VERB AND VERB PHRASE VERBAL CATEGORIES

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1 VERB AND VERB PHRASE VERBAL CATEGORIES Tense is a grammatical counterpart of the semantic notion of time. Aspect conveys the semantic distinction between anteriority and simultaneity, and between viewing the action as one in its duration or without the focus on the course of the action. Mood expresses the speaker s attitude to what he is saying. Grammatical moods: indicative used to present events as facts, imperative used to make people do something, and conditional used in conditional clauses. English has also the third mood the subjunctive. Person, number (and in Polish gender) of the verb depend on the noun phrase functioning as the subject of a given sentence. VERB INFLECTION simple verbal groups: 1. I write 2. he writes 3. he wrote complex verbal groups: 1. I can write 2. I have written 3. I was writing 4. he has been writing 5. he must have written 6. he may be writing 7. they might have been writing Each Polish verb has two bases: the present tense base and the past tense base form, e.g. myć myj-, my-; pisać, pisz-, pis-; brać, bior-, bra-. Polish verbs appear in four different forms in various finite constructions: 1. the present tense form 2. the infinitive 3. the past participle 4. the passive participle simple verbal groups: piszę, piszesz pisałem, pisałeś pisz, piszcie pisałbym, pisałbyś complex verbal groups: będę pisać, będziesz pisać mogę pisać, możesz pisać... będę chciał pisać, będziesz chciał pisać... modal + był + infinitive mogłem był pisać, mogłeś był pisać... TENSE The present tense When heated, ice melts. My boys play tennis well. My boys are playing tennis at the moment. 1

Mood expresses the speaker s attitude to what he is saying.

2 The past tense Williams attacks his opponent. The crowd is cheering. Maria gotuje właśnie obiad. Mary is cooking dinner right now. Maria gotuje obiady codziennie. Mary cooks dinner every day. He asked if I was at home. Zapytał czy jestem w domu. The king is elected and the war immediately starts. Król zostaje wybrany i natychmiast zaczyna się wojna. I m going to London next week. Jadę do Londynu w przyszłym tygodniu. The burglars escaped abroad. Włamywacze uciekli za granicę. Last year Tom went swimming regularly. W ubiegłym roku Tomek regularnie chodził na basen. Jan czytywał Newsweek w każdą niedzielę John read Newsweek every Sunday. He was waiting for the doctor. Czekał na lekarza. I have lived here for three years. Have you typed my letter yet? He had left when I arrived at his hotel. Już (był) wyszedł, kiedy przyjechałem do jego hotelu. If you tired again, you would succeed. Gdybyś spróbował jeszcze raz, udałoby ci się. He said he had no time. Powiedział, że nie ma czasu. The future tense MOOD Dzieci będą śpiewały / śpiewać. The children will be singing. Dzieci zaśpiewają. The children will sing. Factual meaning indicative mood I know that he loves you Wiem, że cie kocha. No one knows why he left Nikt nie wie dlaczego on wyjechał. 2

Jadę do Londynu w przyszłym tygodniu. The burglars escaped abroad. Włamywacze uciekli za granicę. Last year Tom went swimming regularly. W ubiegłym roku Tomek regularnie chodził na basen.

3 Theoretical meaning There was a suggestion that Brown be / should be dropped from the team. There was a suggestion to drop Brown from the team. Sugerowano, żeby wyrzucić Browna z drużyny. If John went to school, he met my sister. Jeśli Janek poszedł do szkoły, to spotkał moją siostrę. If John is angry, he goes for a walk. Jeśli Janek jest zły, to idzie na spacer. If John doesn t go to school today, we will let the teacher know. Jeśli Janek nie pójdzie dziś do szkoły, powiadomimy nauczyciela. Hypothetical meaning If you really loved me, you would buy me that ring. Gdybyś naprawdę mnie kochał, kupiłbyś mi ten pierścionek. If I had met him, I would have told him about it. Gdybym (był) go spotkał, powiedziałbym / byłbym powiedział mu o tym. The differences between Polish and English In the expressions of conditions are: For future reference English uses Present Tense in the subordinate clause, while Polish uses Future Tense in both clauses In unreal conditions, conditional mood is used in English only in the main clause, while in Polish in both clauses. EXERCISES I. Comment on the inappropriate use of the tenses in the following sentences. 1. *I think they don t talk to each other for at least a month. 2. *I would go to the show, but I had no time. 3. *She lives with us since she has quarreled with her sister. 4. *I don t like the way you dress these days. 5. *When I was young, I got up early day and was doing my exercises. 6. *He claimed he has met me before. 7. *She has never been to China before she went in *When I arrived at the station, I found that the train left. 9. *It s the first time I am on board a yacht. 10. * I was to go to the shop, but I had no time. 11. *If he were angry, he had a glass of brandy. 12. *You can t drive because you have drunk. 3

If John doesn t go to school today, we will let the teacher know. Jeśli Janek nie pójdzie dziś do szkoły, powiadomimy nauczyciela.

4 Text A II. Comment on the differences between the two texts. A policeman visited me this morning, enquiring about how I had acquired my bike. I told him I d discovered it just by my back gate. From the expression on his face, I got the impression t hat he didn t believe me. But in fact I really investigated who it belonged to, and no one around here could assist me. I assumed that the owner had abandoned it, so I decorated it a bit with some chrome and plastic, and started using it. I d certainly return it to the rightful owner if he appeared, and that s what I shall inform the magistrate on Tuesday. Text B A policeman called in this morning, asking about how I had come by my bike. I told him I d come across it just by my back gate. From the look on his face, I got the feeling he didn t believe me. But in fact I really asked around who it belonged to, and no one could help me. I took it that the owner had thrown it away, so I did it up a bit with some chrome and plastic, and started using it. I d certainly give it back to the rightful owner if he turned up, and that s what I shall put to the magistrate on Tuesday. III. Use the correct forms of the verbs. 1. The driver said he (can not) (understand) why the car (break) down as it (undergo) before (be) accepted in the competition. thorough testing 2. I know I ought (write) to you before, but I (be) so busy recently that I (not have) time for (write). I (telephone) you instead but I (forget) your number. 3. When I last (see) him, he (live) in London. He (tell) me (think) of (emigrate) to Australia, and he may well (do) so by now. 4. It s a great pity you (not come) to Brighton with us last Sundy. As you never (see) the sea before, it (be) a new experience for you. 5. He said he (wish) he (be) able to see you before he (leave). He (like) (say) goodbye personally. He (hope) you (accept) his apologies. IV. Paraphrase the sentences using expressions with modal verbs. 1. I hope it is hardly necessary for me to remind you of your duties. 2. There is a possibility of her being kidnapped. 3. Would you like to have another piece of this delicious cake? Have another 4. It is possible that he is not at home now. 5. He often raised hell when he was angry with someone. 6. I m sure he cheated on taxes. 7. Candidates are not allowed to fill the question sheets in pencil. 8. We had the time of our life In Spain last year. The food and the weather were perfect. 4

I assumed that the owner had abandoned it, so I decorated it a bit with some chrome and plastic, and started using it.

5 V. Translate the following sentences using modal auxiliaries. 1. Trzeba być idiotą, żeby tak się dać nabrać. 2. Wprost nie wierzę własny oczom. 3. Czy te usta mogą kłamać? 4.Być może będziemy musieli odwołać ten koncert. 5. On jest czasami szalenie uparty. 6. Nie ma sensu dzwonić. Nie mógł jeszcze dotrzeć do domu. 7. Nie ma powodu do niepokoju. Może nie dostała twojej wiadomości. 8. Dziękuję za kwiaty. Niepotrzebnie robiłeś sobie taki kłopot. VI. Translate the following sentences using passive if possible. 1. John is said to be a good poet. 2. The car was thought to have been stolen. 3. His explanation got a bit confused at the end. 4. This matter will have to be dealt with immediately. 5. The inspector had his car stolen yesterday. 6. When he got lost again, he was finally taught a lesson. 7. When will you get dressed? 8. They are expected to arrive in the morning. VII. Translate the following sentences. 1. On mi coś wczoraj powiedział. 2. On mi zawsze mówi ciekawe rzeczy. 3. On jej teraz coć mówi. 4. Mówi to odkąd go poznałem. 5. NIe powiedział nic interesującego od lat. 6. Czytam tę książkę od dwóch godzin i nie przeczytałem jeszcze nic interesującego. 7. Mam zamiar przeczytać to jutro. 8. Przeczytam to jutro. 9. Czy mam tam iść? 10. Czy możesz tam iść? 11. Czy mogę tam iść? 12. Czy musisz tam iść? 13. Można to zrobić. 14. Mogłabyś to zrobić. 15. Nie róbmy tego. 16. Zrób to, dobrze? 5

Może nie dostała twojej wiadomości. 8. Dziękuję za kwiaty. Niepotrzebnie robiłeś sobie taki kłopot. VI. Translate the following sentences using passive if possible. 1. John is said to be a good poet.

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