SQL Server SQL & Transact SQL Database schema 1
Database schema SELECT queries syntax SELECT [predykat] { * tabela.* [tabela.]pole1 [AS alias1] [, [tabela.]pole2 [AS alias2] [,...]]} FROM krotka [,...] [IN zewnętrzna baza] [WHERE... ] [GROUP BY... ] [HAVING... ] [ORDER BY... ] [WITH OWNERACCESS OPTION] Predykaty w SELECT SELECT [ALL DISTINCT DISTINCTROW [TOP n [PERCENT]]] FROM tabela 2
Examples of SELECT Selecting of all fields from table Salaries SELECT * FROM Salaries Fields and tables aliases and WHERE clausule SELECT o.surename AS Department FROM Persons AS o WHERE o.person_id>3; Examples of SELECT queries SELECT query with expresion SELECT brutto, 0.8*brutto AS income FROM Salaries SELECT brutto, Person_ID*brutto AS somthing FROM Salaries 3
Selecting Queries Queries examples Show three fields from table SELECT SureName, FName, BirthYerar FROM Persons; Show all of table fields SELECT * FROM Persons; Selecting Queries Expresions and fields aliases Show the product of two fields SELECT BirthYear*Height AS product FROM Persons; Show FName and Surname as one field SELECT SureName + ' ' + FName AS Someone FROM Persons; 4
Selecting Queries Sorting by expressions Expressions and aliases in sorting SELECT BirthYear*Height AS product FROM Persons ORDER BY BirthYear *Height; Sorting by alias SELECT BirthYear*Height AS product FROM Persons ORDER BY product; Selecting Queries Operators Algebraic + addition - substraction * product / division % modulo Logic AND bit product (AND) OR bit addition (OR) NOT bit negation (NOT) + String concatenation 5
Selecting Queries Sorting Sorting by simple field - ascending SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons ORDER BY BirthYear; Sorting by simple field - ascending SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons ORDER BY BirthYear ASC; Selecting Queries Sorting Sorting by simple field - descending SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons ORDER BY BirthYear DESC; Sorting by two fields SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons ORDER BY BirthYear ASC, Height DESC; 6
Selecting Queries Filtering Filtering by algebraic expression SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE BirthYear >1980; Filtering by logical expression SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE BirthYear >1970 AND BirthYear <1980; Selecting Queries Relational operators = equal < less then <= less equal then > greater than >= greater equal than <> different!= not equal 7
Selecting Queries Logical operators NOT negation OR logical sum AND logical product AND TRUE FALSE NULL OR TRUE FALSE NULL TRUE TRUE FALSE NULL TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE NULL NULL NULL FALSE NULL NULL TRUE NULL NULL Selecting Queries Special operators BETWEEN IN LIKE ANY SOME ALL EXISTS two side close interval list similar to pattern true if at least one position on list true true if at least one position on list true true if all position on list true true if query reurn at least one row 8
Selecting Queries Filtering - BETWEEN SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE BirthYear BETWEEN 1970 AND 1980; Equal query SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE BirthYear >=1970 AND BirthYear <=1980; Selecting Queries Filtering by list of values IN SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE BirthYear IN (1970, 1980, 1976); Equal query SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE BirthYear = 1970 OR BirthYear = 1980 OR BirthYear = 1976; 9
Selecting Queries Filtering by list of values e IN SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE SureName IN ('Kowalski', 'Nowak'); Equal query SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE SureName = 'Kowalski' OR SureName= 'Nowak' Selecting Queries Filtering by similarity to the pattern LIKE SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE SureName LIKE 'KOW'; Equal query SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE SureName = 'KOW'; 10
Selecting Queries Operator LIKE special characters % any string of characters (empt as well) _ exactly one chatracter Selecting Queries Operator LIKE special characters examples Surnames starts from phrase KOW SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE SureName LIKE 'KOW%'; Surnames enbding by phrase KOW SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE SureName LIKE '%KOW'; Surnames having inside phrase KOW SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE SureName LIKE '%KOW%'; 11
Selecting Queries Operator LIKE special characters examples Surnames starts from character K and ending I SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE SureName LIKE 'K%I'; Surnames with third character W SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE SureName LIKE ' W%'; Surnames having inside special character % SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE SureName LIKE '[%]%'; Selecting Queries Gruping Calculation of aggregate function for grups (for all of Persons) SELECT Person_ID, SUM(Brutto) AS Razem FROM Salaries GROUP BY Person_ID; Calculation of aggregate function for table (all Persons) SELECT SUM(Brutto) AS Razem FROM Salaries; 12
Selecting Queries AVG average SUM sum MAX maximum MIN minimum Aggregate Functions n ( x) 2 x n( n 1) 2 STDEV VAR STDEVP VARP COUNT standard diviation n wariance standard diviation of population wariance of population count ( x) 2 x n( n 1) 2 Selecting Queries Joins with WHERE SELECT SureName, Brutto FROM Persons, Salaries SELECT SureName, Brutto FROM Persons, Salaries WHERE Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID SELECT Department, SureName, Brutto FROM Persons, Salaries, Departments WHERE Persons.Person_ID = Salaries.Person_ID AND Departments.Department_ID = Persons.Department_ID 13
Selecting Queries JOIN operator INNER SELECT SureName, Brutto FROM Salaries JOIN Persons ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID SELECT Department, SureName, Brutto FROM Salaries JOIN Persons ON Persons.Person_ID = Salaries.Person_ID JOIN Departments ON Departments.Department_ID = Persons.Department_ID Selecting Queries JOIN operator SELECT SureName, Brutto FROM Salaries RIGHT JOIN Persons ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID SELECT SureName, Brutto FROM Salaries LEFT JOIN Persons ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID SELECT SureName, Brutto FROM Salaries FULL JOIN Persons ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID 14
Selecting Queries Joins and aliasing SELECT SureName, Brutto FROM Salaries JOIN Persons ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID SELECT SureName, Brutto FROM Salaries AS Z JOIN Persons AS O ON O.Person_ID=Z.Person_ID SELECT SureName, Brutto FROM Salaries Z JOIN Persons O ON O.Person_ID=Z.Person_ID Selecting Queries Joints SELECT SureName, Brutto FROM Salaries CROSS JOIN Persons 15
Selecting Queries Joints optimization and execution plan Selecting Queries Joints optimization and execution plan 16
Selecting Queries Joints optimization and execution plan Selecting Queries Podzapytania Podzapytanie jako lista dla operatora IN SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE SureName IN (SELECT SureName FROM ttt); 17
Selecting Queries Subqueries Subquery as the list for operator IN SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE SureName IN (SELECT SureName FROM ttt) AND FName IN (SELECT FName FROM ttt); Persons ttt Kowalski Jan Kowalski Nowak Karol Jan Selecting Queries Strange joints SELECT Persons.SureName FROM Persons JOIN ttt ON Persons.SureName=ttt.SureName Persons Person_ID SureName FName... ttt SureName FName... 18
Selecting Queries Strange joints SELECT Persons.SureName FROM Persons JOIN ttt ON Persons.SureName=ttt.SureName AND Persons.FName=ttt.FName... Persons Person_ID SureName FName... ttt SureName FName... Selecting Queries Gruping and average value for group SELECT Department, AVG(brutto) FROM Departments JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Persons.Depa JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID GROUP BY Department 19
Selecting Queries Aggregate Functions Funkcja agregująca Opis AVG COUNT COUNT (*) MAX MIN SUM STDEV STDEVP VAR VARP Average vale Number of not NULL values Rows number maximum Minimum Sum of expression Standard derivation Standard derivation of population variance Variance of population n n ( x) 2 x n( n 1) ( x) 2 x n( n 1) 2 2 Selecting Queries Gruping and calculations average for group (double grouping) SELECT DeptName, SureName, AVG(brutto) FROM Departme JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Persons.Depa JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID GROUP BY DeptName,SureName, Persons.Person_ID 20
Selecting Queries Gruping with WHERE clausule SELECT DeptName, SureName, AVG(brutto) FROM Departme JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Persons.Depa JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID WHERE Brutto >100 GROUP BY DeptName, SureName, Persons.Person_ID Selecting Queries Grouping with HAVING clausule SELECT DeptName, SureName, AVG(brutto) FROM Departme JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Persons.Depa JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID GROUP BY DeptName,SureName, Persons.Person_ID HAVING AVG(brutto)>300 There have not to be field alias 21
Selecting Queries Grupowanie z klauzulami WHERE i HAVING SELECT opis, SureName, AVG(brutto) FROM Departments JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Persons.Depa JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID WHERE Brutto >100 GROUP BY opis,surename, Persons.Person_ID HAVING AVG(brutto)>300 ORDER BY AVG(Brutto) There is possible to use aliasys Selecting Queries Grouping in subqueries SELECT SureName FROM Persons WHERE Person_ID IN (SELECT Person_ID FROM Salaries GROUP BY Person_ID HAVING SUM(brutto)>300) SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons WHERE SureName IN (SELECT SureName FROM Persons GROUP BY SureName HAVING COUNT(SureName) >1) 22
Selecting Queries Grouping with ROLLUP i CUBE clausules SELECT DeptName, SureName, SUM(brutto) FROM Departme JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Persons.Depa JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID GROUP BY DeptName,SureName, Persons.Person_ID WITH ROLLUP --WITH CUBE ORDER BY AVG(Brutto) Grouping with ROLLUP i CUBE Administracja Janik 555,00 Administracja Nowak 1332,00 Administracja NULL 1887,00 Dyrekcja Kowalski 2109,00 Dyrekcja NULL 2109,00 Techniczny Adamczyk 777,00 Techniczny Kow 222,00 Techniczny NULL 999,00 NULL NULL 4995,00 Administracja Janik 555,00 Administracja Nowak 1332,00 Administracja NULL 1887,00 Dyrekcja Kowalski 2109,00 Dyrekcja NULL 2109,00 Techniczny Adamczyk 777,00 Techniczny Kow 222,00 Techniczny NULL 999,00 NULL NULL 4995,00 NULL Adamczyk 777,00 NULL Janik 555,00 NULL Kow 222,00 NULL Kowalski 2109,00 NULL Nowak 1332,00 23
WITH CUBE; ROLLUP SELECT Department, SureName, SUM(Brutto) FROM Departments JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Persons.Department_ID JOIN Salaries On Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID GROUP BY Department, SureName WITH ROLLUP SELECT Department, SureName, SUM(Brutto) FROM Departments JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Persons.Department_ID JOIN Salaries On Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID GROUP BY Department, SureName WITH CUBE DateTime and Security Functions (Transact-SQL) SELECT YEAR(GETDATE()); SELECT DATEPART(hh, GETDATE()); SELECT CURRENT_USER, SESSION_USER, SYSTEM_USER,SCHEMA_NAME(), SUSER_ID(),SUSER_NAME(SUSER_ID()), USER_NAME(SUSER_ID()); 24
New syntax of CUBE, ROLLUP ALTER DATABASE BazaRelacyjna SET COMPATIBILITY_LEVEL = 100; SELECT DeptName, SureName, SUM(Brutto) FROM Departments JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Persons.Department_ID JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID GROUP BY CUBE(Opis, SureName) Grouping Sets SELECT Department, SureName, SUM(Brutto) FROM Departments JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Persons.Department_ID JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID GROUP BY GROUPING SETS(Opis, SureName) NULL Adamczyk 777,00 NULL Janik 555,00 NULL Kow 666,00 NULL Kowalczyk 777,00 NULL Kowalski 2109,00 NULL Nowak 1332,00 NULL Nowicki 2109,00 NULL Zięba 333,00 Administracja NULL 1887,00 Dyrekcja NULL 2442,00 Handlowy NULL 2109,00 Techniczny NULL 2220,00 25
Functions OVER PARTITION SELECT Person_ID, Brutto, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY Person_ID)AS RowNumber FROM Salaries SELECT Person_ID, Brutto, ROW_NUMBER() OVER ( PARTITION BY Person_ID ORDER BY Brutto DESC)AS RowNumber FROM Salaries Functions OVER PARTITION SELECT Person_ID, Brutto, Dense_Rank() OVER (PARTITION BY Person_ID ORDER BY Brutto)AS D_Rank FROM Salaries SELECT Person_ID, Brutto, Rank() OVER (PARTITION BY Person_ID ORDER BY brutto)as Rank FROM Salaries SELECT Person_ID, Brutto, Ntile(2) OVER (PARTITION BY Person_ID ORDER BY Brutto)AS N_Rank FROM Salaries 26
Ranking Functions (Transact-SQL) Ustala ranking według Heightu w obrębie działu. Dla równych wartości taki sam ranking ale następny zwiększany o N SELECT Department_ID,Height, RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY Department_ID ORDER BY Height DESC) AS RANK FROM Persons Department Height RANK ORDER BY Department_ID _ID 1 1.82 1 1 1.67 2 1 1.67 2 1 NULL 4 2 1.75 1 2 1.72 2 2 1.68 3 3 1.78 1 3 1.72 2 5 1.73 1 Ranking Functions (Transact-SQL) Ustala ranking według Heightu w obrębie działu. Dla równych wartości taki sam ranking ale następny zwiększany o 1 SELECT Department_ID,Height, DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY Department_ID ORDER BY Height DESC) AS RANK FROM Persons ORDER BY Department_ID Department Height RANK _ID 1 1.82 1 1 1.67 2 1 1.67 2 1 NULL 3 2 1.75 1 2 1.72 2 2 1.68 3 3 1.78 1 3 1.72 2 5 1.73 1 27
Ranking Functions (Transact-SQL) Ustala numer wiersza według Heightu w obrębie działu. Dla równych wartości numer wiersza losowo SELECT Department_ID,Height, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY Department_ID order by Height DESC) AS NUMER_WIERSZA FROM Persons ORDER BY Department_ID Departm Height NUMER_WIERSZA ent_id 1 1.82 1 1 1.67 2 1 1.67 3 1 NULL 4 2 1.75 1 2 1.72 2 2 1.68 3 3 1.78 1 3 1.72 2 5 1.73 1 Ranking Functions (Transact-SQL) Ustala numer wiersza według Heightu w obrębie klastra (liczba klastrów dana parametrem) działu. Dla równych wartości numer wiersza losowo SELECT Department_ID,Height, NTILE(2) OVER (PARTITION BY Department_ID ORDER BY Height DESC) AS NUMER_WIERSZA FROM Persons ORDER BY Department_ID Departme Height NUMER_WIERSZA nt_id 1 1.82 1 1 1.67 1 1 1.67 2 1 NULL 2 2 1.75 1 2 1.72 1 2 1.68 2 3 1.78 1 3 1.72 2 5 1.73 1 28
Functions agregujące nad partycją (Transact-SQL) SELECT Department_ID, Persons.Person_ID, Brutto, SUM(Brutto) OVER (PARTITION BY Department_ID) AS suma, Brutto / SUM(Brutto) OVER(PARTITION BY Department_ID) AS udzial FROM Persons JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID Functions agregujące nad partycją (Transact-SQL) SELECT Department_ID, Persons.Person_ID, Brutto, SUM(Brutto) OVER (PARTITION BY Persons.Person_ID) AS suma, Brutto / SUM(Brutto) OVER(PARTITION BY Department_ID) AS udzial, SUM(Brutto) OVER (PARTITION BY Persons.Person_ID)/ SUM(Brutto) OVER(PARTITION BY Department_ID) AS udzial_w_dziale FROM Persons JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID 29
Informacje o... SELECT HOST_ID (),HOST_NAME (), APP_NAME() SELECT @@SERVERNAME, @@SERVICENAME, @@DBTS; EXEC sp_who Selecting Queries Zastosowanie SOME, ANY i ALL SELECT Brutto FROM Salaries WHERE Brutto > ANY (SELECT AVG(Brutto)FROM Salaries GROUP BY Person_ID) ROWNOWAŻNE SELECT Brutto FROM Salaries WHERE Brutto > SOME (SELECT AVG(Brutto)FROM Salaries GROUP BY Person_ID) SELECT AVG(Brutto) FROM Salaries GROUP BY Person_ID SELECT Brutto FROM Salaries WHERE Brutto > ALL (SELECT AVG(Brutto)FROM Salaries GROUP BY Person_ID) 30
Selecting Queries Klauzula COMPUTE SELECT Department, SureName, Brutto FROM Departments LEFT JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Persons.Department_ID LEFT JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID ORDER BY Department COMPUTE SUM(Brutto) BY Department Selecting Queries Zamiast klauzuli COMPUTE SELECT Department, SureName, SUM(Brutto)As RazemO, RazemD FROM Departments JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Person JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID JOIN (SELECT Persons.Department_ID, SUM(brutto) AS RazemD FROM Departm JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Persons.Department_ID JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID GROUP BY Persons.Department_ID) as xxx ON Persons.Department_ID=xxx.Department_ID GROUP BY Department, SureName, Salaries.Person_ID, RazemD 31
Selecting Queries Klauzula COMPUTE cd SELECT Department, SureName, Brutto FROM Departments LEFT JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Persons.Department_ID LEFT JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID ORDER BY Department, SureName COMPUTE SUM(Brutto) BY Department, SureName COMPUTE SUM(Brutto) BY Department Na każdym poziomie grupowania można wyznaczać wiele różnych funkcji agregujących Selecting Queries Klauzula COMPUTE cd SELECT Department, SureName, Brutto FROM Departments LEFT JOIN Persons ON Departments.Department_ID=Persons.Department_ID LEFT JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID Na każdym poziomie grupowania można wyznaczać wiele różnych funkcji agregujących ORDER BY Department, SureName COMPUTE SUM(Brutto) BY Department, SureName COMPUTE SUM(Brutto), AVG(Brutto) BY Department 32
Selecting Queries Klauzula Pivot SELECT kto, [1] AS D1, [2] AS D2, [3] AS D3, [4] AS D4, [5] AS D5 FROM (SELECT Department_ID, SureName+ ' '+ FName as Kto, Brutto FROM Persons JOIN Salaries ON Persons.Person_ID=Salaries.Person_ID) ppp PIVOT ( SUM (Brutto) FOR Department_ID IN ( [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] ) ) AS pvt ORDER BY kto Kto D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 1 Adamczyk Janusz NULL NULL 777,00 NULL NULL 2 Janik Paweł NULL 555,00 NULL NULL NULL 3 Kow Piotr NULL NULL 666,00 NULL NULL 4 Kowalczyk Jarosław NULL NULL 777,00 NULL NULL 5 Kowalski Jan 2109,00 NULL NULL NULL NULL 6 Nowak Karol NULL 1332,00 NULL NULL NULL 7 Nowicki Jan NULL NULL NULL 2109,00 NULL 8 Zięba Andrzej 333,00 NULL NULL NULL NULL Selecting Queries Predykat TOP SELECT TOP 5 SureName, FName FROM Persons ORDER BY Height SELECT TOP 5 SureName, FName FROM Persons ORDER BY Height DESC SELECT TOP 5 PERCENT SureName, FName FROM Persons ORDER BY Height 33
Selecting Queries Predykat DISTINCT SELECT DISTINCT SureName FROM Persons SELECT DISTINCT SureName, FName FROM Persons Selecting Queries Operator CASE SELECT SureName, BirthYear, BirthYear= CASE WHEN BirthYear >=1970 THEN 'Młody' WHEN BirthYear >=1960 AND BirthYear <1970 THEN 'Taki sobie' WHEN BirthYear <1960 THEN 'Stary' ELSE 'A bo ja wiem' END FROM Persons 34
Selecting Queries Operator CASE można pominąć część warunku jeśli odpowiednia kolejność SELECT SureName, BirthYear, BirthYear= CASE WHEN BirthYear >1970 THEN 'Młody' WHEN BirthYear >=1960 THEN 'Taki sobie' WHEN BirthYear <1960 THEN 'Stary' ELSE 'A bo ja wiem' END FROM Persons Selecting Queries Operator CASE inny sposób aliasowania SELECT SureName, BirthYear, CASE WHEN BirthYear >1970 THEN 'Młody' WHEN BirthYear >=1960 THEN 'Taki sobie' WHEN BirthYear <1960 THEN 'Stary' ELSE 'A bo ja wiem' END AS BirthYear FROM Persons 35
Selecting Queries UNIA Suma dwóch zapytań z eliminacją powtarzających się rekordów SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons UNION SELECT SureName, FName FROM ttt; Suma dwóch zapytań SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons UNION ALL SELECT SureName, FName FROM ttt; Selecting Queries UNIA Część wspólna dwóch zapytań SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons INTERSECT SELECT SureName, FName FROM ttt; Różnica dwóch zapytań SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons EXCEPT SELECT SureName, FName FROM ttt; 36
Wyprowadzenie danych do formatu XML SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons FOR XML AUTO SKUTEK XML_F52E2B61-18A1-11d1-B105-00805F49916B ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <Persons SureName="Kowalski" FName="Jan"/> <Persons SureName="Nowak" FName="Karol"/> <Persons SureName="Kow" FName="Piotr"/> <Persons SureName="Janik" FName="Paweł"/> <Persons SureName="Kowalik" FName="Paweł"/> <Persons SureName="Lis" FName="Janusz"/> <Persons SureName="Kowalski"... Wyprowadzenie danych do formatu XML SELECT Department, SureName, FName FROM Departments JOIN Persons ON Persons.Department_ID=Departments. Department_ID FOR XML AUTO SKUTEK XML_F52E2B61-18A1-11d1-B105-00805F49916B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <Departments Department="Dyrekcja"> <Persons SureName="Kowalski" FName="Jan"/> </Departments><Departments Department="Administracja"> <Persons SureName="Nowak" FName="Karol"/> </Departments><Departments Department="Techniczny"> <Persons SureName="Kow" FName="Piotr"/> </Departments><Departments Department="Administracja"> <oso... 37
Wyprowadzenie danych do formatu XML SELECT Department, SureName, FName FROM Departments LEFT JOIN Persons ON Persons.Department_ID=Departments. Department_ID FOR XML AUTO SKUTEK Nie ma pracowników Dyrekcji XML_F52E2B61-18A1-11d1-B105-00805F49916B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <Departments Department="Dyrekcja"> <Persons/> </Departments><Departments Department="Administracja"><Persons SureName="Nowak" FName="Karol"/><Persons SureName="Janik" FName="Paweł"/><Persons SureName="Lis" FName="Janusz"/></Departments><Departments Department="Techniczny"><Persons SureName="Kow" FName="Piotr"/ Wyprowadzenie danych do formatu XML SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons FOR XML AUTO, ELEMENTS SKUTEK XML_F52E2B61-18A1-11d1-B105-00805F49916B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <Persons> <SureName>Kowalski</SureName> <FName>Jan</FName> </Persons> <Persons> <SureName>Nowak</SureName> <FName>Karol</FName> </Persons> <Persons> <SureName>Kow</SureName> <FName>Piotr</FName> </Persons> <Persons> <SureName>Janik</SureName> <FName>Paweł</FName> </Persons> <Persons> <SureName>Kowa... 38
Wyprowadzenie danych do formatu XML SELECT Department, SureName, FName FROM Departments JOIN Persons ON Persons.Department_ID=Departments. Department_ID FOR XML AUTO, ELEMENTS SKUTEK XML_F52E2B61-18A1-11d1-B105-00805F49916B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <Departments> <Department>Dyrekcja</Department> <Persons> <SureName>Kowalski</SureName> <FName>Jan</FName> </Persons> </Departments> <Departments> <Department>Administracja</Department> <Persons> <SureName>Nowak</SureName> <FName>Karol</FName> </Persons> </Departments> <Departments> <Department>Techniczny</Department> <Persons> <SureName>Ko... Wyprowadzenie danych do formatu XML SELECT Department, SureName, FName FROM Departments LEFT JOIN Persons ON Persons.Department_ID=Departments. Department_ID FOR XML AUTO, ELEMENTS SKUTEK Nie ma pracowników Dyrekcji XML_F52E2B61-18A1-11d1-B105-00805F49916B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <Departments><Department>Dyrekcja</Department><Persons/></Dep artments><departments><department>administracja</department>< Persons><SureName>Nowak</SureName><FName>Karol</FName></ Persons><Persons><SureName>Janik</SureName><FName>Paweł</ FName></Persons><Persons><SureName>Lis</SureName><FName> Janusz</FName></os 39
Zapytania modyfikujące Tworzenie tabeli i wstawianie danych z istniejącej tabeli Kopiowanie tabeli SELECT SureName, BirthYear INTO Nowa1 FROM Persons Zapytania modyfikujące Wstawianie danych INSERT INTO Nowa VALUES ('KOWAL', 'JAN', 33); INSERT INTO Nowa(SureName, FName) VALUES ('NOWAK','KAROL'); 40
Zapytania modyfikujące Wstawianie danych z istniejącej tabeli INSERT INTO Nowa SELECT SureName, FName, BirthYear FROM Persons WHERE BirthYear >30 ORDER BY SureName; INSERT INTO Nowa(FName, SureName) SELECT FName, SureName FROM Persons WHERE BirthYear <30 ORDER BY SureName DESC; Zapytania modyfikujące Wstawianie do pola z ustawionym Identity SET IDENTITY_INSERT Departments ON; INSERT INTO Departments (Department_ID, Lista pól jest obowiązkowa Department) VALUES (-13, 'Jakiś') SELECT * FROM Departments; SET IDENTITY_INSERT Departments OFF; 41
Zapytania modyfikujące Nawiasy są obowiązkowe INSERT TOP (5) INTO Nowa SELECT SureName, FName, BirthYear FROM Persons ORDER BY BirthYear DESC SELECT * FROM Nowa DELETE FROM Nowa Nawiasy nie są obowiązkowe INSERT INTO Nowa SELECT TOP 5 SureName, FName, BirthYear FROM Persons Order by BirthYear DESC SELECT * FROM Nowa DELETE FROM Nowa Nie działa sortowanie dla TOP() Działa sortowanie dla TOP() Zapytania modyfikujące Modyfikacja danych UPDATE Nowa SET BirthYear = 0 WHERE BirthYear IS NULL; UPDATE Nowa SET SureName = UPPER(SureName), FName = UPPER(FName); 42
Zapytania modyfikujące Usuwanie danych DELETE FROM Nowa WHERE BirthYear IS NULL; DELETE FROM Nowa; TRUNCATE TABLE Nowa; Zapytania modyfikujące - OUTPUT DECLARE @test TABLE( Komu int NOT NULL, stara int, nowa int, kiedy datetime); Zmienna tabelaryczna UPDATE Salaries SET Brutto=1.1 * Brutto OUTPUT INSERTED.Person_ID, DELETED.Brutto, INSERTED.Brutto, getdate() INTO @test WHERE Person_ID<3 SELECT * FROM @test 43
Zapytania modyfikujące - OUTPUT DECLARE @test TABLE( Komu int NOT NULL, nowa int, kiedy datetime); INSERT INTO Salaries OUTPUT INSERTED.Person_ID, INSERTED.Brutto, getdate() INTO @test VALUES(2, 111) SELECT * FROM @test DELETE FROM Salaries OUTPUT DELETED.* WHERE brutto IS NULL Działa jak SELECT Zapytania tworzące tabelę CREATE TABLE Nowa ( SureName varchar (15), FName varchar (15), BirthYear integer ); Proste Ograniczenia CREATE TABLE Nowa ( Person_ID int IDENTITY (1, 1) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, SureName varchar(20) NULL, FName varchar(20) NULL ); 44
Zapytania tworzące tabelę Klucz główny złożony DROP TABLE nnn; CREATE TABLE nnn (SureName varchar(15), FName varchar(15), CONSTRAINT klucz PRIMARY KEY (SureName,FName)); INSERT INTO nnn VALUES('KOWAL','JAN'); INSERT INTO nnn VALUES('KOWAL','KAROL'); INSERT INTO nnn VALUES('KOWAL','JAN'); SELECT * FROM nnn; Zapytania tworzące tabelę CREATE TABLE T1 ( nr1 int IDENTITY, nr2 uniqueidentifier ); INSERT INTO T1 (nr2) VALUES (NEWID()); INSERT INTO T1 DEFAULT VALUES; SELECT * FROM T1; Zamiast minimalny rozmiar varchar nr2 varchar(36) SKUTEK 1 DAA7C652-101F-443B-9378-4F55AE7BA3CD 2 NULL 45
Zapytania tworzące tabelę UNIQUE DROP TABLE nnn; CREATE TABLE nnn (SureName varchar(15), FName varchar(15), CONSTRAINT spr UNIQUE (SureName,FName)); INSERT INTO nnn VALUES('KOWAL','JAN'); INSERT INTO nnn VALUES('KOWAL','KAROL'); INSERT INTO nnn VALUES('KOWAL','JAN'); SELECT * FROM nnn; Zapytania tworzące tabelę Ograniczenia DROP TABLE nnn; CREATE TABLE nnn (nr integer PRIMARY KEY, SureName varchar(15) NOT NULL, FName varchar(15) DEFAULT 'Brak', m_v integer CHECK (m_v>10)); INSERT INTO nnn(nr, SureName, FName, m_v) VALUES(1,'KOWAL','JAN',20); INSERT INTO nnn(nr, SureName, m_v) VALUES(2,'KOWAL',30); INSERT INTO nnn(nr, SureName, FName, m_v) VALUES(3,'KOWAL','JAN',4); SELECT * FROM nnn; 46
Zapytania tworzące tabelę Ograniczenia cd DROP TABLE nnn; CREATE TABLE nnn (nr integer PRIMARY KEY, SureName varchar(15) NOT NULL, FName varchar(15) DEFAULT 'Brak', m_v integer CHECK (m_v>10), mm_v integer CHECK (mm_v<300)); INSERT INTO nnn(nr, SureName, FName, m_v, mm_v) VALUES(1,'KOWAL','JAN',20,50); INSERT INTO nnn(nr, SureName, m_v,mm_v) VALUES(2,'KOWAL',30,100); INSERT INTO nnn(nr, SureName, FName, m_v,mm_v) VALUES(3,'KOWAL','JAN',4,100); Zapytania tworzące tabelę Ograniczenia cd DROP TABLE nnn; CREATE TABLE nnn (nr integer PRIMARY KEY, SureName varchar(15) NOT NULL, FName varchar(15) DEFAULT 'Brak', m_v integer CHECK (m_v>10), mm_v integer CHECK (mm_v<300), CONSTRAINT spr CHECK(m_v <mm_v)); INSERT INTO nnn(nr, SureName, FName, m_v, mm_v) VALUES(1,'KOWAL','JAN',20,50); INSERT INTO nnn(nr, SureName, m_v,mm_v) VALUES(2,'KOWAL',30,100); INSERT INTO nnn(nr, SureName, FName, m_v,mm_v) VALUES(3,'KOWAL','JAN',4,100); 47
Ustanowienie wartości domyślnej DROP TABLE tts CREATE TABLE tts (nr1 int, ddd datetime DEFAULT getdate(), oo varchar(10), pp varchar(10), CONSTRAINT sss CHECK (Left(pp,1)=Left(oo,1)) INSERT INTO tts DEFAULT VALUES; 48
Tworzenie tabeli z zastosowaniem ograniczeń dla daty DROP TABLE Nowa CREATE TABLE Nowa (nr1 int IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY, d1 datetime DEFAULT getdate(), d2 datetime, CONSTRAINT spr CHECK(d2>getdate()) ); INSERT INTO Nowa VALUES('2007-05-10','2007-05-11') INSERT INTO Nowa (d2) VALUES('2007-05-11') SELECT * FROM Nowa Zapytania tworzące tabelę Klucz obcy referencyjny CREATE TABLE Nagrody ( IdNagrody int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, Person_ID int NOT NULL FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Persons(Person_ID) ON DELETE NO ACTION, Nagroda varchar(15) ) 49
Zapytania tworzące tabelę Klucz obcy referencyjny cd CREATE TABLE Nagrody ( IdNagrody int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, Person_ID int NOT NULL FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Persons(Person_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE, Nagroda varchar(15) ) Zapytania tworzące tabelę Tabela Tymczasowa lokalna DROP TABLE #MyTempTable CREATE TABLE #MyTempTable (nr INT PRIMARY KEY) INSERT INTO #MyTempTable VALUES (1) SELECT * FROM #MyTempTable 50
Zapytania tworzące tabelę Tabela Tymczasowa globalna DROP TABLE ##MyTempTable CREATE TABLE ##MyTempTable (nr INT PRIMARY KEY) INSERT INTO ##MyTempTable VALUES (1) SELECT * FROM ##MyTempTable Zapytania modyfikujące tabelę ALTER TABLE wys_tab ADD nr integer; ALTER SELECT * FROM wys_tab; ALTER TABLE wys_tab ALTER COLUMN nr varchar(3); INSERT INTO wys_tab(nr) VALUES('aaa'); SELECT * FROM wys_tab; 51
Zapytania modyfikujące tabelę ALTER cd DROP TABLE nnn; CREATE table nnn (nr integer, SureName varchar(15) NULL, CONSTRAINT kl PRIMARY KEY(nr)); INSERT INTO nnn(nr,surename) VALUES(1,'KOWAL'); INSERT INTO nnn(nr) values(2); ALTER TABLE nnn DROP COLUMN nr; SELECT * FROM nnn; Zapytania modyfikujące tabelę ALTER TABLE wys_tab DROP COLUMN nr; ALTER cd 1 SELECT * FROM wys_tab; ALTER TABLE nnn DROP CONSTRAINT spr; INSERT INTO nnn(nr, SureName, m_v, mm_v) VALUES(2,'KOWAL',30,20); SELECT * FROM nnn; 52
Zapytania modyfikujące tabelę ALTER cd 1 ALTER TABLE Nowa ADD CONSTRAINT kl PRIMARY KEY (nr); INSERT INTO Nowa(nr, SureName) VALUES(2,'KOWAL'); SELECT * FROM nnn; Zapytanie usuwające tabelę Bez zastosowania i z zastosowaniem EXISTS DROP TABLE Nowa; IF EXISTS (SELECT Table_Name FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'Rodzaj') DROP TABLE Rodzaj 53
Widok - perspektywa Tworzenie widoku CREATE VIEW Dane AS SELECT SureName, FName FROM Persons CREATE VIEW Dane_check AS SELECT SureName, FName, Height FROM Persons WHERE Height > 1.80 WITH CHECK OPTION Nie zezwala na wprowadzenie danych niezgodnych z warunkiem w klauzuli WHERE Widok - perspektywa Zastosowanie EXISTS do usuwania widoku IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM SYSOBJECTS WHERE Id = Object_Id(N'PersonsWiev') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(Id, N'IsView') = 1) DROP VIEW PersonsWiev CREATE VIEW PersonsWiev AS SELECT SureName, FName, Height FROM Persons 54