a) would be against the interests of national security; (b) could prejudice the prevention or detection of crime or the apprehension or prosecution of offenders; or (c) could jeopardise the safety of any person. (Police Reform Act ) (2) shall not require = nie wymaga In prescribing regulations under paragraph (1), the Secretary - (A) shall not require any person to file returns on magnetic media unless such person is required to file at least 250 returns during the calendar year, and (B) shall take into account (among other relevant factors) the ability of the taxpayer to comply at reasonable cost with the requirements of such regulations. (US Law Collection Title 26 Internal Revenue Code 23 ) (3) No... shall be required = nie wymaga siê No person shall be required to deduct and withhold any amount under subsection (a) with respect to a disposition if paragraph (2), (3), (4), (5), or (6) applies to the transaction. (US Law Collection Title 26 Internal Revenue Code) 20 Retrieved from: Legislative Drafting Manual, available at: bills/docs/pdf/part6.pdf 22 Retrieved from: 23 Retrieved from: XVIII

19 3.4. Permission and authorisation in Polish legislative sentences (4) Nothing... shall require = nie wymaga siê Nothing in this section shall require the payment of tax with respect to any calendar quarter or other period if the tax under section 3301 for such period, plus any unpaid amounts for prior periods in the calendar year, does not exceed $100. (US Law Collection Title 26 Internal Revenue Code) 3.4. Permission and authorisation in Polish legislative sentences The Polish performative verbs that express permission 24 are wolno, móc, zezwalaæ, dopuszczaæ and descriptive forms such as byæ dozwolonym, byæ dopuszczalnym. See the following examples: (i) wolno = shall be permissible Wolno zatrudniaæ tylko tych m³odocianych, którzy: 1) ukoñczyli co najmniej gimnazjum, 2) przedstawi¹ œwiadectwo lekarskie stwierdzaj¹ce, e praca danego rodzaju nie zagra a ich zdrowiu. (KP Art ) It shall be permissible to employ only those young adults who: 1) have completed at least junior high school; 2) present a medical certificate stating that work of a particular type is not hazardous to their health. (PLC) (ii) wolno = shall be free Je eli wartoœæ wk³adów niepieniê nych lub przedmiotów i praw maj¹tkowych, nabywanych przed zarejestrowaniem, ustalona przez bieg³ych rewidentów jest ni sza przynajmniej o jedn¹ pi¹t¹ od wartoœci, oznaczonej w sprawozdaniu za³o ycieli, wolno ka demu subskrybentowi zrzec siê uczestnictwa w spó³ce. (KH 25 Art. 325) Where the value of non-cash contributions or propriety rights and things acquired prior to registration, determined by expert auditors, is lower by at least one fifth than the value indicated in the promoters report, each subscriber shall be free to resign from participation in the company. (PCC2 26 ) (iii) wolno = shall be authorised W³aœcicielowi wolno w poœcigu za rojem wejœæ na cudzy grunt, powinien jednak naprawiæ wynik³¹ st¹d szkodê. (KC Art. 182) In pursuing the swarm the owner shall be authorised to enter the land of another person but he has to redress the resulting damage. (PCC) (iv) mo e = may / shall have the right Odwo³aæ prokurê mo e ka dy wspólnik maj¹cy prawo prowadzenia spraw spó³ki. (KSH Art. 41 2) The commercial power of attorney may be revoked by any partner who has the right to manage the affairs of the partnership. (PCCC) 24 Wronkowska and Zieliñski use the term competence (kompetencja) in reference to permission and authorisation. (See: Problemy i zasady redagowania tekstów prawnych, Warszawa, Urz¹d Rady Ministrów) 25 Kodeks handlowy (KH). 26 D. Kierzkowska & A. Wiœniewski (ed.), The Polish Commercial Code, Warszawa, 1998, (PCC2). XIX

20 Introduction to legal translation Every partner having the right to conduct affairs of the partnership shall have the right to revoke the procuration. (PCOCPAC) In Polish legislative texts, there is also mo na to be found. It is another form of móc, and it occurs in subjectless constructions. Polish legislators use mo na when they address the general public; they do not name the legal subject of the norm. This should be obvious from the context. See the example below: (v) mo na = may Potr¹cenia z tytu³ów wymienionych w 1i2mo na równie dokonaæ z urzêdu. (OP Art. 64 3) 27 Set-offs under the rights listed in 1 and 2 may also be made ex officio. (AORFT) 28 (vi) jest dopuszczalny = is possible Uk³ad jest dopuszczalny tylko wtedy, gdy zapewnione jest zaspokojenie wierzycieli uprzywilejowanych i wierzycieli masy upad³oœci, chyba e zgodz¹ siê oni na zawarcie uk³adu. (PU Art. 174) The arrangement is possible only where a guarantee exists for the satisfaction of preferential creditors and creditors of the bankruptcy estate, or where they have agreed to the making of the arrangement. (PCC) (vii) jest dopuszczalne = is admissible Potr¹cenie jednak jest dopuszczalne, je eli nabywca sta³ siê wierzycielem upad³ego wskutek sp³acenia jego d³ugu,....(pu Art. 34 1) The set-off is admissible, however, where the transferee has become the bankrupt s creditor by paying off his debt....(pcc) (viii) jest dopuszczalne = may Stosowanie niebezpiecznych substancji i niebezpiecznych preparatów chemicznych jest dopuszczalne pod warunkiem zastosowania œrodków zapewniaj¹cych pracownikom ochronê ich zdrowia i ycia. (KP Art ) Hazardous chemical substances and preparations may be used on condition that measures are taken to protect the health and life of employees. (PLC) (ix) dopuszczalne jest = may / shall be allowed Dopuszczalne jest u ywanie w obrocie skrótu sp. j. (KSH Art. 24 2) The partnership may use the abbreviated form sp. j. in business dealings. (CCC1) The abbreviation sp.j. may be used in business dealings. (PCCC) The abbreviation sp.j. shall be allowed to be used in trading. (PCOCPAC) (x) jest dozwolone = shall be permitted / shall be allowed / may W przypadkach okreœlonych w 1 pkt. 1 i 2 nabycie akcji w³asnych przez spó³kê jest dozwolone tylko wtedy, gdy zosta³y spe³nione ³¹cznie nastêpuj¹ce warunki: 1) nabyte akcje zosta³y w pe³ni pokryte. (KSH Art ) 27 Ordynacja podatkowa (OP). 28 K. Miller and J. Yrkoski, Ordynacja Podatkowa. Act on Rules for Taxation, Warszawa 2002, (AORFT). XX