MULTIFUNCTIONALITY: HOW TO KEEP RURAL AREAS ALIVE?

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1 MULTIFUNCTIONALITY: HOW TO KEEP RURAL AREAS ALIVE? prof. Ewa Rembiałkowska, SGGW Warsaw University of Life Sciences Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences Chair of Organic Foodstuffs phone:

2 PLAN OF THE LECTURE 1. Characteristic of rural area problems in Europe on Polish example 2. Multifuctionality of rural areas as an opportunity for further development 3. Significance of human capital 4. Landscape and biodiversity as important factors of rural area development 5. Role of organic farming for rural area development

3 Share of urban and rural areas in Poland (Central Statistical Office 2007) Total Areas Urban Rural in million ha per 1 inhabit. in ha in million ha per 1 urban inhabit. in ha total (%) in million ha per 1 rural inhabit. in ha total (%) 31,27 0,82 2,14 0,09 6,8 29,13 1,97 93,2

4 Number of urban and rural inhabitants in Poland (Central Statistical Office 2007) Population (million) Total 38,13 urban 23,38 rural 14,75 (38,7%)

5 Level of education in the rural areas Rural population is still less educated in comparison to urban population. Urban inhabitants characterize much greater percentage of people with higher education (73% in cities compared to 56% in the countryside) and more than 3-times lower percentage of people without education (1,5% in cities versus 5,0% in countryside). Source: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata , MRiRW, 2005

6 Unemployment in the rural areas Rural unemployment (registred and hidden) estimated on about 1,6 mln people and limited posibbilites of employment in the country are the most important and most difficult problems to overcome. Fight against unemployment in the rural areas through facilitating access to labour market and creating non-agricultural work places on the rural areas is one of the most important challanges for economic policy. Source: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata , MRiRW, 2005

7 Causes of unemployment in the rural areas In the first years of system transformation negative phenomena were cumulated in agriculture and related services which had an adverse effect upon employment of rural population: a) agrarian overpopulation in the countryside and excessive employment in agriculture b) liquidation of state and cooperative ownership in agriculture and its surroundings c) employment reduction in industrial-service sectors of national economy Source: Zarębski 2002, Bariery i moŝliwości wielofunkcyjnego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich

8 Progress in rural economy is determined by many factors, but the primary is increase of non-agricultural employment among population living on rural areas. Rural Area Development Programme adopted by Poland envisaged creation of great number of non-agricultural work places in the countryside.

9 Most frequent forms of non-agricultural work places: a) production or services based on work of the family members (e.g. agricultural product processing) b) casual work (often not registered) c) temporary departure for paid work in various places in of land or abroad d) lodgings rental for tourists and other related services e) running agri-tourist farms f) craft, handicraft Source: Górz & Ustupski 1996

10 Currently development of nonagricultural economy spheres on rural areas meet many different limitations: difficult economic situation local background connected with low economic activity of rural inhabitants poor condition of technical infrastructure lack of funds low income of rural inhabitants Source: Górz, Uliszak 2002, Wielofunkcyjny rozwój na obszarach wiejskich w południowej Polsce

11 Experience in scope of multifunctional economy on rural areas allow to state that creation of more non- agricultural economic entities depend mainly on: local background connected with entrepreneurship of inhabitants experiences of running independent companies local government initiative natural, human and capital sources local traditions Source: Hryniewicz 1996, Przedsiębiorczość i jej lokalne uwarunkowania

12 Rural area development tendencies in Poland in One of the most serious barriers of multifunctional rural area development is still poor development of technical infrastructure. It is assumed that support of infrastructure investment connected with agriculture by regional programmes will significantly improve standard of living and work on the rural areas and increase attractiveness of rural areas for the investors. Source: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata , MRiRW, 2005

13 Rural area development tendencies in Poland in In period it may be assumed that income of rural area inhabitants will increase. More over growth in number of farms for which more than 50% of income will come from non-agricultural activity is expected, caused by drop in number of farms deriving income from non-gainful sources (pensions). It may be also expected gradual decrease in number of farms maintaining in more than 50% from agriculture activity. Source: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata , MRiRW, 2005

14 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF RURAL AREAS

15 Multifunctionality of agriculture and rural areas means consideration of non-production aspects of farming

16 Importance of agriculture for environmental protection Agriculture except for basic function of food production performs important role in scope of environmental and landscape protection, maintaining of soil fertility, habitat richness and biodiversity. Multifunctional agriculture concept indicates possibility of combining those functions by forming agriculture production in accordance with environmental requirements and landscape maintenance, as well as undertaking additional activities by farmers (diversification of agricultural activity). Source: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata , MRiRW, 2005

17 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE It is desirable to relate integrated development of the countryside with organic farming (environment, high quality regional products, biodiversity) in the way that will result in social, cultural and economic development of rural areas. Contemporary farmers should pay many functions not only be the producers of food, but also take care of the environment and promote regional development and local culture. In addition to those functions organic farmers through their actions have an impact on health of rural and urban community.

18 Share of organic farms in total number of farms and arable land area in Poland Source: Central Statistical Office, 2007 TOTAL ORGANIC with certificate + in-conversion % ORGANIC in total Number of farms >1ha Arable land area (thousand ha) ,5% 15957,3 228,04 1,4%

19 Number of organic and in-conversion farms in Poland in period Source: IJHARS

20 Organic agriculture area in Poland in [ha] Source: IJHARS

21 Area structure of organic crops in Poland (by GIJHARS 2004) 4% 1% 44% 51% grassland arable crops berries & orchards vegetables

22 Opportunities for the development of organic farming in Poland Making use of specific backwardness of Polish agriculture to build competitiveness of Polish organic farms require increase of farmer s knowledge and capital investment as well as marketing actions. An advantage for Polish agriculture is relatively favourable age structure of rural population. In Poland 16% of farm managers is up to 34 years of age, whereas in EU-15 only 8%. During adaptation to new conditions (membership in EU) young farmers are more willing to take risk and challenges coming from new situation than older farmers. Source: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata , MRiRW, 2005

23 Opportunities for the development of organic farming in Poland Poland has an advantage towards UE market in the sectors & directions that require high expenses of work and land and are relatively difficult to mechanize. Regarding traditional methods of production and low usage of chemicals, Poland may successfully produce high quality food, for which demand will be growing among Polish and EU consumers. Źródło: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata , MRiRW, 2005

24 Opportunities for the development of organic farming in Poland High biodiversity of many agricultural areas gives Poland special position in the European Union. Environmental richness of Poland composed of several semi-natural, unique habitats disappearing in the European landscape is the reason why many consumers in EU perceive Poland not only as high quality food producer, but also as the region in which supporting environmental friendly agriculture would enable to save many disappearing species and habitats. Źródło: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata , MRiRW, 2005

25 HIGH QUALITY FOOD

26 ORGANIC FARMING FAIR TRADE SLOW FOOD TRADITIONAL PRODUCTS

27 REGIONAL PRODUCTS Regional products are the products manufactured only in selected regions of European Union, whose name and manufacture technology are legally protected. Protected Geographical Indication and Protected Designation of Origin are used for individualization of products, showing the origin of famous regional products.

28 REGIONAL PRODUCTS Protected Designation of Origin Protected Geographical Indication

29 Those geographical indications are defined in EU law to protect the names of regional foods. The legislation came into force in The law ensures that only products genuinely originating in that region are allowed in commerce as such. The purpose of the law is to protect the reputation of the regional foods and eliminate the unfair competition and misleading of consumers by non-genuine products, which may be of inferior quality or of different flavor. The origin of the product is only one of the criteria for use of the protected terms: the product must also meet various quality criteria.

30 TRADITIONAL PRODUCTS Traditional products are characterized by the label Traditional Speciality Guaranteed, where specific character of product must resulting from tradition and must have the features that distinguish it from other products. This is a similar protected term which does not impose any restrictions on the geographical origin of the product, however only products which meet the various quality criteria may use the protected indication.

31 Awarding those labels increase competitiveness of products and may be serious factor attracting potential consumers. Product which origin is guaranteed by EU, create a positive image of the area and encourage to visit ones region (stimulating development of tourism).

32 Consumer having access to high quality product become familiarized with its producer, natural and cultural environment in which the product was manufactured. Through relation with region, purchase become a beginning of the contact with unique culture, tradition, history, community and nature of ones region.

33 Fair Trade Organized social movement which promotes standards for international labour, environmentalism, and social policy Focuses on exports from developing countries to developed countries Work with marginalized producers and workers Help them move from vulnerability to security and economic self-sufficiency Empower them to become stakeholders in their own organizations and actively play a wider role in the global arena to achieve greater equity in international trade

34 FAIR TRADE & ORGANIC FARMING Common points: Sustainable development Consumers Protection of small producers

35 What is Slow Food? Main objectives Organization founded in 1986 in Italy by Carlo Petrini as the opposition to growing popularity of fast food Currantly there are members in 132 countries The "culinary wing" of the anti globalization movement Movement for good, clean and fair food Created to combat fast food and to preserve the cultural cuisine and the associated food plants and seeds, domestic animals, and farming within an ecoregion

36 Aims and objectives of the movement Organizing seed banks to preserve native plant cultivars Programme Ark of Taste" enhancing biodiversity by preserving native plant cultivars, breeds and foods Preserving and promoting local and traditional food and cusine Taste Education Educating consumers about the hidden risks of fast food Lobbying for changes in agricultural policy to support organic farms

37 Aims and objectives of the movement Lobbying against the use of pesticides Lobbying against genetic modification of foodstuffs Organizing small-scale processing Educating citizens about the hidden risks of agribusiness and factory farms Educating citizens about the risks of monoculture and reliance on too few genomes or varieties

38 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE RURAL AREAS BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE MEANS: Local processing of food (household production of cheese, meat, pasta, fruit and vegetable processed products) Farm gate sales Local, small restaurants and guest houses offering organic food

39 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE RURAL AREAS BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE Local ecological events: harvest home festivals, open days, apple tree days Restitution of regional culture: paintings, sculpture, ceramics, textiles, blacksmiths, other crafts, performance on musical instruments, dance, song

40 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE RURAL AREAS BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE Groups of producers Local markets and organic fairs

41 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE MEANS: Local ecological events: harvest home festivals, open days, apple tree days Restitution of regional culture: paintings, sculpture, ceramics, textiles, blacksmiths, other crafts, performance on musical instruments, dance, song.

42 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE Attractive agricultural landscape based on small and medium organic farms

43 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE RURAL AREAS BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE Regional foot Biodiversity of plants through the restitution of old trees and fruit shrub cultivars Biodiversity of animals through the restitution of old animal breeds (cows, horses, pigs, geese, ducks, hens)

44 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE RURAL AREAS BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE Open, demonstration farms Agri-tourist farms

45 Importance of the human resources Education of the citizens (secondary and high schools) Ecological education Enterprise development Networking = creation of the groups, associations, cooperation networks, companies, producer groups, etc. Role of local leaders and their creation

46 Networking

47 Role of local community in the promotion of multifunctional development Promotion of territorial development by involving all the local inhabitants in order to provide understanding about the identity of their own area, to inform them of the advantages and opportunities deriving from integrated strategies for development and promotion of the area.

48 Role of information activities Spreading of information and knowledge of common interest to all the local operators is an key element in starting up new processes of local development and improvement of those which already exist.

49 Environmental focus Organic agriculture means: Sustainable environmental practices such as careful land use and management Sustainable use of natural resources Non-degradative environmental practices such as reducing pollution caused by chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other hazardous substances Reducing the environmental cost of transporting food over long distances Biodiversity maintenance Sustainability of biotic populations

50 Environmental focus Biodiversity resulting from spatial complication of landscape in organic farming performs 3 functions: 1. Ecological function involving maintenance of biodiversity and homeostasis 2. Productive function involving prevention from pests, weeds and plant diseases. Realising this function is possible thanks to biological balance and landscape homeostasis 3. Estetic - health function. Human being is an integral part of nature. Contact with natural environment determines mental health, which is the base of physical health.

51 Biodiversity on the Earth The existence of every species is an immanent value, ethical value as such according to many religions, in that Christianity and Buddhism Contemporary civilization through its quick technical development endangers biodiversity Danger of extinction: 12 % of the world's nearly 10,000 bird species; 24 % of the world's 4,763 mammal species; and an estimated 30 % of all 25,000 fish species * Intensive agriculture is one of the most aggresive factor diminishing the species richness Organic farming enhances biodiversity. ========================================================== * Species Survival Commission, 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK: World Conservation Union-IUCN, 2000).

52 Environment mental status physical status The environment is a significant determinant of human health Without clean air, water and food, esthetic landscape, maintaining good health is impossible Lack of the contact with nature causes the mental disorders Initial findings indicate that nature plays a vital role in human health and well-being, and that parks and nature reserves play a significant role by providing access to nature for individuals* People with mental disorders, especially mood problems like clinical depression and bipolar disorder, have a high risk of developing certain cancers at younger ages, including brain and lung cancer ** Organic farms, relatively small and diversed, provide pleasant esthetic feelings perceived by all senses. =========================================================================== *Maller C., Townsend M., Pryor A., Brown P., and St Leger L.Health Promotion International (1):45-54 **Carney, C. Psychosomatic Medicine, vol 66. Diane Thompson, MD, director of psychiatric oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta WebMD, Inc. All rights reserved.

53 OLD ANIMAL BREEDS

54 Benefits from restitution of old animal breeds Native breeds are perfectly adopted to local, even difficult environmental conditions of country and region of origin. Animals of old breeds live longer, are immune to diseases and had high fertility and proliferacy. Livestock of old breeds adopt to lower quality of fodder and use them well.

55 Benefits from restitution of old animal breeds Native animal husbandry allow to obtain better quality products or more desirable taste value that result in higher sale prices of meet. Old animal breeds are the part of cultural heritage of the region that fulfil landscape, ethnographical, and socio-cultural functions, increase tourist attractiveness and in consequence constitute important element of economic development of the region. Native breeds play significant role in preserving biodiversity of rural areas having high natural values (protected areas).

56 OLD CATTLE BREEDS

57 POLSKA CZERWONA Masa ciała byka kg, krowy kg. Przeciętna wydajność mleczna krowy: litrów o zawartości tłuszczu 4,2% i 3,4% białka. Ich mleko jest bardzo dobrym surowcem do produkcji serów. Liczba czystorasowych krów w Polsce wynosi 470 sztuk. Bydło rasy polskiej czerwonej hodowane było na naszych ziemiach od najdawniejszych czasów. Zasięg dzisiejszej populacji, która stanowi zaledwie 3% całego pogłowia ogranicza się do Małopolski i Mazur. Zwierzęta tej rasy łatwo dostosowują się do warunków panujących w górach. Nie są wymagające, jeśli chodzi o dawkę pokarmową - do utrzymania dobrej kondycji wystarczy im łąka górska i siano.

58 RASA BIAŁOGRZBIETA Jest to bydło od wieków bytujące w Polsce, doskonale wykorzystujące pasze i wytrzymałe na miejscowe warunki. Dotychczas zlokalizowano ponad 100 sztuk bydła tej rasy w rejonie nadbuŝańskim, nadbiebrzańskim i na Polesiu. Bydło tej rasy uŝytkuje się w kierunku mlecznym i mięsnym.

59 OLD SWINE BREEDS

60 ŚWINIA PUŁAWSKA Jej populacja stanowi dzisiaj około 1% pogłowia świń w kraju. Świnia ta dobrze przystosowuje się do warunków środowiska i trudnych warunków utrzymania, jest odporna i niewybredna w stosunku do paszy. Dobrze wykorzystuje pastwisko. Charakteryzuje ją wczesność dojrzewania rozpłodowego, długowieczność oraz wysoka odporność na specyficzne patogeny. Lochy są mleczne i troskliwe, wykazują wysoką płodność i plenność. Maciora tej rasy osiąga masę kg, a knur kg.

61 ZŁOTNICKA PSTRA Pogłowie tych świń jest bardzo małe. Charakteryzują się dobrej jakości mięsem i słoniną. Wadą tej rasy jest duŝe otłuszczenie podskórne i słaba uŝytkowość rozpłodowa. Liczbę zwierząt szacuje się na około 300 sztuk. Dorosła maciora osiąga masę kg, a knur kg. Są to świnie w typie mięsno słoninowym w kierunku mięsnym, późno dojrzewające.

62 ZŁOTNICKA BIAŁA Świnie te selekcjonowane były w kierunku zwiększenia mięsności tuszy. Liczba zwierząt tej rasy wynosi 300 sztuk. Dorosła maciora osiąga masę kg, a knur kg. Są to świnie w typie mięsnym, późno dojrzewające, o średnio-szybkim tempie wzrostu.

63 OLD SHEEP BREEDS

64 OWCA OLKUSKA Jest rodzimą odmianą owcy długowełnistej. Przyzwyczajona jest do tradycyjnego chowu w małych gospodarstwach i w niewielkich stadach. W programach ochronnych tych zwierząt w 2002 roku uczestniczyło 105 matek utrzymywanych w 7 stadach.

65 OWCA WRZOSÓWKA Jest jedną z najstarszych rodzimych ras owiec. JuŜ od XVII wieku występowała w rejonie północno - wschodniej Polski. Jest doskonale przystosowana do chowu w trudnych warunkach klimatyczno środowiskowych oraz mało wymagająca, jeśli chodzi o paszę.

66 OWCA ŚWINIARKA Jest najbardziej prymitywną z utrzymywanych w kraju ras owiec. Niska liczebność populacji powoduje, Ŝe rasa ta ciągle zagroŝona jest wyginięciem. W 2002 roku w programie ochronnym uczestniczyło 250 matek utrzymywanych w trzech stadach. Dzięki temu, Ŝe owce te nie wymagają opieki człowieka dobrze nadają się do wypasu na nieuŝytkach oraz pielęgnacji krajobrazu na terenach cennych przyrodniczo.

67 OLD POULTRY BREEDS

68 ZIELONONÓśKA KUROPATWIANA Kura rasy ogólnouŝytkowej. Masa ciała koguta 2,5 kg, kury 2,0 kg. Jest dobrze przystosowana do naszego klimatu i ekstensywnych warunków chowu. Warunkiem koniecznym przy hodowli tej rasy jest zapewnienie jej obszernego wybiegu. ZielononóŜkę kuropatwianą charakteryzuje długowieczność i silnie rozwinięty instynkt kwoczenia. Do chowu przydatna jest w stadach do 200 sztuk. NieduŜa uŝytkowość nieśna kur tej rasy (około ) jaj spowodowała jej wyparcie przez bardziej wydajne rasy. Mięso zielononóŝki kuropatwianej ma znakomity smak, a jaja odznaczają się obniŝoną zawartością cholesterolu.

69 RASA RHODE ISLAND Inaczej karmazyn, została wyhodowana w stanie o tej samej nazwie w USA, importowana do Polski w latach 60-tych. Kury tej rasy charakteryzują się dobrą zdrowotnością. Ich nieśność wynosi około jaj. Masa koguta wynosi 2,5 kg, a kury 1,9 kg.

70 PEKIN KRAJOWY Kaczki tej rasy wykazują duŝą odporność na niekorzystne warunki środowiskowe i Ŝywieniowe. Pozyskiwane z nich mięso odznacza się duŝą wartością dietetyczną, a tuszka małą zawartością tłuszczu. Z kaczek tej rasy otrzymuje się pierze dobrej jakości. Nadają się bardzo dobrze do chowu przydomowego. Masa ciała dorosłych samic osiąga 3 kg, a samców 3,5 kg. Kaczki znoszą do 160 jaj. Jest to typ ogólnouŝytkowy.

71 GĘŚ POMORSKA Najstarsza polska rasa gęsi. WyróŜnia ją duŝa zdrowotność i odporność na niekorzystne warunki środowiska. Ma wysokie wskaźniki reprodukcyjne. Nadaje się zarówno do chowu w duŝych, jak i w małych stadach. MoŜe odegrać duŝą rolę w zachowaniu środowiska przyrodniczego i tradycyjnej kultury na Pomorzu. Masa ciała dorosłych gęsi wynosi 3,5 5 kg, gąsiorów 4 6 kg. Nieśność wynosi od 15 do 40 jaj. Niektóre z pozostałych ras gęsi objętych programem ochrony starych ras to: gęś zatorska, biłgorajska, lubelska, kielecka, suwalska.

72 OLD PLANT CULTIVARS APPLE TREES

73 Fight for biodiversity * According to Convention on Biological Diversity, all countries are obliged to implement programmes of plant protection and fruit trees. * One of the most common ways of preserving cultivated fruit-tree cultivars is collection in the form of orchard. * Keeping old, historical cultivars in the places that they were originally cultivated ( in situ ) is of great importance.

74 In Europe such works are being conducted by nearly 30 years

75 Brugia 1975 In 1975 in Fruit-growing Plant Protection Station in Brugia a collection of more than 1450 old apple, pear and plum cultivars were created. Gathered material included original, forgotten Belgian cultivars found only in amateur cultivation. The breeding material was taken from many old cultivated collections and private farms. It turned out that consumers were satisfied with old apple cultivars, therefore producers started to introduce old cultivars to modern orchards. (Populer 1983)

76 Bordeaux 1979 In 1979 in Bordeaux an Eco-museum was created, collecting 150 local apple cultivars, 50 pear cultivars and several other fruits typical for selected parts of France. Problems with tree protection against diseases and pests require permanent observation of trees and further intensive studies on preserving old cultivars. (Leterme 1983)

77 Powsin 1987 In Poland studies on preserving old apple cultivars are conducted in several scientific centres, amongst the others in Botanical Garden of Polish Academy of Science in Powsin. Since 1987 old, already forgotten apple cultivars (about 250) were collected there. Half of the cultivars came from Fruit-growing Institute in Skierniewice, Drezden Pilitz Centre in Germany and Ujfeherte Centre in Hungary. Remaining part of the material came from private orchards from the whole country. Entire collection possesses more than 0.7 ha and every cultivar is represented by two trees. Every year an intensive observation of trees took place: beginning of vegetation, fruiting, blossoming.

78 OLD FRUIT TREE CULTIVARS WHY IT IS WORTH TO MAINTAIN A TRADITION? Traditional orchard provides fruits with the outstanding and diversed tastes Old cultivars are well adapted, resistant to frost and relatively resistant to diseases High home gardens with old fruit trees give a beautiful view to the farmyard and whole village, creating the specific cultural landscape

79 OLD FRUIT TREE CULTIVARS WHY IT IS WORTH TO MAINTAIN A TRADITION? Old fruit tress cultivars are connected with a traditional processing methods Cultivation of the existing old trees and planting of the new trees is the only way to keep the gene resources of the old cultuivars Traditional extensive orchard is full of life, creating the refuges for many plant and animal species (biodiversity) Liquidation of the orchard means the extinction of the organisms settling this ecosystem

80 OLD FRUIT TREE CULTIVARS WHY IT IS WORTH TO MAINTAIN A TRADITION? Numerous diseases occuring in market orchards, especially apple powdery mildew (Podospharea lucotricha) oraz apple scab (Venturia inequalis) has pushed the breeders to look for the genetic resistance, because the further intensification of the chemical protection is dangerous for humans and environment Old fruit tree cultivars can be valuable source of the gene resistance to these diseases.

81 OLD FRUIT TREE CULTIVARS WHY IT IS WORTH TO MAINTAIN A TRADITION? Old apple cultivars have high sensory and nutritive values in comparison to new market cultiuvars In Great Britain the higher content of dry matter and selected mineral compounds (Mg, Fe, Cu, Na, K, P) in old apple cultivars has been confirmed in comparison to the new cultivars (Mayer 1997) Old apple cultivars contain high level of the antioxidative compounds such as phenols, anthocyanins, vitamin C; they contain also a lot of total and reducing sugars Sensory evaluation has indicated also higher scores for the old apple cultivars compared to the new market varieties (Bignami i in. 2003)**. *Badanie przeprowadzono na podstawie Tabel chemicznego składu Ŝywności wydanych w 1940 dla starych odmian oraz w roku 1991 dla odmian nowych. ** W swoich badaniach Bignami i in (2003) odnaleźli silną pozytywną korelację pomiędzy smakiem i soczystością oraz negatywną pomiędzy świeŝością oraz mączystością wśród 36 starych i 4 nowych odmian włoskich jabłoni. W zestawieniu preferencji nowych i starych odmian okazało się, Ŝe niektóre stare odmiany lokalne (Zuchcerina i Iaccia) były oceniane na o wiele wyŝej niŝ nowe odmiany takie jak Golden Delicious czy Red Delicious.

82 PROJECT SIMOCA IN POLAND Restitution of old apple tree cultivars in the area of Brodnicki Landscape Park Fot. Apple tree old orchard in Balówki (P. Defański)

83 PROJECT SIMOCA IN POLAND Conducting the research on taste and nutritional value of the fruits of old apple tree cultivars Orange koksa (foto by P. Defański)

84 140,0 120,0 100,0 80,0 60,0 40,0 20,0 0,0 125,03 Comparison of the nutritional properties of the old and new apple cultivars 200,0 189,08 96,45 94,97 92,90 55,13 45,66 Total flavons 180,0 160,0 140,0 120,0 100,0 80,0 150,01 97,50 Vitamin C 21,39 22,79 20,07 13,38 10,75 60,0 40,0 20,0 44,16 43,04 30,91 26,52 26,87 19,98 14,73 4,14 0,0 mg * 100 g.d.m Malinowa Oberlandzka Grafsztynek Prawdziwy KsiąŜe Albrecht Pruski Szara Reneta mean Jonagold Cortland Idared Lobo mean LSD /0,05/ for cultivar old cultivars new cultivars 118,71 120,00 100,00 80,00 60,00 79,50 75,10 68,09 63,29 50,19 50,32 49,59 40,44 mg*100 g.d.m. 40,00 31,24 26,48 20,00 0,00 Szara Reneta KsiąŜe Albrecht Pruski Malinowa Oberlandzka Grafsztynek Prawdziwy mean Idared Jonagold Cortland Lobo mean LSD /0,05/ for cultivar Malinowa Oberlandzka KsiąŜe Albrecht Pruski Grafsztynek Prawdziwy Szara Reneta mean Lobo Cortland Idared Jonagold mean LSD /0,05/ for cultivar mg*100 g.d.m. old cultivars new cultivars Anthocyanins old cultivars new cultivars

85 Sensory properties of the old and new apple cultivars Malinowa Oberlandzka 10,00 9,00 8,00 Taste 7,00 6,00 5,00 4,00 5,83 5,80 4,43 4,37 5,11 6,47 5,10 4,67 3,90 5,04 3,00 Koksa Pomarańczowa 2,00 1,00 0,00 Koksa Pomarańczowa Kosztela Złota Reneta Boiken mean Jonagold Idared Lobo Cortland mean old cultivars new cultivars KsiąŜe Albrecht Pruski 10,00 9,00 8,00 7,00 6,00 5,00 5,80 5,63 5,07 4,63 5,28 Total paratability 6,03 5,17 4,13 4,10 4,86 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 Kosztela Koksa Pomarańczowa Złota Reneta Boiken mean Jonagold Idared Lobo Cortland mean old cultivars new cultivars

86 CONCLUSIONS 1. The old apple cultivars had better nutritional value and contained more total flavonoids, vitamin C and anthocyanins in comparison to new ones. 2. In sensory analysis old apple cultivars were evaluated higher, especially in terms of the total acceptance in comparison to new apple cultivars. Cesarz Wilhelm Boiken Złota Reneta

87 DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED CULTIVARS

88 MALINOWA OBERLANDZKA (popularna malinówka) Odmiana ze zwisającymi pędami. Owocuje corocznie, dość obficie. Odmiana średnio wraŝliwa na mróz, dość odporna na choroby. Owoce są średnie i duŝe. Mają wydłuŝony, Ŝebrowany kształt, purpurową, błyszczącą skórkę i przebarwiony na róŝowo miąŝsz o malinowym smaku. Dojrzałość zbiorczą owoce osiągają w końcu września, spoŝywczą w końcu października. DuŜe owoce moŝna przechowywać najwyŝej przez listopad, średniej wielkości do stycznia.

89 BOIKEN Niemiecka odmiana zimowa. Owoce średnio duŝe, kulistostoŝkowate, o Ŝółtawozielonej, gładkiej i lekko tłustej skórce, czasem z róŝowym rumieńcem. MiąŜsz jest biały, zwięzły, dosyć kwaśny. Idealna odmiana na przetwory. Owoce dojrzewają w drugiej połowie października. Przechowują się do maja. W owocowanie wchodzi wcześnie, owocuje obficie, nawet na lekkich glebach. Odmiana średnio wytrzymała na mróz oraz średnio wraŝliwa na parch i mączniak.

90 KSIĄśĘ ALBRECHT PRUSKI Odmiana niemiecka. Drzewo rośnie niezbyt silnie. Wcześnie wchodzi w owocowanie. Owocuje obficie. Odmiana bardzo odporna na choroby i dostatecznie wytrzymała na mróz. Owoce duŝe lub średniej wielkości, wyrównane co do kształtu i wielkości. Skórka gładka, zielonkawoŝółta, z ciemnoczerwonym, rozmyto prąŝkowanym rumieńcem. MiąŜsz zielonkawoŝółty, kwaskowaty, aromatyczny, kruchy, smaczny. Owoce dojrzewają w połowie września. Do spoŝycia nadają się od października do grudnia. Doskonała odmiana amatorska, gdyŝ nie wymaga oprysków przeciw parchowi.

91 KOKSA POMARAŃCZOWA Odmiana angielska, znana juŝ w XIX wieku. Drzewo początkowo rośnie dość silnie, potem w miarę wzrastania plonów jego wzrost maleje. Dość wcześnie wchodzi w owocowanie. Owocuje umiarkowanie. Wymaga gleby Ŝyznej, dostatecznie wilgotnej. Drzewa są wraŝliwe na mróz, ale dość odporne na parch. Owoce są średniej wielkości. Skórka gruba, sucha, matowa, zielona z Ŝółtawym odcieniem, pokryta miedziano-pomarańczowym rumieńcem, z licznymi paskami i smuŝkami. MiąŜsz wybitnie smaczny, kremowo-zielony, kruchy, drobnoziarnisty, soczysty, aromatyczny, z gruszkowym posmakiem. Owoce dojrzewają w końcu września, do konsumpcji nadają się miesiąc później.

92 KOSZTELA Odmiana jesienna, polskiego pochodzenia. Jedno z najbardziej lubianych jabłek deserowych ze względu na specyficzny, bardzo słodki smak. Bardzo odporna na mróz i choroby. Owoce są średniej wielkości. Ich skórka jest mocna, zielona, w miarę dojrzewania staje się słomkowoŝółta. Dojrzewają w połowie września. W chłodni mogą przechować się do grudnia.

93 Importance of the wild plum species for the lanscape quality and human nutrition

94 Wild plum species czeremcha zwyczajna ałycza Ŝółta ałycza czerwona lubaszka tarnina

95 Importance of the wild plum species for the lanscape quality Landscape functions: - protective (against wind, erosion, evaporation, water outflow) - technical (sound-absorbing and snow protective shields, strengthening earthworks and mounds) - esthetic (interesting exterior, fragrant flowers) - biocenotic (hides and brooding places for birds and mammals).

96 Importance of the wild plum species for human nutrition

97 Wild plum species are important to keep the quality of the agricultural landscape. Wild plum fruits can be a valuable addition in our diet, because they are richer in antioxidative compounds than market plums (vit. C, flavonols, anthocyanins, organic acids). czeremcha zwyczajna ałycza Ŝółta ałycza czerwona lubaszka tarnina

98 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE COUNTRY BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE MEANS: lively, active agricultural region preserving clean environment and agricultural landscape preserving cultural traditions of the region high quality food flow of native and foreign tourists diversified tourist offer diversified and higher income of people living in rural areas increased export of goods and services improvement of economics in the region

99 Thanks for your attention!