Surowce naturalne w Karpatach oraz ich wykorzystanie w pradziejach i wczesnym średniowieczu strona 193 S u r o w c e n a t u r a l n e w K a r p a t a c h o r a z i c h w y k o r z y s t a n i e w p r a d z i e j a c h i w c z e s n y m ś r e d n i o w i e c z u K r o s n o 2 0 0 9 Outer Carpathian Variegated Shales a Potential Red Raw Material in Palaeolithic? Red and yellow ferruginous raw material played undoubtedly a significant role in prehistory. This article aims at pointing at some, unrevealed by archaeologists, potential raw material that might have been successfully applied in all periods: Carpathian variegated shales. Red ferruginous raw materials are found in numerous contexts and must have been applied in various fields of human activities, both practical and spiritual. Analysis of inventories from some Upper Palaeolithic sites suggests that prevailingly a determined raw material was used: relatively soft (1-2 in the Mohs scale), rather compact and concise, more or less fatty under fingers, red or cherry. Questions about provenance appear immediately. Problems, unusual for other raw materials, stem from a very wide distribution and diversity of ferruginous rocks. Variegated shales macroscopically are very similar to other haematite bearing, clayey rocks, present in Poland (especially Lower Triassic formations, easy to find at the ridge of the Świętokrzyskie Mts., in the Tatra Mts. and Upper Silesia) and other Central European countries. They were pointed as a raw material in archaeological context only once: variegated shales from the Ždanice flysch (Czech) were suggested as a sourcing rock for the red artefacts from the Dolní Vestonice Gravettian site (Klima 1963a, fide Vencl 1995). Carpathian variegated shales definition and research methods Variegated shales in Polish geological sources are defined as red and green shales of various ages (Świdziński 1958, fide Franus 2002) from Late Cretaceous through Palaeocene to Eocene. The rock forms long, narrow, parallel belts, concordant to the Carpathian flysch arch, obviously, present
194 not only in Poland. The rocks are well exposed and can be easily traced, due to their colour, softness and thickness. The label variegated shales is related mainly to Carpathian flysch but the name may appear also for other clayey red-greenish rocks from different litholostratigraphical contexts. Variegated shales appeared in sedimentation processes active in the Carpathian part of the Thetis ocean, from Late Creatceous to Eocene (see also e.g. Stankowski 1996:38n). Sedimentation and diagenesis varied in various parts of the Carpathian Belt and they have been thoroughly explored and reconstructed. Numerous geologists have been dealing with variegated shales (e.g. Kotarba 2003, Franus 2002, Dominik 1977 and many others), mostly in biostratigraphic and industrial aspects. Variegated shales have not been a research subject in prehistoric context. To work out the problem the following questions should be posed at the beginning. First do variegated shale possess the features attractive for prehistoric people? Second are there any specific features that enable to recognise them from other, macroscopically similar, haematite-bearing rocks? Third do variegated shales from different localities vary and how to notice it? Table 1. Variegated shales from the Western Carpathian, examined by the authors. Tabela 1. Pstre łupki Karpat Zachodnich, próbki badane przez autorów. Istebna, Beskid Śląski Locality Przybędza-Radziechowy, Beskid Żywiecki Age, tectonic unit Sól Podrachowiec, Beskid Żywiecki Palaeocene Eocen, Magura Unit Kasina Wielka Kalety, Beskid Eocene, Wyspowy Magura Unit Glisne Pass between Lu- Eocene, boń Wielki and Szczebel, Magura Unit Beskid Wyspowy Sułkowice, Palaeocene Eocen, Beskid Mały Silesian Unit Rożnów, Palaeocene Eocen, Beskid Sądecki Magura Unit Eocene, Silesian Unit Burtan 1972 Bibliography: geological maps and explanations Eocene, Magura Unit Burtan et al. 1956 Ryłko et al. 1990 Burtan 1974; Burtan et al. 1976 Burtan et al. 1976 Golonka et al. 1978 Oszczypko et al. 1992 Samples from the Western Carpathian, from the Magura and Silesia Unit were examined (Tab. 1) and the results of chemical analyses of the rocks from the Skole Unit were quoted (Franus 2002). Whenever it was possible,
Outer Carpathian Variegated Shales a Potential Red Raw Material in Palaeolithic? 195 both the parent rock and the weathering products were researched. The samples were also processed: they were pulverized 15 minutes in a mullite mortar and ground in the same conditions. The products were mixed with water and painted on a palm to assess the adhesivity and durability of the painted layer. Samples were examined with the use of plane polarized light microscope and X-ray diffractometry. Research results The research results aimed at answering the three questions posed above. The answer to the first question, concerning a possibility of application of variegated shales as a red raw material in all prehistory and historical periods, is positive. The shales are red, cherry, brownish-red. Processing (pulverising and grinding) changes the colour slightly. Weathered rocks are very soft but not concise; hardness of not weathered rocks differs from ca. 2 to 5 in the Mohs scale. They produce very interesting painting layers, durable and of pleasant colour. The other question concerns the fingerprints of variegated shales, in reference to other clayey haematite rich rocks, especially from the Permian and Lower Triassic, widespread in Poland, Czech, Hungary and Germany as well as Terra Rosa deposits. A whole fingerprint is composed of several criteria and they are as follows: microstructural features including mineral composition, chemical composition, and size of haematite crystallites. Microstructure of variegated shales under polarized light microscope is monotonous: they are pelitic and aleuripelitic, laminated (Fig. 2, 4), sometimes spotted (Fig. 3). Weathered rock is unlike a parental, with common concentrations of secondary iron ferroxides. Microscopic features observed by other authors (e.g. Franus 2002) are the same. Microphotographs of the the Lower Triassic shales (Fig. 6) and contemporary Terra Rosa (Fig. 5) cast some light on similarities and differences between variegated shales and the rocks macroscopically similar to them (Fig. 1-6). Another criterion that should be considered is a mineral composition. The results of phase analyses of the shales from the Magura and Silesia Unit are quite uniform (Tab. 2), with the exception of the Glisne Pass sample containing the dolomite.
196 Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Figures 1 6. Microphotographs of the Carpathian variegated shales (Fig. 1 4) and other, macroscopically similar rocks (Fig. 5: Contemporary Terra Rosa, Croatia, Fig. 6: haematite bearing mudstorne, Świętokrzyskie Mts.) for comparison of microstructures. PPL, all photographs performed at plane polarised light. Ryciny 1 6. Mikrofotografie pstrych łupków karpackich (Ryc. 1 4) oraz, dla porównania mikrostruktur, innych, makroskopowo podobnych skał (Ryc. 5: współczesna terra rosa, Chorwacja, Ryc. 6: mułowiec hematytonośny, Góry Świętokrzyskie). Wszystkie fotografie wykonane przy jednym polaryzatorze. Surowce naturalne w Karpatach oraz ich wykorzystanie w pradziejach i wczesnym średniowieczu strona 196
Surowce naturalne w Karpatach oraz ich wykorzystanie w pradziejach i wczesnym średniowieczu strona 197 Outer Carpathian Variegated Shales a Potential Red Raw Material in Palaeolithic? Table 2. Phase composition of the samples and the haematite crystallite size. Numbers in brackets reflect the catalogue numbers of the ICDD database (1995). Tabela 2. Skład fazowy próbek oraz wielkość krystalitów hematytu. W nawiasach numery katalogowe zidentyfikowanych faz według katalogu ICDD (1995). Sample Kasina Wielka Kalety, parental rock Kasina Wielka Kalety, weathered rock Phase composition of variegated shales Quartz (33-1161), plagioclase (9-466), illite (26-911), chlorite (16-362), haematite (33-664), amorphic phase Quartz (33-1161), chlorite (16-362), kaolinite (6-221), illite (26-911), haematite (33-664), plagioclase(9-466), mixed-layered illite/smectite I/S, amorphic phase 197 Haematite crystallite size measured perpendicularly to (104) planes Undetermined due to very low peak intensity 600Å Istebna Andziołówka Glisne Pass Sól Podrachowiec Quartz (33-1161), kaolinite (6-221), chlorite (16-362), illite (26-911), haematite (33-664), plagioclase (9-466), mixed-layered illite/smectite I/S or/and chlorite/illite Ch/I, vermiculite/illite V/I, amorphic phase Quartz (33-1161), chlorite (16-362), plagioclase (9-466), illite (26-911), haematite (33-664), dolomite (36-426), calcite (5-586), mixed-layered illite/smectite I/S and/or chlorite/illite Ch/I, vermiculite/illite V/I, amorphic phase Quartz (33-1161), plagioclase (9-466), kaolinite (6-221), illite (26-911), haematite (33-664), chlorite (16-362), mixed-layered illite/ smectite I/S and/or chlorite/illite Ch/I, vermiculite/illite V/I, amorphic phase 530Å 850Å 860Å Przybędza weathered shales Przybędza Quartz (33-1161), plagioclase (9-466), illite (26-911), kaolinite (6-221), smectite, mixedlayered illite/smectite I/S and/or chlorite/illite Ch/I, vermiculite/illite V/I, amorphic phase Quartz (33-1161), kaolinite (6-221), plagioclase (9-466), haematite (33-664), illite (26-911), mixed-layered illite/smectite I/S and/or chlorite/illite Ch/I, vermiculite/illit V/I, amorphic phase 360Å Undetermined due to very low peak intensity
198 The Skole Unit shales have been recognised as containing members of zeolite group (Wieser 1984, fide Franus 2002) and the mineral klinoptilolite was identified by Franus (2002) in the Trójca outcrop. The mineral, an echo of volcanic events, was not found in other samples examined by this author. Zeolites are not common in variegated shales of all Carpathian tectonic units. The next component of the fingerprints set is a size of haematite crystallites. Significance of this parameter for archaeometric research was men- Figure 7. Crystallite size of haematite in the rocks of different geological origin. Captions: Kudowa fine grained, hydrothermal haematite (Trąbska, Gaweł 2007), Tatra Mts. sedimentary rocks (op.cit.), Southern Świętokrzyskie Mts. Buntsanstein sedimentary rocks (op.cit.), Northern Świętokrzyskie Mts. Buntsanstein sedimentary rocks (op.cit.), Balaton Permian sedimentary rocks from the Balaton area, Hungary (Trąbska, Gaweł 2008), contemporary Terra Rosa from various localities (Trąbska, Gaweł 2007). Rydina 7. Wielkość krystalitów hematytu w skałach różnej genezy. Objaśnienia: Kudowa hematyt hydrotermalny, drobnokrystaliczny (Trąbska, Gaweł 2007), Tatry skały osadowe (op. cit.), południowe obrzeże Gór Świętokrzyskich skały osadowe pstrego piaskowca (op. cit.), północne obrzeże Gór Świętokrzyskich skały osadowe pstrego piaskowca (op. cit.), Balaton, Węgry skały osadowe permu (Trąbska, Gaweł 2008), współczesna terra rosa z różnych wystąpień (Trąbska, Gaweł 2007).
Outer Carpathian Variegated Shales a Potential Red Raw Material in Palaeolithic? 199 Figure 8. Multivariate cluster analysis of the variegated shales trace elements from the Skole Unit samples PL (Franus 2002) and Triassic siltstones from the Świętokrzyskie Mts. (Trąbska et al. 2008). Rycina 8. Analiza wielu zmiennych na podstawie składu chemicznego pstrych łupków płaszczowiny skolskiej próbki PL (Franus 2002) i mułowców triasowych z Gór Świętokrzyskich (Trąbska i in. 2008). tioned by Jercher et al. (1998) and Trąbska with Gaweł (2007), who solved an important archaeological problem due to its application. Crystallite size of haematite in variegated shales differs slightly from the one of other rocks (Tab. 2 and Fig. 7), though not significantly at the 1,96 significance level. The sample from the Balaton area (Hungary) and the sample of weathered variegated shales were measured only once. Haematite crystallites in the weathering products are smaller than in the parental rocks. Another criterion is a chemical composition, especially trace elements. When the article was written, still no chemical analyses of the examined samples were performed. However, the analyses of the Skole Unit (Franus 2002) were accessible. They were compared, through multivariate analy-
200 Figure 9. Difference in chemical composition of trace elements of the Świętokrzyskie Mts. siltstones (left box, data from Trąbska et al. 2008) and the Skole Unit variegated shales (right box, data from Franus 2002). The Y axis stands for concentration in ppm. Rycina 9. Różnice w koncentracji pierwiastków śladowych mułowców z Gór Świętokrzyskich (lewa strona diagramu, dane z pracy Trąbskiej i in. 2008) oraz pstrych łupków płaszczowiny skolskiej (prawa strona diagramu, dane z pracy Franusa 2002). Na osi Y zaznaczono stężenie w ppm. sis (Fig. 8, 9), with the ferruginous clayey sedimentary rocks data from the Świętokrzyskie Mts. (Trąbska et al. 2008). Separate groups can be distinguished, even within the variegated shales of a one tectonic unit (Fig. 8). Copper, zinc, lead and strontium are probably the most distinctive (Fig. 9). Another helpful fingerprint may come from analysis of Foraminifera assemblages, biostratigraphic markers for the Carpathian flysch units. The problem study has been advanced but limitations appear for archaeological samples: the required sample volume for successful separation of Foraminifera consumes too much material. Illite and smectite proportion in mixed layered clay minerals of the illite/ smectite (I/S) type may provide further information on regional and local features of variegated shales. The method has been worked out and applied to assess an advancement of clayey rocks diagenesis (the higher illite content the more advanced diagenesis; e.g. Środoń, Clauer 2001). A number of them, representing various tectonical units, have been examined (Kotarba Surowce naturalne w Karpatach oraz ich wykorzystanie w pradziejach i wczesnym średniowieczu strona 200
Surowce naturalne w Karpatach oraz ich wykorzystanie w pradziejach i wczesnym średniowieczu strona 201 Outer Carpathian Variegated Shales a Potential Red Raw Material in Palaeolithic? 2003) and peculiar features undoubtedly have appeared, e.g. clayey rocks from the Polish part of the Skole Unit are characterized by far lower illite concentration than the Ukrainian ones (op. cit.). Unluckily, the population of examined samples, especially the samples of variegated shales, is still far too low. 201 Conclusions Variegated shales from the Carpathian Mts. may have constituted a raw material for all societies that were interested in its application, including the Palaeolithic ones. The shales are red and cherry, soft, concise and durable as a painted layer. Macroscopically they resemble both a raw material found at several Upper Palaeolithic sites (e.g. Dzierżysław-35, Gönnersdorf, Dolní Vestonice) and a raw material cropping out in Central Europe. Permian and Lower Triassic formations (though not only them) are macroscopically very similar to the Carpathian red shales, although they occur in different locality. An exact description of a sourcing area is a key problem in numerous archaeological researches. Carpathian variegated shales may be fingerprinted when several criteria are examined and compared. Until now, the promising results are yielded by mineralogical analyses, microstructural analyses, haematite crystallite size analyses and chemical analyses (Tab. 1, 2, Fig. 1 9). Variegated shales differ from other red sedimentary rocks microstructurally (Fig. 1 4. vs. 5 6) and from other red, clayey rocks (Fig. 3). The haematite crystallites size also varies for red rocks of various geological origin and, simultaneously, geographical setting (Tab. 2, Fig. 7). Mineral composition may also be a helpful fingerprint, e.g. zeolite group members, identified, up to now, only in the Skole Unit shales (Wieser 1984, fide Franus 2002; Franus 2002) as well as specific features of illite/smectite proportions in various areas of the Carpathian Belt (Kotarba 2003). Comparison of trace elements of the Carpathian variegated shales and the Tertiary siltstones (Fig. 8, 9) allows to recognise the difference between the two. Analyses of the Foraminifera assemblages seem to be less promising for archaeometric purposes due to large volume of a sample necessary for analyses. All the criteria may be useful both in distinguishing the Carpathian shales from other clayey rocks as well as in differentiating them within the Carpathian Belt (Tab. 3).
Surowce naturalne w Karpatach oraz ich wykorzystanie w pradziejach i wczesnym średniowieczu strona 202 202 Table 3. Fingerprints for the Carpathian variegated shales in regional and local extent. Tabela 3. Cechy charakterystyczne karpackich pstrych łupków w odniesieniu do skali lokalnej i regionalnej. Local range Regional range Carpathian variegated shales vs. red Tertiary siltstones and Terra Rosa Mineral composition (zeolites, Illite/Smectite ratio) Chemical composition Chemical composition Haematite crystallite size Microstructure Dr inż. Joanna Trąbska Dr hab. inż. Adam Walanus, prof. nadzw. AGH Instytut Archeologii Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego Akademii Górniczo-Hutniczej ul. Hoffmanowej 8 al. Mickiewicza 30 35-016 Rzeszów 30-059 Kraków Mgr Adam Gaweł Katedra Mineralogii, Petrografii i Geochemii Akademii Górniczo-Hutniczej al. Mickiewicza 30 30-059 Kraków References Burtan J. 1972 Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski. Arkusz Wisła (1028), Warszawa. 1974 Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski. Arkusz Mszana Dolna (1016), Warszawa. Burtan J., Paul Z., Watycha L. 1976 Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski. Arkusz Mszana Górna (1033), Warszawa. Burtan J., Sokołowski S., Sikora W., Żytko K. 1956 Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski. Arkusz Milówka (1029), Warszawa. Dominik J. 1977 Studium mineralogiczno-petrograficzne pstrych łupków płaszczowiny magurskiej Karpat, Prace Mineralogiczne 53, Kraków. Franus W. 2002 Studium geologiczno-mineralogiczne skał ilastych formacji pstrych łupków jednostki skolskiej, Prace Mineralogiczne 92, Kraków. Golonka J., Borysławski A., Paul Z., Ryłko W. 1978 Mapa Geologiczna Polski. Arkusz Bielsko-Biała, Warszawa. ICDD 1995 International Centre for Diffractiom Data. Powder Diffraction File PDF-2. Jercher M., Pring A., Jones P. G., Raven M. D. 1998 Rietveld X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis of Australian Aboriginal ochres, Archaeometry 40, 2, 383 401.
Surowce naturalne w Karpatach oraz ich wykorzystanie w pradziejach i wczesnym średniowieczu strona 203 Outer Carpathian Variegated Shales a Potential Red Raw Material in Palaeolithic? Kotarba M. 2003 Historia diagenezy illitu/smektytu w skałach ilastych Karpat Zachodnich (przekrój Kraków Zakopane). Praca doktorska, ING PAN, Ośrodek Badań w Krakowie, Kraków. Oszczypko N., Wójcik A. 1992 Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski. Arkusz Nowy Sącz (1035), Warszawa. Ryłko W., Żytko K., Rączkowski W., Wójcik A. 1990 Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski. Arkusz Czadca-Ujsoły (1045-1046), Warszawa. Stankowski W. 1996 Wstęp do geologii kenozoiku, Poznań. Środoń J., Clauer N. 2001 Diagenetic history of Lower Palaeozoic sediments in Pomerania (northern Poland) traced across the Teysseyre-Tornquist tectonic zone using mixed-layer illite-smectite, Clay Minerals 36, 15 27. Trąbska J., Gaweł A. 2007 Microstructural features of powdered haematite as a promising factor in provenance studies, Spraw. Arch. 59, 41 52. 2008 Ferruginous Raw Material sources for Palaeolithic in Poland promising results of provenance studies, International Conference ART 2008, Jerusalem 25 30 May. Trąbska J., Walanus A., Ciesielczuk J., Samek L., Dutkiewicz E. 2008 Ferruginous raw material sources for palaeolithic in Poland (Central Europe) provenance studies: occurrence, litostratigraphy and application, International Conference ART 2008, Jerusalem 25 30 May. Vencl S. 1995 Hostim. Magdalenian in Bohemia, Pam. Arch., Supplementum 4. 203
Surowce naturalne w Karpatach oraz ich wykorzystanie w pradziejach i wczesnym średniowieczu strona 204 204 Pstre łupki karpackie potencjalny czerwony surowiec żelazisty dla społeczności paleolitu? Streszczenie Czerwone, wiśniowe, różowe i żółte skały żelaziste były, z racji swego koloru oraz innych charakterystycznych właściwości związków żelaza, cennymi surowcami w społecznościach paleolitycznych. Wachlarz ich zastosowań obejmował zarówno aspekty sakralne, jak i życia codziennego. Tym bardziej istotne jest określenie sposobów wskazania źródła tych surowców, bowiem ich sposób dystrybucji może odbiegać od dystrybucji krzemieni czy radiolarytów. Jednym z interesujących i potencjalnie możliwych do zastosowania czerwonych surowców żelazistych są pstre łupki karpackie. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano możliwość ich odróżnienia od innych, podobnych makroskopowo skał, obecnych na terenie Polski oraz wyszczególnienia cech, które pozwoliłyby na zróżnicowanie tych skał w obrębie ich samych. Zastosowano badania mineralogiczne i analizy statystyczne uzyskanych wyników. Wydaje się, że takie zróżnicowanie jest możliwe. Tłumaczenie J. Trąbska